NELSON SENIOR MATHS GENERAL 11

FULLY WORKED SOLUTIONS

Chapter 3: Matrix arithmetic

Exercise 3.01: Types of matrices

Concepts and techniques

1 a Yes

b Yes

c No – missing an element

d No – missing two elements

e Yes

f Yes

2 a 2 × 6 = 12 ∴ True

b 5× 4 =20 elements

3× 5 =
15 elements

∴ True

c leading diagonal is the diagonal from the top left to bottom right. It has 5

elements. ∴ False

d 6 × 4 means 6 rows and 4 columns

∴ each column has 6 elements

∴ False
e 7 × 9 means 7 rows and 9 columns

∴ each column has 7 elements

∴ True
3 a 2×5 =
10 elements
b 3× 3 =9 elements
c 1 row, ∴ 10 columns

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 1

4 a 2×3

b 2× 2

c 3 ×1

d 3× 3

e 4× 2

f 5× 3

g 1× 2

h 2× 2

i 3× 6

j 4×3

5 row matrix has only 1 row

∴ C
6 a square

b square

c zero

d column

e identity

f row

g identity

h zero and row

7 a 5

b 5

1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 

c I5 =  0 0 1 0 0
 
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 2

8 2 rows by 3 columns = 2 × 3

∴B

Reasoning and communication

9 1 × 24, 24 × 1, 3 × 8, 8 × 3, 4 × 6, 6 × 4,12 × 2, 2 ×12

10 1× 52, 52 ×1, 2 × 26, 26 × 2, 4 ×13,13 × 4

11 Number of elements could be: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49.

If number of columns is n, then rows = n − 5

∴ number of elements = ( n − 5 ) × n

= n ( n − 5)
= n 2 − 5n

Columns must be greater than 5 to make it so there is at least 1 row.

Using trial and error:

n=6 elements = 62 − 5 × 6 = 6 ∴ No, as not one of our possibilities

n=7 elements = 7 2 − 5 × 7 = 14 ∴ No, as not one of our possibilities

n=8 elements = 82 − 5 × 8 = 24 ∴ No, as not one of our possibilities

n=9 elements = 92 − 5 × 9 = 36 ∴ Yes, as one of our possibilities

∴ 9 columns and 4 rows

∴4×9

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 3

Exercise 3.02: Constructing matrices

Concepts and techniques

1 a 12

b 3

c 2

d Does not exist as there is no 3rd row.

e 0+9 =9

f 3 ×12 =
36

2 a b24

b b13

c b14

d b31

e b11

f b33

3 a 22 + 15 =
37

b 3 ÷ ( −3) =−1

c −7 − 5.1 =−12.1

d 7 × 24 =
168

e 22 + 16 − 15 =
23

2 − ( −5 ) 7
f = = 1 52
5 5

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 4

=
4 a r41 13 ∴ False

b −1× 7 =−7 =q33 ∴ True

c 7 > 16, No ∴ False

d 11 ÷ 10 = 1.1 = r22 ∴ True

e 8 − ( −5 )= 13 ≠ r32 ∴ False

f 21 < 22 + −2.2

21 < 19.8 No ∴ False

 91 87 94 76 
5 a 94 92 67 87 
 

 91 94 
87 92 
b 
94 67 
 
76 87 

6 a The cake type – round or rectangular.

b Each ingredient – flour, dried fruit, sugar.

 200 500 80 
c 500 850 120 
 

Reasoning and communication

7 Teacher to check.

8 Since matrices can only contain elements that are numbers, the hair colour could not

be included.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 5

Exercise 3.03: Addition and subtraction of matrices

Concepts and techniques

16 + 10 5 + 3   26 8 
1 a  2 + 7 12 + 22  =  9 34 
   

16 + 15 5 + 1  31 6 
b  2 + 8 12 + 34  = 10 46 
   

10 + 15 3 + 1   25 4 
c  7 + 8 22 + 34  = 15 56 
   

10 + 11 3 + ( −5 )   21 −2 
d  = 
 7 + 29 22 + 36  36 58 

15 + 11 1 + ( −5 )   26 −4 
e  = 
 8 + 29 34 + 36  37 70 

16 + 11 5 + ( −5 )   27 0 
f  = 
 2 + 29 12 + 36   31 48

 0 + 3.1 5+8 −1.2 + 6.2   3.1 13 5 

  8.6 10 −6 
2 3.6 + 5 −2 + 12 + ( −16 ) 
10=  
 14 + 3 5.1 + ( −3.2 ) −6 + ( −5 )   17 1.9 −11

121 + 450 251 + 23 512 + 55 108 + 216   571 274 567 324 
305 + 207 168 + 365 250 + 594 366 + 333 = 
3   512 533 844 699 
 299 + 45 378 + 783 372 + 78 451 + 96  344 1161 450 547 

   
 2+3 5 + 8   5 13
   
4  4 + 0.5 −3 + 6  = 4.5 3 
1 1  1 
 + 7+4   11
4 4   2 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 6

 16 − 10 5 − 3   6 2 
5 a  2 − 7 12 − 22  =  −5 −10 
   

15 − 10 1 − 3  5 −2 
b  = 
 8 − 7 34 − 22  1 12 

10 − 11 3 − ( −5 )   −1 8 
c  = 
 7 − 29 22 − 36   −22 −14 

11 − 16 −5 − 5   −5 −10 
d  29 − 2 36 − 12  =  27 24 
   

16 − 11 5 − ( −5 )   5 10 
e  = 
 2 − 29 12 − 36   −27 −24 

15 − 15 1 − 1  0 0 
f  8 − 8 34 − 34  = 0 0 
   

6 a m = 35 + 9 = 44

b d = 44 − 39 = 5

c 3+ x =28

=
x 28 − 3
x = 25

d t + 29 =
77

=
t 77 − 29
t = 48

e 36 − m =
7

−m = 7 − 36
−m = −29
m = 29

f −5 − n =−15

−n =−15 + 5
−n =−10
n = 10

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 7

7 a a+9 =36 27 + b =30 19 + c =37

a = 36 − 9 =
b 30 − 27 =
c 37 − 19

a = 27 b=3 c=18

b a − 11 =
16 13 − 15 =
b 9 − c =−19

a = 16 + 11 b =−2 −c =−19 − 9

a = 27 −c =−28

c = 28

c a + ( −27 ) =66 29 + b =87 65 + 3c =

74
=
a 66 + 27 =
b 87 − 29 3=
c 74 − 65
a = 93 b = 58 3c = 9
c=3
d −6 − 6a =24 2b − ( −11) =17 −14 − 37 =
3c
−6a = 24 + 6 2b + 11 =17 3c = −51
−6a = 30 2=
b 17 − 11 −51
c=
30 2b = 6 3
a=
−6 b=3 c = −17
a = −5
 8−0 5.2 − 3.1 17 − 9   8 2.1 8 
  
8 a 5.8 − 5 12 − 12 16 − ( −16 )  =0.8 0 32 
 18 − 3 9.2 − ( −3.2 ) −11 − ( −5 )   15 12.4 −6 

 220 − 250 302 − 45 501 − 44 662 − 599   −30 257 457 63 

b  723 − 207 278 − 223 98 − 628 519 −=
189   516 55 −530 330 
  
 561 − 45 789 − 783 274 − 98 368 − 87   516 6 176 281

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 8

 Reasoning and communication

9 The process of adding matrices involves adding pairs of elements in corresponding

a a12 
positions in both matrices. If we have, for example a 2 × 2 matrix  11
a22 
and we
 a21

b b b13 
try to add it to a 2 × 3 matrix  11 12
b23 
we can find 4 pairs of corresponding
b21 b22

elements to add, but b13 and b23 have no partners to be added to.

12 + 9 8 + 6 5 + 4 
10 M+J =
10 + 8 9 + 8 6 + 7 
 

s w f
H  21 14 9 
=
L 18 17 13

The sum represents the total sales of each type of vehicle by each person in May and

June.

11 ( A + B) + C

5 + 3 2 + 7 6 + 2 1 + 9  12 0 5 3 
0 +1 +
 9 + 0 3 + 0 4 + 8  7 0 1 10 
8 9 8 10  12 0 5 3 
=  +
1 9 3 12   7 0 1 10 
8 + 12 9 + 0 8 + 5 10 + 3 
= 
 1 + 7 9 + 0 3 + 1 12 + 10 
 20 9 13 13 
= 
 8 9 4 22 
=A + ( B + C ) as required.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 9

Exercise 3.04: Scalar multiplication

Concepts and techniques

15 
1 a 33
 

 −2 6 
8 8
b  
14 4 
 
 0 10 

 161 28 77 189 
c  217 126 168 224 
 

 88 68 100 
d 104 76 88 
 
 52 100 80 

 228 444 252 

e  492 684 396 
 

 65 140 
 80 135 

f 195 200 
 
 75 160 
145 165 

114 122 
2 a 108 102 
 
124 156 

342 366 
b 324 306 
 
372 468

1311 1403
c 1242 1173
 
1426 1794 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 10

 5814 6222 
d 5508 5202 
 
6324 7956 

5 9  30 54 
3 a =
6M 6=
3 8  18 48 ∴ False
   

3 −2  12 −8
b=4N 4=
5 4   20 16  ∴ False
   

5 9   25 45
c =
5M 5=
3 8  15 40  ∴ True
   

3 −2  36 −24 
d= =
12N 12 5 4  60 48  ∴ True
   

3 −2  15 −10 
e=5N 5=
5 4   25 20  ∴ False
   

5 9  115 207 
f = =
23M 23 3 8   69 184  ∴ True
   

10 18  6 −4  16 14 

4 a  6 16  + 10 8  =
 
    16 24 

 9 −6  10 18  −1 −24 

b 15 12  −  6 16  =
 
     9 −4 

 25 45 12 −8 37 37 

c 15 40  +  20 16  =
 
    35 56 

30 54  12 −8 18 62 

d 18 48 −  20 16  =
 
     −2 32 

36 −24  15 27   21 −51

e 60 48  −  9 24  =
 
    51 24 

5 9  10 18 15 27 

f 3 8  +  6 16  =
 
     9 24 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 11

 15 −10  5 9  10 −19 
g  25 20  − 3 8  =
 
     22 12 

30 −20   25 45  5 −65

h 50 40  − 15 40  =
 
    35 0 

 48 40 52  16 22 24  36 21 45  28 41 31

5 56 52 36  +  24 18 14  − 66 33 21 =
 
      14 37 29 

15 25  20 4  35 29 

 35 10   24 8  59 18 
6 a  + =
 40 25  8 0   48 25
     
5 45  20 32   25 77 

 21 −14 42   4 0 8  17 −14 34 

b 35 77 49  −  −4 −12 −4  =
 
    39 89 53

7 a 5a + 10 =25 15 + 2b = 37 −10 + 16 =
c
5a = 15 2b = 22 c=6
a=3 b = 11

b 3 x + 24 =
45 24 + 4 y =
60 12 + 32 =
z
3 x = 21 4 y = 36 z = 44
x=7 y=9

c 4 p − 20 =
32 28 − 2q =
−10 20 − 22 = 2f
4 p = 52 −2q = −38 2 f = −2
p = 13 q = 19 f = −1

d 4a − 84 =−52 4b + 35 = 19 −12 − 7c = 23 40 − 42 = d
4a = 32 4b = −16 −7c = 35 d = −2
a =8 b = −4 c = −5

6 4   −3 0  3 4 
8 0 8  +  3 18 =
 
    3 26 

∴D

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 12

Reasoning and communication

12 7  12 7   60 35 36 21  24 14 

9 5T=
− 3T 5   −3 =   − =   
 21 15  21 15 105 75  63 45  42 30 

12 7   24 14 
=2T 2=
 21 15  42 30 
   

∴ 5T − 3T =
2T when T is a matrix.

10 2C + 3D − E =
0

∴ E = 2C + 3D
3 4 2 8
= 2 7 9  + 3 1 3 

 2 6   5 7 
6 8   6 24 
= 14 18 +  3 9 
 4 12  15 21
12 32 
= 17 27 
19 33 

5 2 x 3 16 13 
3 
5 12 32   42 102 
11 L M ∴ 2
2M + 3= + 3 =   
7 8 14 y  56 31 
     
5 0  z 57   55 171

∴ 10 + 3 x =
16 16 + 3 y =
31 10 + 3 z =
55

3x = 6 3 y = 15 3 z = 45
x=2 y=5 z = 15

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 13

Exercise 3.05: Matrix multiplication: row matrix × column matrix

Concepts and techniques

1 a P  as the number of elements are the same.

b P  as the number of elements are the same.

c Nas the number of elements are different.

d Nas the number of elements are different.

e Nas the number of elements are different.

f P  as the number of elements are the same.

3
2 a  4  [ 7 1] = [3 × 7 + 4 ×1] = [ 25]
 

∴D

2
b [ 20 1 14] 5 = [ 20 × 2 + 1× 5 + 14 × 8]= [157]
8 

∴B

3 a [3 × 7 + 5 × 5 + 22 × 6 + 1× 3] =[181]

b [16 × 5 + 18 × 9] =[ 242]

c [12 ×11 + 1×12 + 3 × 4] =[156]

d 6 × 5 + ( −2 ) × 7  =[16]

e ( −2 ) × 3 + 5 × 0 + ( −1) ×1 =[ −7 ]

f 12 × 5 + ( −3) ×15 + 7 ×19 + ( −2 ) × 20  =[108]

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 14

4 a 7 ×1 + 5 × d =22
7 + 5d = 22
5d = 15
d =3
∴C

b a ×3 + 4×5 + 2×9 =50

3a + 20 + 18 = 50
3a + 38 = 50
3a = 12
a=4

∴D

5 7×2 + x×5 = 39
14 + 5 x = 39
  5 x = 25
x=5

u 
6 [6 10]   = [156]
12 

6 × u + 10 ×12 = 156
        6u + 120 = 156
                 6u = 36
                  u = 6

7 a [5 × 4 + 3 × 5 + 2 × 7] =[ 49]

b [9 × 3.2 + 10 × 2.8 + 27 × 9 + 5 × 4.5] =[322.3]

c [16.75 ×120 + 32.15 × 200 + 14.85 ×150] =[10 667.5]

d [147.6 ×1300 + 52.67 ×1526] =[ 272 254.42]

e [120 × 28.75 + 300 × 31.05 + 150 × 29.60 + 290 × 38.35=] [ 28 326.5]

f [1520 ×13.5 + 1347 × 21.6 + 2016 × 37.4] = [125 013.6]

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 15

Reasoning and communication

8 a i 3 [ 2 7 ] = [ 6 21]

9  18
ii 2  =  
5 10 

9 
iii [2 7 ]   = [ 2 × 9 + 7 × 5] = [53]
5 

9  18
iv 3 [ 2 7 ] × 2   = [ 6 21]   = [ 6 ×18 + 21×10] = [318]
5  10 

9 
v 6 [ 2 7 ]   = 6 [ 2 × 9 + 7 × 5] = [ 6 × 53] = [318]
5 

b The 2 answers are the same.

3
9 [7 3 2] 1  = [7 × 3 + 3 ×1 + 2 × 0] = [ 24]
0 

∴ The Torpedos total points for the season were 24.

12 
30 
10 [15 32 11 9]  = [15 ×12 + 32 × 30 + 11× 24 + 9 ×18]= [1566]
24
 
18 

∴ The total number of bottles of drink sold in February were 1566.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 16

Exercise 3.06: Matrix multiplication: matrix × column matrix

Concepts and techniques

1 a We have ( 2 × 3) × ( 2 ×1) . Since the two middle numbers are different, the matrix

product is not possible.

b We have ( 2 × 2 ) × ( 2 ×1) . Since the two middle numbers are the same, the

matrix product is possible. The order of the product is ( 2 ×1) .

c We have ( 3 × 2 ) × ( 3 ×1) . Since the two middle numbers are different, the matrix

product is not possible.

d We have ( 2 × 3) × ( 3 ×1) . Since the two middle numbers are the same, the

matrix product is possible. The order of the product is ( 2 ×1) .

e We have ( 2 × 2 ) × ( 2 ×1) . Since the two middle numbers are the same, the

matrix product is possible. The order of the product is ( 2 ×1) .

f We have ( 4 × 2 ) × ( 2 ×1) . Since the two middle numbers are the same, the

matrix product is possible. The order of the product is ( 4 ×1) .

2 A is ( 5 × 2 ) so B must be a matrix with 2 rows if the matrix product exists.

∴D

3 We have ( 3 ×1) × (1× 3) .

∴ The order of PQ is ( 3 × 3) .

∴D

4 The matrix is ( 3 × 3) so need a matrix with 3 rows if the matrix product exists.

It is a column matrix.

∴ Order needs to be ( 3 ×1) .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 17

 5
6 2 3   6 × 5 + 2 × 7 + 3 × 4  56 
5 a 5 2 1 7  =  5 × 5 + 2 × 7 + 1× 4  =  43
  4    
 

∴C

 1 7 12   5   1× 5 + 7 ×11 + 12 × 7  166 
b 15 2 26  11= 15 × 5 + 2 ×11 + 26 × 7 =  279 
      
38 0 3   7   38 × 5 + 0 ×11 + 3 × 7   211

∴ A

5 
6 a [6 11]   = [ 6 × 5 + 11× 8] = [118]
8 

3 7  5 3 × 5 + 7 × 8  71
b =
5 6  8 =   
    5 × 5 + 6 × 8 73

10 15  10 × 5 + 15 × 8 170 

 3 17  5 =  3 × 5 + 17 × 8  = 151
c   8     
 2 8     2 × 5 + 8 × 8   74 

 2 −1  2 × 5 + ( −1) × 8  2 
3 5     55 
  5   3× 5 + 5× 8   
7 14   
d = = 7 × 5 + 14 × 8  147 
  8     
 6 8   6× 5 + 8×8   94 
9 5   9× 5 + 5×8   85 
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 18

 12 ×1 + 13 × 2  38
7 a 11×1 + 21× 2  = 53
   

 11×1 + 6 ×11 + 13 × 3  116 

b 10 ×1 + 4 ×11 + 20 × 3 = 114 
   

3 × 5 + 10 × ( −1) + 8 × 3 + 1× 9  38 
c  = 
 2 × 5 + 7 × ( −1) + 2 × 3 + 4 × 9   45

5 × 2 + 8 × 5 + 2 × 2 + 7 × 3  75
 6 × 2 + 3 × 5 + 0 × 2 + 1× 3  =  
d   30 
 2 × 2 + 1× 5 + 5 × 2 + 3 × 3   28

1× 5 + 0 ×12   5 
e 0 × 5 + 1×12  = 12 
   

10 × 3 + 6 × 8 + 9 × 2  96 
f  3 × 3 + 5 × 8 + 11× 2  = 71
   
12 × 3 + 7 × 8 + 2 × 2  96 

8 x×6 + 9×7 = 81
6 x + 63 = 81
6 x = 18
x=3
9 Could do this using any one of the following equations:
2d + 15 = 23 OR 3d + 6 = 18 OR 4d + 18 = 34
2d = 8 3d = 12 4d = 16
d =4 d =4 d =4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 19

Reasoning and communication

 9.00 
10 a 13.00 
 
 6.50 

62 105 32 
b 50 62 45
 

 9.00 
=
62 105 32    62 × 9.00 + 105 ×13.00 + 32 × 6.50   2131 
c 50 62 45 13.00  =   
   6.50   50 × 9.00 + 62 ×13.00 + 45 × 6.50  1548.50 
 

∴ The sales for Saturday were $2131 and Sunday were $1548.50.

∴ Total sales =
$2131 + $1548.50 =
$3679.50

∴ The total amount that the cinema took for tickets at the weekend was

$3679.50.

11 No. In multiplying AB we have (2 × 3) × (3 × 1), which works because the

middle 2 numbers are both 3. In multiplying BA we would have (3 × 1) × (2 × 3),

which we can’t do since the 2 middle numbers are different.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 20

Exercise 3.07: Matrix multiplication: matrices of various orders

Concepts and techniques

1 a i AB is ( 2 × 3) × ( 2 × 2 ) . Since the two middle numbers are different,

the matrix product does not exist.

b i BA is ( 2 × 2 ) × ( 2 × 3) . Since the two middle numbers are the same,

the matrix product does exist.

ii The order of the product is ( 2 × 3) .

c i AD is ( 2 × 3) × ( 3 × 2 ) . Since the two middle numbers are the same,

the matrix product does exist.

ii The order of the product is ( 2 × 2 ) .

d i AC is ( 2 × 3) × ( 4 × 2 ) . Since the two middle numbers are different,

the matrix product does not exist.

e i AD is ( 3 × 2 ) × ( 2 × 3) . Since the two middle numbers are the same,

the matrix product does exist.

ii The order of the product is ( 3 × 3) .

f i BC is ( 2 × 2 ) × ( 4 × 2 ) . Since the two middle numbers are different,

the matrix product does not exist.

g i CB is ( 4 × 2 ) × ( 2 × 2 ) . Since the two middle numbers are the same,

the matrix product does exist.

ii The order of the product is ( 4 × 2 ) .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 21

 h i DB is ( 3 × 2 ) × ( 2 × 2 ) . Since the two middle numbers are the same,

the matrix product does exist.

ii The order of the product is ( 3 × 2 ) .

i i CD is ( 4 × 2 ) × ( 3 × 2 ) . Since the two middle numbers are different,

the matrix product does not exist.

j i BB is ( 2 × 2 ) × ( 2 × 2 ) . Since the two middle numbers are the same,

the matrix product does exist.

ii The order of the product is ( 2 × 2 ) .

1 5 
=
5 8 11   5 ×1 + 8 × 6 + 11× 3 5 × 5 + 8 × 4 + 11× 7  86 134 
2 a 3 6 4  6 4  =   
   3 7   3 ×1 + 6 × 6 + 4 × 3 3 × 5 + 6 × 4 + 4 × 7   51 67 
 

1 5   1× 5 + 5 × 3 1× 8 + 5 × 6 1×11 + 5 × 4   20 38 31
6 4  5 8 11 = 6 × 5 + 4 × 3 6 × 8 + 4 × 6 6 ×11 + 4 × 4  =  42 72 82 
b   3 6 4     
 3 7     3 × 5 + 7 × 3 3 × 8 + 7 × 6 3 ×11 + 7 × 4 
  36 66 61

c No, XY is ( 2 × 2 ) and YX is ( 3 × 3)

d No

 2 × 3 + 5 × 5 2 ×1 + 5 × 7 2 × 0 + 5 × 6  31 37 30 
3 a  = 
3 × 3 + 2 × 5 3 ×1 + 2 × 7 3 × 0 + 2 × 6  19 17 12 

1×16 + 0 × 2 1× 5 + 0 ×11 16 5 

b  = 
0 ×16 + 1× 2 0 × 5 + 1×11  2 11

 4 ×1 + 2 × 3 4 × 2 + 2 × 2  10 12 
c  5 ×1 + 8 × 3 5 × 2 + 8 × 2  = 29 26 
   
 3 ×1 + 1× 3 3 × 2 + 1× 2   6 8 

 1× 1 + 1× 2 + 4 × 3 1× 4 + 1× 3 + 4 × 5  15 27 
3 × 1 + 2 × 2 + 6 × 3 3 × 4 + 2 × 3 + 6 × 5  25 48 
d  =
 5 × 1 + 1× 2 + 4 × 3 5 × 4 + 1× 3 + 4 × 5  19 43
   
3 ×1 + 2 × 2 + 5 × 3 3 × 4 + 2 × 3 + 5 × 5   22 43

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 22

  2 ×1 + 6 × 2 2 × 3 + 6 × 2 2 ×1 + 6 × 5 2 × 4 + 6 × 9  14 18 32 62 
e 8 ×1 + 7 × 2 8 × 3 + 7 × 2 8 ×1 + 7 × 5 8 × 4 + 7 × 9  =  22 38 43 95 
   

5 × 7 + ( −2 ) × ( −2 ) + 4 ×1 5 × 3 + ( −2 ) × 5 + 4 × 2   43 13
f  = 
 ( −1) × 7 + 3 × ( −2 ) + 2 ×1 ( −1) × 3 + 3 × 5 + 2 × 2   −11 16 

2 4  2 × 2 + 4 × 3 2 ×1 + 4 × 6 16 26 
6 5   2 1  =  6 × 2 + 5 × 3 6 ×1 + 5 × 6  =  27 36 
4 a   3 6    
   3 × 2 + 4 × 3 3 ×1 + 4 × 6 
 3 4    18 27 

3 5  3 × 2 + 5 × 3 3 ×1 + 5 × 6   21 33 
1 4  2 1 1 × 2 + 4 × 3 1 × 1 + 4 × 6  14 25 
=    =  
 2 5   3 6 

b
 2 × 2 + 5 × 3 2 ×1 + 5 × 6 19 32 
     
3 4 3 × 2 + 4 × 3 3 × 1 + 4 × 6  18 27 

3 5
7 1 3 4    7 × 3 + 1× 1 + 3 × 2 + 4 × 3 7 × 5 + 1× 4 + 3 × 5 + 4 × 4 
5 6 1 3  1 4   
c
  2 =  5 × 3 + 6 × 1 + 1× 2 + 3 × 3 5 × 5 + 6 × 4 + 1× 5 + 3 × 4 
5
 2 4 6 9     2 × 3 + 4 ×1 + 6 × 2 + 9 × 3 2 × 5 + 4 × 4 + 6 × 5 + 9 × 4 
3 4

 40 70 
= 32 66 
 49 92 

3 5
 4  1× 3 + 5 ×1 + 1× 2 + 7 × 3 1× 5 + 5 × 4 + 1× 5 + 7 × 4 
1 5 1 7  1
  =
5   2 × 3 + 0 ×1 + 1× 2 + 3 × 3 2 × 5 + 0 × 4 + 1× 5 + 3 × 4 
d
2 0 1 3 2
 
3 4

31 58 
= 
17 27 

 2 1   1 5 1 7   2 × 1 + 1× 2 2 × 5 + 1× 0 2 × 1 + 1× 1 2 × 7 + 1× 3 
e   = 
 3 6   2 0 1 3   3 × 1 + 6 × 2 3 × 5 + 6 × 0 3 × 1 + 6 × 1 3 × 7 + 6 × 3

 4 10 3 17 
= 
15 15 9 39 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 23

 2 4  2 × 1 + 4 × 2 2 × 5 + 4 × 0 2 × 1 + 4 × 1 2 × 7 + 4 × 3
6 5  1 5 1 7  =  6 ×1 + 5 × 2 6 × 5 + 5 × 0 6 ×1 + 5 ×1 6 × 7 + 5 × 3
f   2 0 1 3  
 3 4     3 ×1 + 4 × 2 3 × 5 + 4 × 0 3 ×1 + 4 ×1 3 × 7 + 4 × 3
 

10 10 6 26 
= 16 30 11 57 
11 15 7 33 

 4 × 3 + 6 × 6 4 × 8 + 6 × 7   48 74 
5 a  9 × 3 + 1× 6 9 × 8 + 1× 7  = 33 79 
   
 2 × 3 + 5 × 6 2 × 8 + 5 × 7  36 51

11×13 + 8 × 6 + 17 ×14 11× 5 + 8 × 22 + 17 × 41 11× 7 + 8 × 23 + 17 × 2 

b 9 ×13 + 12 × 6 + 15 ×14 9 × 5 + 12 × 22 + 15 × 41 9 × 7 + 12 × 23 + 15 × 2 
 

 429 928 295

= 
399 924 369 

 21× 5 + 35 × 7 + 26 ×11 + 44 × 3  768 

c  18 × 5 + 19 × 7 + 20 ×11 + 12 × 3  =  479 
   

10.2 × 2 + 11.5 × 7 + 13.6 ×11 10.2 × 6 + 11.5 × 9 + 13.6 × 3  250.5 205.5

19.1× 2 + 13.1× 7 + 14.2 ×11 19.1× 6 + 13.1× 9 + 14.2 × 3  =  
d    286.1 275.1
13.5 × 2 + 16.2 × 7 + 18.9 ×11 13.5 × 6 + 16.2 × 9 + 18.9 × 3  348.3 283.5

 201×12 + 51×18 201× 6 + 51×19 201×17 + 51× 5 201×13 + 51× 7 

e 105 ×12 + 122 ×18 105 × 6 + 122 ×19 105 ×17 + 122 × 5 105 ×13 + 122 × 7 
 

3330 2175 3672 2970 

= 
3456 2948 2395 2219 

 78 × 2.1 + 56 × 4.6 + 25 × 2.8 78 × 3.5 + 56 × 7.3 + 25 ×1.9   491.4 729.3

f 36 × 2.1 + 49 × 4.6 + 62 × 2.8 36 × 3.5 + 49 × 7.3 + 62 ×1.9  =  474.6 601.5
   

6 ( 4 × 3) × ( 3 × 6 ) will give a ( 4 × 6 ) matrix.

∴D

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 24

7 T is ( 3 × 5 ) so need P to have 5 rows for the product TP to exist.

∴B
8 order L × ( 2 × 4 ) = ( 3 × 4 )

∴ order L = (3× 2)
∴ A

Reasoning and communication

 5 24 3 10 3 
9 a P =  2 0 1 20 5 
 2 0 1 30 10 

12 10 3
b S= 
 8 32 0 

 5 24 3 10 3 
12 10 3  
c SP =    2 0 1 20 5 
 8 32 0   2 0 1 30 10 
 

12 × 5 + 10 × 2 + 3 × 2 12 × 24 + 10 × 0 + 3 × 0 12 × 3 + 10 × 1 + 3 × 1 12 × 10 + 10 × 20 + 3 × 30 12 × 3 + 10 × 5 + 3 × 10 
= 
 8 × 5 + 32 × 2 + 0 × 2 8 × 24 + 32 × 0 + 0 × 0 8 × 3 + 32 × 1 + 0 × 1 8 × 10 + 32 × 20 + 0 × 30 8 × 3 + 32 × 5 + 0 × 10 

 86 288 49 410 116 

= 
104 192 56 720 184 

d i Lead pencils are in the 1st column and January is the 1st row ∴ 86

ii Blue pens are in the 4th column and February is the 2nd row ∴ 720

iii Erasers are in the 3rd column ∴ 49 + 56 =

105 in the two months

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 25

Investigation: Multiplying matrices: identity matrices
a Looking at a matrix × identity matrix:
A matrix can only be multiplied by an identity matrix where the number of rows is
that the same as the number of columns in the matrix. We have the identity matrices
with 2, 3, or 4 rows, so the matrices with 2,3 or 4 columns have products that exist.
i.e. 2 columns: A and E, so AI2 and EI2 exist.
3 columns: D and F, so DI3 and FI3 exist.
4 columns: H, so HI4 exists.
Looking at an identity matrix × matrix:
An identity matrix can only be multiplied by a matrix where the number of rows in the
matrix is the same as the number of columns in the identity matrix. We have the
identity matrices with 2, 3, or 4 columns, so the matrices with 2,3 or 4 rows have
products that exist.
i.e. 2 rows: A, B, D and H, so I2A, I2B, I2D and I2H exist.
3 rows: C, so I3C existS.
4 rows: G, so I4G exists.
∴ All of the products that are possible are: AI2, EI2, DI3, FI3, HI4, I2A, I2B, I2D, I2H,
I3C and I4G.
b If chose AI2:
 3 5  1 0 
AI 2 =   
6 −2  0 1 
 3 ×1 + 5 × 0 3 × 0 + 5 ×1 
= 
6 ×1 + −2 × 0 6 ×1 + −2 × 0 
3 5 
= 
6 −2 

1 0 
EI 2 = [ −7 4]  
0 1 
= [ −7 ×1 + 4 × 0 −7 × 0 + 4 ×1]
= [ −7 4]

and so on for all of them.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 26

 7 5 11
DI3 =  
 2 −5 4 
FI3 = [ 6 3 8]
7 5 11 7 
HI4 =  
6 3 9 4

3 5 
I2A =  
6 −2 
6
I2B =  
9 
7 5 11
I2D = 
2 −5 4 
7 5 11 7 
I2H = 
6 3 9 4 

6
I3C =  7 
11

2
5
I4G =  
3
 
7 

c When a matrix is multiplied by an identity matrix, the product is the same as the
original matrix. It is just like multiplying by 1.
So AI = A and so on.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 27

Exercise 3.08: Powers of matrices

Concepts and techniques

1 a B, C, D and F are all square matrices and can therefore be raised to a power.

A and E cannot be raised to a power.

2
5 1 
B =
2

b 3 −2 

5 1  5 1 
=  
3 −2  3 −2 
 5 × 5 + 1× 3 5 ×1 + 1× ( −2 ) 
= 
3 × 5 + ( −2 ) × 3 3 ×1 + ( −2 ) × ( −2 ) 
 28 3 
= 
 9 7

1 3 −1
2

C2 =  2 0 10 
 4 5 6 

1 3 −1 1 3 −1
=  2 0 10   2 0 10 
 4 5 6   4 5 6 
1×1 + 3 × 2 + ( −1) × 4 1× 3 + 3 × 0 + ( −1) × 5 1× ( −1) + 3 ×10 + ( −1) × 6 
 
=  2 ×1 + 0 × 2 + 10 × 4 2 × 3 + 0 × 0 + 10 × 5 2 × ( −1) + 0 ×10 + 10 × 6 
 4 ×1 + 5 × 2 + 6 × 4 4× 3 + 5× 0 + 6× 5 4 × ( −1) + 5 × 10 + 6 × 6 
 3 −2 23
=  42 56 58
 38 42 82 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 28

 2
 2 5
D =
2

 −4 9 

 2 5  2 5
=  
 −4 9   −4 9 
 2 × 2 + 5 × ( −4 ) 2× 5 + 5× 9 
=
( −4 ) × 2 + 9 × ( −4 ) ( −4 ) × 5 + 9 × 9
 −16 55
= 
 −44 61

2
2 5 1 6
3 7 2 1 
F2 = 
4 8 3 6
 
1 7 5 2

2 5 1 6 2 5 1 6
3 7 2 1   3 7 2 1 
=
4 8 3 6 4 8 3 6
  
1 7 5 2  1 7 5 2
 2 × 2 + 5 × 3 + 1× 4 + 6 × 1 2 × 5 + 5 × 7 + 1× 8 + 6 × 7 2 × 1 + 5 × 2 + 1× 3 + 6 × 5 2 × 6 + 5 × 1 + 1× 6 + 6 × 2 
 3 × 2 + 7 × 3 + 2 × 4 + 1× 1 3 × 5 + 7 × 7 + 2 × 8 + 1× 7 3 × 1 + 7 × 2 + 2 × 3 + 1× 5 3 × 6 + 7 × 1 + 2 × 6 + 1 × 2 
=
4 × 2 + 8 × 3 + 3 × 4 + 6 ×1 4 × 5 + 8 × 7 + 3 × 8 + 6 × 7 4 ×1 + 8 × 2 + 3 × 3 + 6 × 5 4 × 6 + 8 ×1 + 3 × 6 + 6 × 2
 
1 × 2 + 7 × 3 + 5 × 4 + 2 × 1 1× 5 + 7 × 7 + 5 × 8 + 2 × 7 1× 1 + 7 × 2 + 5 × 3 + 2 × 5 1× 6 + 7 × 1 + 5 × 6 + 2 × 2 
 29 95 45 35 
36 87 28 39 
=
50 142 59 62 
 
 45 108 40 47 

10 6  10 6  10 ×10 + 6 × 7 10 × 6 + 6 × 3 142 78

=
2 a  7 3  7 3 =   
    7 ×10 + 3 × 7 7 × 6 + 3 × 3   91 51

3 7 5  3 7 5  3 × 3 + 7 ×1 + 5 × 9 3 × 7 + 7 × 3 + 5 × 4 3 × 5 + 7 × 2 + 5 × 6   61 62 59 
b       
1 3 2  1 3 2  = 1× 3 + 3 × 1 + 2 × 9 1× 7 + 3 × 3 + 2 × 4 1× 5 + 3 × 2 + 2 × 6  =  24 24 23
9 4 6  9 4 6  9 × 3 + 4 × 1 + 6 × 9 9 × 7 + 4 × 3 + 6 × 4 9 × 5 + 4 × 2 + 6 × 6  85 99 89 

12 −2  12 −2  12 ×12 + ( −2 ) × 5 12 × ( −2 ) + ( −2 ) × ( −7 )  134 −10 

=
c  5 −7   5 −7  =   
    5 ×12 + ( −7 ) × 5 5 × ( −2 ) + ( −7 ) × ( −7 )   25 39 

 −4 3   −4 3   ( −4 ) × ( −4 ) + 3 × 6 ( −4 ) × 3 + 3 × ( −2 )   34 −18
=
d  6 −2   6 −2  =   
   6 × ( −4 ) + ( −2 ) × 6 6 × 3 + ( −2 ) × ( −2 )   −36 22 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 29

 12 9 15 12 9 15  12 × 12 + 9 × 7 + 15 × 13 12 × 9 + 9 × ( −3) + 15 × 11 12 × 15 + 9 × 6 + 15 × 0 
 7 −3 6   7 −3 6  = 7 × 12 + −3 × 7 + 6 × 13 7 × 9 + −3 × −3 + 6 × 11 7 × 15 + −3 × 6 + 6 × 0 
e     ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 
13 11 0  13 11 0   13 × 12 + 11 × 7 + 0 × 13 13 × 9 + 11 × ( −3) + 0 × 11 13 × 15 + 11 × 6 + 0 × 0 

 402 246 234 

= 141 138 87 
 233 84 261

 20 13   20 13   20 × 20 + 13 ×11 20 ×13 + 13 × 24   543 572 

=
f 11 24  11 24  =   
   11× 20 + 24 ×11 11×13 + 24 × 24   484 719 

3 10 × 8 + 5 × 5 =105

∴ D

2
2 1 2 1
4 A = A ×A = 
3 2
  
5 7  5 7 

2 1   2 × 2 + 1× 5 2 × 1 + 1× 7 
=
5 7  5 × 2 + 7 × 5 5 × 1 + 7 × 7 
2 1  9 9 
=
5 7   45 54 
 2 × 9 + 1× 45 2 × 9 + 1× 54 
= 
5 × 9 + 7 × 45 5 × 9 + 7 × 54 
 63 72 
= 
360 423

∴ C

3 2
5 6  5 6  5 6 
5 a 1 7  = 1 7  1 7 
    

5 6  5 × 5 + 6 × 1 5 × 6 + 6 × 7 
=
1 7  1× 5 + 7 ×1 1× 6 + 7 × 7 
5 6  31 72 
=
1 7  12 55 
5 × 31 + 6 ×12 5 × 72 + 6 × 55
= 
1× 31 + 7 ×12 1× 72 + 7 × 55 
 227 690 
= 
115 457 

∴ = 227

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 30

 3 2
2 9 2 9 2 9
b 6 4 = 6 4 6 4
    

2 9 2 × 2 + 9 × 6 2 × 9 + 9 × 4
=
6 4  6 × 2 + 4 × 6 6 × 9 + 4 × 4 
2 9  58 54 
=
6 4  36 70 
 2 × 58 + 9 × 36 2 × 54 + 9 × 70 
= 
6 × 58 + 4 × 36 6 × 54 + 4 × 70 
 440 738
= 
 492 604 

∴ = 492

3 2
 3 10   3 10   3 10 
c 6 1  = 6 1  6 1 
    

 3 10  3 × 3 + 10 × 6 3 ×10 + 10 ×1
=  
6 1   6 × 3 + 1× 6 6 ×10 + 1×1 
 3 10   69 40 
=  
6 1   24 61
3 × 69 + 10 × 24 3 × 40 + 10 × 61
= 
 6 × 69 + 1× 24 6 × 40 + 1× 61 
 447 730 
= 
 438 301

∴ = 301

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 31

 3 2
 0 5  0 5  0 5
d  −1 4  =  −1 4   −1 4 
    

 0 5   0 × 0 + 5 × ( −1) 0× 5 + 5× 4 
= 
 −1 4  ( −1) × 0 + 4 × ( −1) ( −1) × 5 + 4 × 4
 0 5   −5 20 
=  
 −1 4   −4 11 
 0 × ( −5 ) + 5 × ( −4 ) 0 × 20 + 5 ×11 
=
( −1) × ( −5 ) + 4 × ( −4 ) ( −1) × 20 + 4 ×11
 −20 55 
= 
 −11 24 

∴ = −11

3 7  3 7  3 × 3 + 7 × 9 3 × 7 + 7 × 4  72 49 
6=
a    =   
9 4  9 4  9 × 3 + 4 × 9 9 × 7 + 4 × 4   63 79 

2
3 7  3 7 
b X = X ×X = 
3 2
   Using X2 from a,
9 4  9 4 

72 49  3 7 
=  
 63 79  9 4 
72 × 3 + 49 × 9 72 × 7 + 49 × 4 
= 
 63 × 3 + 79 × 9 63 × 7 + 79 × 4 
657 700 
= 
900 757 

 2.5 6.1  2.5 6.1  2.5 × 2.5 + 6.1× 3.9 2.5 × 6.1 + 6.1× 2.7  30.04 31.72 
=
c    =   
3.9 2.7  3.9 2.7  3.9 × 2.5 + 2.7 × 3.9 3.9 × 6.1 + 2.7 × 2.7   20.28 31.08

72 49  30.04 31.72 

d X2 +
= Y2  +  Using X2 and Y2 from a and c,
 63 79   20.28 31.08

72 + 30.04 49 + 31.72 

= 
 63 + 20.28 79 + 31.08 
102.04 80.72 
= 
 83.28 110.08

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 32

 2 3
3 7  3 7 
e X = X ×X = 
5 2
 
3
 Using X2 and X3 from a and b,
9 4  9 4 

72 49  657 700 

=  
 63 79  900 757 
72 × 657 + 49 × 900 72 × 700 + 49 × 757 
= 
 63 × 657 + 79 × 900 63 × 700 + 79 × 757 
 91 404 87 493 
= 
112 491 103 903

 91 404 87 493  72 49 

=
f X5 − X 2  −  Using X5 and X2 from a and e,
112 491 103 903  63 79 

 91 404 − 72 87 493 − 49 
= 
112 491 − 63 103 903 − 79 
 91332 87 444 
= 
112 428 103 824 

12 15 21 12 15 21 12 × 12 + 15 × 17 + 21 × 31 12 × 15 + 15 × 19 + 21 × 11 12 × 21 + 15 × 23 + 21 × 24 

g 17 19 23 17 19 23 = 17 × 12 + 19 × 17 + 23 × 31 17 × 15 + 19 × 19 + 23 × 11 17 × 21 + 19 × 23 + 23 × 24 
    
31 11 24  31 11 24   31 × 12 + 11 × 17 + 24 × 31 31 × 15 + 11 × 19 + 24 × 11 31 × 21 + 11 × 23 + 24 × 24 

1050 696 1101

= 1240 869 1346 
1303 938 1480 

1050 696 1101 1050 696 1101

h Z = Z × Z = 1240 869 1346  1240 869 1346 
4 2 2
Using Z2 from g,
1303 938 1480  1303 938 1480 

1050 × 1050 + 696 × 1240 + 1101 × 1303 1050 × 696 + 696 × 869 + 1101 × 938 1050 × 1101 + 696 × 1346 + 1101 × 1480 
= 1240 × 1050 + 869 × 1240 + 1346 × 1303 1240 × 696 + 869 × 869 + 1346 × 938 1240 × 1101 + 869 × 1346 + 1346 × 1480 
1303 × 1050 + 938 × 1240 + 1480 × 1303 1303 × 696 + 938 × 869 + 1480 × 938 1303 × 1101 + 938 × 1346 + 1480 × 1480 

 3 400143 2 368 362 3 722 346 

=  4133 398 2 880 749 4 526 994 
 4 459 710 3110 250 4 887 551 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 33

Reasoning and communication

7 a The element in the 1st row, 2nd column

6 3
b 4 2
 

6 2
c 4 2
 

 3 2   3 2   3 2  3 × 3 + 2 × 0 3 × 2 + 2 × 1 9 8
2
3 2
8 =
C   ∴=
C  =
2
   =   =   
0 1   0 1   0 1   0 1   0 × 3 + 1× 0 0 × 2 + 1× 1   0 1

 3 2  9 8 3 × 9 + 2 × 0 3 × 8 + 2 ×1  27 26 
a C3 =C × C2 =   =  = 
 0 1   0 1  0 × 9 + 1× 0 0 × 8 + 1× 1   0 1 

9 8  3 2  9 × 3 + 8 × 0 9 × 2 + 8 ×1  27 26 
b C3 = C 2 × C =   =  =  
 0 1   0 1   0 × 3 + 1× 0 0 × 2 + 1× 1  0 1 

c True

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 34

 Exercise 3.09: Appplications of matrices

Concepts and techniques

1 Increase by 60% means 100% + 60% =

160%

∴ 160% of X = 1.6 X

∴B

2 Decrease by 15% means 100% − 15% =

85%

∴ 85% of Y =
0.85Y
 2.75 11.55 3.95 
= 0.85  
10.99 22.35 15.49 
 2.3375 9.8175 3.3575 
=  
9.3415 18.9975 13.1665
 2.34 9.82 3.36 
=  
9.34 19.00 13.17 

∴D

3 a D = March − April
 325 455 450   320 445 430 
=  − 
1870 1960 1950  1830 1895 1880 
 5 10 20 
= 
 40 65 70 
b Total savings = 5 + 10 + 20 + 40 + 65 + 70 =$210
c i Overall office savings =5 + 10 + 20 =$35

ii Initial office costs = 325 + 455 + 450 = $1230

office savings
×100%
initial office costs

$35
= ×100%
$1230
= 2.3845...%
≈ 2.85%

∴ The overall office savings is 2.85% of the initial office costs.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 35

 d i Total production line savings = 40 + 65 + 70 = $175

ii Initial production line costs = 1870 + 1960 + 1950 = $5780

production line savings

×100%
initial production line costs

$175
= ×100%
$5780
= 3.027...%
≈ 3.03%

∴ The total production line savings is 3.03% of the initial production line

costs.

$210
e Overall percentage saving = ×100% =
2.9957...% .
$7010
This is slightly below the required 3%, however, if we give the answer to 2
decimal places, the manager can say that he has succeeded. He was able to
reduce production line costs significantly (3.03%), but not office costs
(2.85%).
4 a 7.5% = 7.5 ÷ 100 = 0.075
6.7% = 6.7 ÷ 100 = 0.067
7% =÷7 100 = 0.07
∴ C = [ 0.075 0.067 0.07 ]

16 500 22 390 

=
b CS [ 0.075 0.067 0.07 ] 11350 14 275 
17100 15 680 

= [0.075 × 16 500 + 0.067 × 11350 + 0.07 × 17100 0.075 × 22 390 + 0.067 × 14 275 + 0.07 × 15 680]
= [3194.95 3733.275]

c Total commissions =3194.95 + 3733.275 =$6928.225 ≈ $6928.23

∴ Their combined commissions for the fortnight was $6928.23.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 36

 0 1 1 
5 a 1 0 1 
 
1 1 0 

0 1 1  0 1 1   0 × 0 + 1× 1 + 1× 1 0 × 1 + 1× 0 + 1× 1 0 × 1 + 1× 1 + 1× 0  2 1 1
b 1 0 1  1 0 1  = 1× 0 + 0 × 1 + 1× 1 1× 1 + 0 × 0 + 1× 1 1× 1 + 0 × 1 + 1× 0  = 1 2 1 
      
1 1 0  1 1 0  1× 0 + 1× 1 + 0 × 1 1× 1 + 1× 0 + 0 × 1 1× 1 + 1× 1 + 0 × 0  1 1 2 

c Where there are 2’s in the matrix squared above.

∴ Craven to Craven, Murryba to Murryba and Gwenock to Gwenock

6 Via a third party means two step paths. ∴ need to find W2.

0 1 0 1  0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0  1 0 1 0 
W2 =  
0 1 0 1  0 1 0 1
  
1 0 1 0  1 0 1 0
 0 × 0 + 1× 1 + 0 × 0 + 1× 1 0 × 1 + 1× 0 + 0 × 1 + 1× 0 0 × 0 + 1× 1 + 0 × 0 + 1× 1 0 × 1 + 1× 0 + 0 × 1 + 1× 0 
1× 0 + 0 × 1 + 1× 0 + 0 × 1 1× 1 + 0 × 0 + 1× 1 + 0 × 0 1× 0 + 0 × 1 + 1× 0 + 0 × 1 1× 1 + 0 × 0 + 1× 1 + 0 × 0 
=
0 × 0 + 1× 1 + 0 × 0 + 1× 1 0 × 1 + 1× 0 + 0 × 1 + 1× 0 0 × 0 + 1× 1 + 0 × 0 + 1× 1 0 × 1 + 1× 0 + 0 × 1 + 1× 0 
 
1× 0 + 0 × 1 + 1× 0 + 0 × 1 1× 1 + 0 × 0 + 1× 1 + 0 × 0 1× 0 + 0 × 1 + 1× 0 + 0 × 1 1× 1 + 0 × 0 + 1× 1 + 0 × 0 
2 0 2 0
0 2 0 2
= 
2 0 2 0
 
0 2 0 2

∴A

Reasoning and communication

1.64 9.07 3.26 99.37 

7 a MP = [1.99 2.01 1.7 ] 1.62 9.04 3.24 98.99 
1.69 9.21 3.38 99.79 

= [1.99 × 1.64 + 2.01 × 1.62 + 1.7 × 1.69 1.99 × 9.07 + 2.01 × 9.04 + 1.7 × 9.21 1.99 × 3.26 + 2.01 × 3.24 + 1.7 × 3.38 1.99 × 99.37 + 2.01 × 98.99 + 1.7 × 99.79]

= [9.3928 51.8767 18.7458 566.3592]

= [9.39 51.88 18.75 566.36] Rounded to nearest cent.

b The elements in MP show the total paid across all 3 stores for each of the four
products once the prices have been marked up.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 37

 c Total cost = 9.07 + 9.04 + 9.21 = $27.32
Total paid = $51.88
∴ Profit = $51.88 − $27.32 = $24.56
∴ The combined profit across the stores on product X was $24.56.
8 a Need to do student price, then teacher price to match N.
3.20 
∴C =5.60 
 
b N is a ( 2 × 2 ) matrix and C is a ( 2 ×1) matrix. CN cannot be found.

NC can be found and will give a ( 2 ×1) matrix.

860 75 3.20 

NC =   
 60 3  5.60 
860 × 3.20 + 75 × 5.60 
= 
 60 × 3.20 + 3 × 5.60 
3172.00 
= 
 208.80 

c Total cost = 3172.00 + 208.80 = $3380.80

∴ The total cost for the two days is $3380.80.

0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 

9 a P = 0 1 0 0 1
 
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 

0 1 0 1 0  0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0  0 0 1 0 0  0 1 0 0 1 
   
b P2 =0 1 0 0 1  0 1 0 0 1  0 0 1 1 0
    
1 0 0 0 0  1 0 0 0 0  0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0  0 0 0 1 0  1 0 0 0 0 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 38

 1 0 1 0 0  1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1  0 1 0 0 1  0 0 1 0 0 

c P5 = P 2 × P 2 × P = 0 0 1 1 0  × 0 0 1 1 0 × 0 1 0 0 1
     
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0  1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0  1 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 1 0 

1 0 2 1 0  0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 1  0 0 1 0 0 

= 0 1 1 2 0  × 0 1 0 0 1
   
0 2 0 1 1  1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0  0 0 0 1 0 
1 3 0 1 2
0 1 1 2 0 

= 2 1 1 0 1
 
1 0 2 1 0
 0 2 0 1 1 

d Wherever there is a 1 in P2.

∴ A to A, A to C, B to B, B to E, C to C, C to D, D to B, D to D and E to A

e i Value in 2nd row, 4th column = 2

∴ There are 2 five step paths to get from point B to point D.

ii B to C to E to D to A to D or B to C to B to C to E to D

iii Check with your teacher as these will vary. For example B to C to B to C
to E to D could be something like: John lived at B. He needed to deliver a
parcel to his grandmother who lived at D. John headed for C. When he got
there he realised he’d forgotten the parcel. He returned to B, then travelled
to C, then E and finally to his grandmother’s at D.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 39

Chapter 3 Review

Multiple choice

1 J, K and M are matrices. L is not as it is missing two elements

∴E

2 4×3 =
12 elements

∴ D

3 p23 + p31 = 2 + 5 = 7

∴ C

 5 + 7 12 + 25 12 37 
   33 16 
4 15 + 18 7 + 9  =  
 8 + 14 6 + 13   22 19 

∴D

5 ( 27 − 18 − 5)
32 − 12 8 − 20 17= (9 20 −12 12 )

∴B

6 x + 11 =29
x = 18
∴C

1 0   5 0 
7 5 = 
0 1  0 5 

∴B

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 40

8 A: (1× 3) × ( 3 ×1) ∴ can find the product

B: ( 2 × 2 ) × ( 2 × 2 ) ∴ can find the product

C: ( 3 ×1) × ( 3 × 3) ∴ cannot find the product

D: ( 4 × 2 ) × ( 2 × 2 ) ∴ can find the product

E: ( 3 × 2 ) × ( 2 × 4 ) ∴ can find the product

∴C

9 ( 4 × 3) × ( 3 × 2 ) ∴ order of GH is ( 4 × 2 )

∴A

10 3× 2 + y × 8 =38
6 + 8y = 38
8 y = 32
y=4
∴B

Short answer

11 The order is ( 4 × 5 ) .

12 The same number of rows as columns, ∴ square matrix.

13 As only 1 column it is a column matrix.

 91 53 34 
86 62 27 

 78 57 37 
14 a  
 79 54 35 
 42 48 40 
 
34 41 53 

 91 86 78 79 42 34 
b 53 62 57 54 48 41
 
34 27 37 35 40 53

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 41

  12 + 6 7 + 13 18 20 
15 a 19 + 12 5 + 14  = 31 19 
   

 23 + 15 14 + 27 52 + 12 16 + 11  38 41 64 27 
b 12 + 72 9 + 45 21 + 16 33 + 28 = 84 54 37 61
   

 9 + 8  17 
 1+ 6  =  
c   7
11 + 5 16 

 31 + 17 15 + 25 44 + 16   48 40 60 
d  27 + 16 32 + 45 51 + 19  =  
   43 77 70 
 63 + 33 21 + 47 14 + 29  96 68 43

 13 − 8 18 − 5   5 13
16 a  21 − 10 19 − 7  = 11 12 
   

 32 − 10 14 − 12   22 2 
b  47 − 32 56 − 41 =  
  15 15
 28 − 7 16 − 9   21 7 

 27 − 22 39 − 2 17 − 5   5 37 12 
c  52 − 31 67 − 62 84 − 43 =  21 5 41
   

17 a 9+t =17

t =8

b a+5 =9

a=4

c p + 28 =
60

p = 32

d 12 + x =
1

x = −11

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 42

 5 × 3 5 × 7  15 35 
18 a 5 × 5 5 × 8  =  25 40 
   

3 × 6 3 × 9 3 ×11 18 27 33

  12 21 9 
b 3 × 4 3 × 7 3 × 3  =  
3 × 2 3 ×10 3 × 6   6 30 18 

7 ×12 7 × 8  84 56 
 7 × 4 7 × 9 =  
c    28 63
 7 × 3 7 × 7   21 49 

( −2 ) ×12 ( −2 ) × 24  −24 −48

 =
( −2 ) × 8   −30
d
( −2 ) ×15 −16 

4 6 5  2 5 1
19 3  − 2 8 12 9 
 3 7 10   

12 18 15   4 10 2 
=  −
 9 21 30  16 24 18
12 − 4 18 − 10 15 − 2 
=
9 − 16 21 − 24 30 − 18
 8 8 13
= 
 −7 −3 12 

6
20 [ 2 5 9] 8  = [ 2 × 6 + 5 × 8 + 9 ×1] = [61]
1 

21 6 × 7 + 3× y + 5× 9 + 2 × 4 =98
42 + 3 y + 45 + 8 =98
95 + 3 y = 98
3y = 3
y =1

 6 11  5   6 × 5 + 11× 4  74 

22 =
13 7   4  =   
    13 × 5 + 7 × 4   93

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 43

23 x × 5 + 7 × 3 + 4 ×11 =100

5 x + 21 + 44 = 100
5 x + 65 = 100
5 x = 35
x=7

 3 ×1 + 9 × 4 + 8 × 7 3 × 5 + 9 × 3 + 8 × 6   95 90 
24 a 6 ×1 + 2 × 4 + 5 × 7 6 × 5 + 2 × 3 + 5 × 6  =  49 66 
   

12 × 7 + 6 × 0 12 ×1 + 6 × 2 12 × 3 + 6 × 5 84 24 66 
b  4 × 7 + 11× 0 4 ×1 + 11× 2 4 × 3 + 11× 5  =  28 26 67 
   

 2 × 2 + 7 ×1 + 4 × 6 + 6 × 7 2 × 3 + 7 × 4 + 4 × 2 + 6 × 5 77 72 
 3 × 2 + 2 × 1 + 1× 6 + 8 × 7 3 × 3 + 2 × 4 + 1× 2 + 8 × 5  = 
c    70 59 
 5 × 2 + 7 ×1 + 1× 6 + 9 × 7 5 × 3 + 7 × 4 + 1× 2 + 9 × 5  86 90 

25

 3 2 1  3 2 1 
A2 =  −1 4 5   −1 4 5 
  
 7 0 −2   7 0 −2 
 3 × 3 + 2 × ( −1) + 1× 7 3 × 2 + 2 × 4 + 1× 0 3 ×1 + 2 × 5 + 1× ( −2 ) 
 
=  −1× 3 + 4 × ( −1) + 5 × 7 −1× 2 + 4 × 4 + 5 × 0 −1×1 + 4 × 5 + 5 × ( −2 ) 
7 × 3 + 0 × ( −1) + −2 × 7 7 × 2 + 0 × 4 + −2 × 0 7 × 1 + 0 × 5 + −2 × ( −2 ) 
14 14 11
=  28 14 9 
 7 14 11

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 44

26

M=
2
M×M
 2 1  2 1
=  
 −3 7   −3 7 
 2 × 2 + 1× ( −3) 2 × 1 + 1× 7 
= 
 −3 × 2 + 7 × ( −3) −3 ×1 + 7 × 7 
 1 9
= 
 −27 46 

=
M 4
M2 × M2
 1 9  1 9
=   
 −27 46   −27 46 
 1×1 + 9 × ( −27 ) 1× 9 + 9 × 46 
= 
 −27 ×1 + 46 × ( −27 ) −27 × 9 + 46 × 46 
 −242 423 
= 
 −1269 1873

Application

27 a A = [ 2.50 1.20]

123 85 112 156 139 

b B= 
102 115 156 108 121

123 85 112 156 139 

c AB = [ 2.50 1.20]  
102 115 156 108 121

= [ 2.50 × 123 + 1.20 × 102 2.50 × 85 + 1.20 × 115 2.50 × 112 + 1.20 × 156 2.50 × 156 + 1.20 × 108 2.50 × 139 + 1.20 × 121]
= [ 429.90 350.50 467.20 519.60 492.70]

d Wednesday is 3rd column ∴ $467.20

e Mon: 225, Tues: 200, Wed: 268, Thurs: 264, Fri: 260

∴ Wednesday

f Greatest value in AB is in column 4

∴ Thursday received the most from ticket sales ($519.60).

© Cengage Learning Australia 2014 ISBN 9780170251488 45