GMP-4 32 Basic algebraic skills

Chapter 4 — Basic algebraic skills

Are you ready? 27

x =
1 a 14, 22, 30, 38, 46, 54, 62 (add 8) 3
b 12, 7, 2, −3, −8, −13, −18 (subtract 5) x =9
c 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192 (multiply by 2) 2x
d 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25 (divide by 2) d =8
3
1 1 2x = 8 × 3
or 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, , (divide by 2)
2 4 2x = 24
2 a Difference between the y values is 1; difference between 24
the x and y values is 3. x =
2
Rule is y = x + 3 x = 12
b Difference between the y values is 3; difference between
the x and y values is not constant. Exercise 4A — General number patterns
Rule is y = 3x 1 a 3, 6, 9, 12 . . . 3 is added
c Difference between the y values is 4; difference between b 2, 6, 10, 14 . . . 4 is added
the x and y values is not constant c 4, 9, 14, 19 . . . 5 is added
Rule is y = 4x + 3 d 9, 16, 23, 30 . . . 7 is added
d Difference between the y values is −2; difference between e 0, 11, 22, 33 . . . 11 is added
the x and y values is not constant f −4, 5, 14, 23 . . . 9 is added
Rule is y = 8 − 2x g 6, 19, 32, 45 . . . 13 is added
3 a 3g + 4g = 7g h −17, −13, −9, −5 . . . 4 is added
b y + 2y + 3y = 6y i 2, 4.5, 7, 9.5 . . . 2.5 is added
c 6gy − 3gy = 3gy 1 1 3 1
j , , ,1... is added
d 20x − 19x + 11 = x + 11 4 2 4 4
e 7g + 8g + 8 + 9 = 15g + 17 2 a 15, 18, 21
f 7h + 4t − 3h = 4h + 4t b 18, 22, 26
4 a 9x = 9 × 2 c 24, 29, 34
= 18 d 37, 44, 51
b −3y = −3 × 5 e 44, 55, 66
f 32, 41, 50
= −15
g 58, 71, 84
c x−y =2−5
h −1, 3, 7
= −3 i 12, 14.5, 17
d 2x + 5 = 2 × 2 + 5 1 1 3
=9 j 1 ,1 ,1
4 2 4
e 7y − 10 = 7 × 5 − 10
3 a 10, 9, 8, 7 . . . 1 is subtracted
= 25
b 30, 28, 26, 24 . . . 2 is subtracted
f 8xy = 8 × 2 × 5 c 40, 36, 32, 28 . . . 4 is subtracted
= 80 d 40, 34, 28, 22 . . . 6 is subtracted
g 3x2y = 3 × 22 × 5 e 19, 14, 9, 4 . . . 5 is subtracted
= 60 f 22, 15, 8, 1 . . . 7 is subtracted
h 6x − 2y = 6 × 2 − 2 × 5 g 65, 56, 47, 38 . . . 9 is subtracted
= 12 − 10 h 3, −4, −11, −18 . . . 7 is subtracted
=2 i 5, 4.3, 3.6, 2.9 . . . 0.7 is subtracted
5 a 4x × 3 = 12x 1 1 −1 3
j 2, 1 , , ... is subtracted
b 3a × 4b = 12ab 4 2 4 4
c −5k × p = −5kp 4 a 6, 5, 4
d 2mn × 3m = 6m2n b 22, 20, 18
6 a 12x ÷ 4 = 3x c 24, 20, 16
b 15y ÷ y = 15 d 16, 10, 4
c 8a ÷ 2a = 4 e −1, −6, −11
d −21xy ÷ 3 = −7xy f −6, −13, −20
g 29, 20, 11
7 a x + 28 = 67
h −25, −32, −39
x = 67 − 28
i 2.2, 1.5, 0.8
x = 39
3 1
b 6x = 102 j −1, −1 , −2
4 2
102
x = 5 and 6
6 a 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 multiplied by 2
x = 17 b 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729 multiplied by 3
c 3x − 7 = 20 c 5, 20, 80, 320, 1280, 5120, 20 480 multiplied by 4
3x = 20 + 7 d 2, 10, 50, 250, 1250, 6250, 31 250 multiplied by 5
3x = 27 e 2, 14, 98, 686, 4802, 33 614, 235 298 multiplied by 7
 Basic algebraic skills GMP-4 33
f −2, −6, −18, −54, −162, −486, −1458 multiplied by 3 i 1st term is 1
g −3, 6, −12, 24, −48, 96, −192 multiplied by −2 5th term is 15
h 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 multiplied by 2 10th term is 55
i 3, 39, 507, 6591, 85 683, 1 113 879, 14 480 427 j 1st term is 1 square numbers
multiplied by 13 5th term is 25
j 4, 6, 9, 13.5, 20.25, 30.375, 45.5625 multiplied by 1.5 10th term is 100
7 and 8 11 a 5, 10, 15, 20 . . . add 5
1 b 100, 97, 94, 91 . . . subtract 3
a 1600, 800, 400, 200 divided by 2 or multiplied by c 6, 12, 24, 48 . . . multiply by 2
2
1 d 8, 4, 2, 1 . . . divide by 2
b 10 000, 1000, 100, 10 divided by 10 or multiplied by e 8, 15, 22, 29 . . . add 7
10 f 84, 71, 58, 45 . . . subtract 13
1 g 2, 5, 12.5, 31.25 . . . multiply by 2.5
c 1600, 400, 100, 25 divided by 4 or multiplied by
4 h 343, 49, 7, 1 . . . divide by 7
1 i −14, −11, −8, −5 . . . add 3
d 750, 150, 30, 6 divided by 5 or multiplied by
5 j −5, 10, −20, 40 . . . multiply by −2
1 12 a 5, 12, 19, 26, 33 . . .
e 729, 243, 81, 27 divided by 3 or multiplied by
3 b 2, 6, 18, 54, 162 . . .
f 400 000, 20 000, 1000, 50 divided by 20 or multiplied c 50, 44, 38, 32, 26 . . .
1 d 320, 160, 80, 40, 20 . . .
by e 13, 5, −3, −11, −19 . . .
20
f −14, −9, −4, 1, 6 . . .
1
g 512, 64, 8, 1 divided by 8 or multiplied by g −3, −12, −48, −192, −768 . . .
8
−1 1
1 1 1 1 h 9, −3, 1, , ...
h 1, , , divided by 2 or multiplied by 3 9
2 4 8 2 i 9, 18, 27, 36, 45 . . .
1 j 9, 18, 36, 72, 144
i −100, 10, −1, 0.1, divided by −10 or multiplied by −
10 13 a 2, 8, 14
1 b 2, 10, 50
j −5000, −500, −50, −5 divided by 10 or multiplied by c 45, 37, 29
10
9 a 1600, 800, 400, 200, 100, 50, 25 d 2000, 400, 80
1 1 e −12, −7, −2
b 10 000, 1000, 100, 10, 1, , f 15, 6, −3
10 100
4
c 1600, 400, 100, 25, 6.25, 1.5625, 0.390 625 g 20, −4,
d 750, 150, 30, 6, 1.2, 0.24, 0.048 5
e 729, 243, 81, 27, 9, 3, 1 h 6, −30, 150
f 400 000, 20 000, 1000, 50, 2.5, 0.125, 0.006 25 i 80, 40, 20
1 1 1 1 3
g 512, 64, 8, 1, , , j 6, −1 ,
8 64 512 2 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 14 a 6, 12, 18 . . . 60 add 6; 10 terms
h 1, , , , , , b 4, 9, 14 . . . 74 add 5; 15 terms
2 4 8 16 32 64 c 100, 90, 80 . . . 30 subtract 10; 8 terms
i −100, 10, −1, 0.1, −0.01, 0.001, −0.0001 d 62, 59, 56 . . . 8 subtract 3; 19 terms
j −5000, −500, −50, −5, −0.5, −0.05, −0.005 e 1, 2, 4 . . . 1024 multiply by 2; 11 terms
10 a 1st term is 2 add 3 f 2, 6, 18 . . . 13 122 multiply by 3; 9 terms
5th term is 14 g 6561, 2187, 729 . . . 1 divide by 3; 9 terms
10th term is 29 h 100, 20, 4, 0.8 . . . 0.000 256 divide by 5;
b 1st term is 45 subtract 4 9 terms
5th term is 29 i −5, 10, −20, 40 . . . 102 40 multiply by −2; 12 terms
10th term is 9 −1 −1 −1
c 1st term is 4 multiply by 3 j , , , −1 . . . −128 multiply by 2; 11 terms
5th term is 324 8 4 2
10th term is 78 732 15 Check with your teacher.
d 1st term is 192 divide by 2 Further development
5th term is 12
16 a 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
10th term is 0.375
12 lollies to the sixth student
e 1st term is −25 add 8
b 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14 + 16 + 18 = 90 lollies
5th term is 7
9 students before the lollies run out
10th term is 47
17 a
f 1st term is −6 subtract 3
5th term is −18 Folds 1 2 3 4 5
10th term is −33 Layers 2 4 8 16 32
g 1st term is −2 multiply by 4 b 7.5 cm by 10 cm
5th term is −512 18 a
10th term is −524 288 Kilometres 1 2 3 4 ... 10
h 1st term is −48 divide by −2 $ 5 7 9 11 23
5th term is −3
10th term is 0.093 75 b 5 + 7 + 9 + . . . + 23 = $140
GMP-4 34 Basic algebraic skills

19 a i Tn = 10 − n
T1 = 10 − 1 = 9
Day number 1 2 3 4 5
T2 = 10 − 2 = 8
Number of people to
1 6 36 216 1296 T3 = 10 − 3 = 7
have heard the rumour
Sequence is 9, 8, 7, 6 . . .
b After 6 days: 6 × 1296 = 7776 j Tn = 20 − 3n
20 a The takings are 85% of the previous month. T1 = 20 − 3 = 17
8500 7225 T2 = 20 − 6 = 14
= 0.85; = 0.85
10 000 8500 T3 = 20 − 9 = 11
b In week 9, $2725 in takings Sequence is 17, 14, 11, 8 . . .
50.4 60.48 k Tn = 100 − 7n
21 a = 1.2; = 1.2 T1 = 100 − 7 = 93
42 50.4
Quantity sold in progressive weeks is increased by 20%. T2 = 100 − 14 = 86
Week 4 = 60.48 × 1.2 T3 = 100 − 21 = 79
= 72.58 Sequence is 93, 86, 79, 72 . . .
Week 5 = 72.58 × 1.2 l Tn = 2 − 5n
= 87.0912 T1 = 2 − 5 = −3
b 42 × 1.28 = 150.5 kg T2 = 2 − 10 = −8
In week 8 T3 = 2 − 15 = −13
Sequence is −3, −8, −13, −18 . . .
Exercise 4B — Number pattern notation 2 a Tn = 2n
1 a Tn = n T1 = 21 = 2
T1 = 1 T2 = 22 = 4
T2 = 2 T3 = 23 = 8
T3 = 3 Sequence is 2, 4, 8, 16 . . .
Sequence is 1, 2, 3, 4 . . . b Tn = 3n
b Tn = 4n T1 = 31 = 3
T1 = 4 T2 = 32 = 9
T2 = 8 T3 = 33 = 27
T3 = 12 Sequence is 3, 9, 27, 81 . . .
Sequence is 4, 8, 12, 16 . . . c Tn = (−5)n
c Tn = 9n T1 = (−5)1 = −5
T1 = 9 T2 = (−5)2 = 25
T2 = 18 T3 = (−5)3 = −125
T3 = 27 Sequence is −5, 25, −125, 625 . . .
Sequence is 9, 18, 27, 36 . . . d Tn = 10n
d Tn = −6n T1 = 101 = 10
T1 = −6 T2 = 102 = 100
T2 = −12 T3 = 103 = 1000
T3 = −18 Sequence is 10, 100, 1000, 10 000 . . .
Sequence is −6, −12, −18, −24 . . . e Tn = 4n − 3
e Tn = 2n − 1 T1 = 41 − 3 = 1
T1 = 2 − 1 = 1 T2 = 42 − 3 = 13
T2 = 4 − 1 = 3 T3 = 43 − 3 = 61
T3 = 6 − 1 = 5 Sequence is 1, 13, 61, 253 . . .
Sequence is 1, 3, 5, 7 . . . f Tn = 2n + 5
f Tn = 4n + 3 T1 = 21 + 5 = 7
T1 = 4 + 3 = 7 T2 = 22 + 5 = 9
T2 = 8 + 3 = 11 T3 = 23 + 5 = 13
T3 = 12 + 3 = 15 Sequence is 7, 9, 13, 21 . . .
Sequence is 7, 11, 15, 19 . . . g Tn = 3 × 2n
g Tn = 23n + 13 T1 = 3 × 21 = 6
T1 = 23 + 13 = 36 T2 = 3 × 22 = 12
T2 = 46 + 13 = 59 T3 = 3 × 23 = 24
T3 = 69 + 13 = 82 Sequence is 6, 12, 24, 48 . . .
Sequence is 36, 59, 82, 105 . . . h Tn = 2 × 3n
1 1 T1 = 2 × 31 = 6
h Tn = n +
2 2 T2 = 2 × 32 = 18
1 1 T3 = 2 × 33 = 54
T1 = + =1
2 2 Sequence is 6, 18, 54, 162 . . .
1 1 i Tn = (−1)n
T2 = 1 + =1 T1 = (−1)1 = −1
2 2
T2 = (−1)2 = 1
1 1
T3 = 1 + =2 T3 = (−1)3 = −1
2 2 Sequence is −1, 1, −1, 1 . . .
1 1 j Tn = (−1)n × 3n
Sequence is 1, 1 , 2, 2 . . .
2 2 T1 = (−1)1 × 31 = −3
 Basic algebraic skills GMP-4 35
T2 = (−1)2 × 32 = 9 g Tn = (−2)n
T3 = (−1)3 × 33 = −27 T1 = (−2)1 = −2
Sequence is −3, 9, −27, 81 . . . T2 = (−2)2 = 4
k Tn = (−4)n T3 = (−2)3 = −8
T1 = (−4)1 = −4 T4 = (−2)4 = 16
T2 = (−4)2 = 16 T5 = (−2)5 = −32
T3 = (−4)3 = −64
n 1 2 3 4 5
Sequence is −4, 16, −64, 256 . . .
Tn −2 4 −8 16 −32
l Tn = (−2)n + 3
T1 = (−2)1 + 3 = 1 h Tn = −(5)n
T2 = (−2)2 + 3 = 7 T1 = −(5)1 = −5
T3 = (−2)3 + 3 = −5 T2 = −(5)2 = −25
Sequence is 1, 7, −5, 19 . . . T3 = −(5)3 = −125
3 a Tn = 7n T4 = −(5)4 = −625
T1 = 7 T5 = −(5)5 = −3125
T2 = 14
T3 = 21 n 1 2 3 4 5
T4 = 28 Tn −5 −25 −125 −625 −3125
T5 = 35 i Tn = n2
n 1 2 3 4 5 T1 = 12 = 1
Tn 7 14 21 28 35 T2 = 22 = 4
T3 = 32 = 9
b Tn = 4n − 3 T4 = 42 = 16
T1 = 4 − 3 = 1 T5 = 52 = 25
T2 = 8 − 3 = 5
T3 = 12 − 3 = 9 n 1 2 3 4 5
T4 = 16 − 3 = 13 Tn 1 4 9 16 25
T5 = 20 − 3 = 17
j Tn = n(n − 3)
n 1 2 3 4 5 T1 = 1(1 − 3) = −2
Tn 1 5 9 13 17 T2 = 2(2 − 3) = −2
T3 = 3(3 − 3) = 0
c Tn = 5n + 4
T4 = 4(4 − 3) = 4
T1 = 5 + 4 = 9
T5 = 5(5 − 3) = 10
T2 = 10 + 4 = 14
T3 = 15 + 4 = 19 n 1 2 3 4 5
T4 = 20 + 4 = 24 Tn −2 −2 0 4 10
T5 = 25 + 4 = 29
4 a Tn = 9n
n 1 2 3 4 5 T1 = 9 × 1 = 9
Tn 9 14 19 24 29 T4 = 9 × 4 = 36
d Tn = 7n + 2 T9 = 9 × 9 = 81
T1 = 7 + 2 = 9 T10 = 9 × 10 = 90
T2 = 14 + 2 = 16 T20 = 9 × 20 = 180
T3 = 21 + 2 = 23 n 1 4 9 10 20
T4 = 28 + 2 = 30 Tn 9 36 81 90 180
T5 = 35 + 2 = 37
b Tn = 3n + 2
n 1 2 3 4 5 T1 = 3 × 1 + 2 = 5
Tn 9 16 23 30 37 T5 = 3 × 5 + 2 = 17
e Tn = 3n T9 = 3 × 9 + 2 = 29
T1 = 3 T10 = 3 × 10 + 2 = 32
T2 = 9 T25 = 3 × 25 + 2 = 77
T3 = 27 n 1 5 9 10 25
T4 = 81 Tn 5 17 29 32 77
T5 = 243
c Tn = 6n − 1
n 1 2 3 4 5 T1 = 6 × 1 − 1 = 5
Tn 3 9 27 81 243 T3 = 6 × 3 − 1 = 17
f Tn = 2n + 2 T6 = 6 × 6 − 1 = 35
T1 = 21 + 2 = 4 T12 = 6 × 12 − 1 = 71
T2 = 22 + 2 = 6 T50 = 6 × 50 − 1 = 299
T3 = 23 + 2 = 10 n 1 3 6 12 50
T4 = 24 + 2 = 18 Tn 5 17 35 71 299
T5 = 25 + 2 = 34
d Tn = 8n + 5
n 1 2 3 4 5 T1 = 8 × 1 + 5 = 13
Tn 4 6 10 18 34 T10 = 8 × 10 + 5 = 85
GMP-4 36 Basic algebraic skills

T20 = 8 × 20 + 5 = 165 6 Tn = 30 − 4n
T50 = 8 × 50 + 5 = 405 a T1 = 30 − 4 × 1 = 30 − 4 = 26
T100 = 8 × 100 + 5 = 805 b T12 = 30 − 4 × 12 = 30 − 48 = −18
c T46 = 30 − 4 × 46 = 30 − 184 = −154
n 1 10 20 50 100
d T10 = 30 − 4 × 10 = 30 − 40 = −10
Tn 13 85 165 405 805
7 Tn = 4 × 2n
e Tn = 2n a T1 = 4 × 21 = 8
T1 = 21 = 2 b T5 = 4 × 25 = 4 × 32 = 128
T2 = 22 = 4 c T8 = 4 × 28 = 4 × 256 = 1024
T5 = 25 = 32 d T10 = 4 × 210 = 4 × 1024 = 4096
T9 = 29 = 512 8 Tn = (−1)n4n
T12 = 212 = 4096 a T1 = (−1)1 × 4 × 1 = −4
b T15 = (−1)15 × 4 × 15 = −60
n 1 2 5 9 12 c T25 = (−1)25 × 4 × 25 = −100
Tn 2 4 32 512 4096 d T56 = (−1)56 × 4 × 56 = 224
n
f Tn = 3n − 1 ⎛1⎞
9 Tn = 100 ⎜ ⎟
T1 = 31 − 1 = 2 ⎝2⎠
T3 = 33 − 1 = 26 ⎛1⎞
1

T6 = 36 − 1= 728 a T1 = 100 ⎜ ⎟ = 50
⎝2⎠
T8 = 38 − 1 = 6560
2
T10 = 310 − 1 = 59 048 ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
b T2 = 100 ⎜ ⎟ = 100 ⎜ ⎟ = 25
n 1 3 6 8 10
2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝4⎠
5
Tn 2 26 728 6560 59 048 ⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
c T5 = 100 ⎜ ⎟ = 100 ⎜ ⎟ = 3.125
g Tn = (−3)n ⎝2⎠ ⎝ 32 ⎠
10
T1 = (−3)1 = −3 ⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
T4 = (−3)4 = 81 d T10 = 100 ⎜ ⎟ = 100 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.097 656 25
⎝2⎠ ⎝ 1024 ⎠
T7 = (−3)7 = −2187 10 Tn = 4n − 1
T10 = (−3)10 = 59 049 T9 = 4 × 9 − 1 = 35
T15 = (−3)15 = −14 348 907 Answer is B.
n 1 4 7 10 15 11 Tn = n2 + n
Tn −3 81 −2187 59 049 −14 348 907 T1 = 12 + 1 = 2
T2 = 22 + 2 = 6
h Tn = (−5)n T9 = 92 + 9 = 90
T1 = (−5)1 = −5 T10 = 102 + 10 = 110
T2 = (−5)2 = 25 Answer is C.
T6 = (−5)6 = 15 625 12 A Tn = n2
T9 = (−5)9 = −1 953 125 T10 = 102 = 100
T10 = (−5)10 = 9 765 625 B Tn = 10n
T10 = 10 × 10 = 100
n 1 2 6 9 10 C Tn = 5n − 5n
Tn −5 25 15 625 −1 953 125 9 765 625
T3 = 53 − 5 × 3
i Tn = n3 = 125 − 15
T1 = 13 = 1 = 110
T3 = 33 = 27 D Tn = 2n2 + 10n
T5 = 53 = 125 T5 = 2 × 52 + 10 × 5
T10 = 103 = 1000 = 50 + 50
T20 = 203 = 8000 = 100
Answer is C.
n 1 3 5 10 20 13 a Tn = 4n
Tn 1 27 125 1000 8000 b Tn = 3n − 1
c Tn = 50 − n
j Tn = n (2 − n)
d Tn = 36 − 3n
T1 = 1 (2 − 1) = 1
e Tn = 2n
T2 = 2 (2 − 2) = 0
f Tn = 3n − 1
T6 = 6 (2 − 6) = −24
T10 = 10 (2 − 10) = −80 Further development
T20 = 20 (2 − 20) = −360 14 a Tn = 10n + 13
n 1 2 6 10 20 T1 = 10 + 13 = 23
Tn 1 0 −24 −80 −360 T2 = 20 + 13 = 33
T3 = 30 + 13 = 43
5 Tn = 3n + 8 b Tn = 10n + 13 = 100
a T1 = 3 × 1 + 8 = 11 10n = 100 − 13
b T10 = 3 × 10 + 8 = 38 10n = 87
c T38 = 3 × 38 + 8 = 122 n = 8.7
d T50 = 3 × 50 + 8 = 158 In the 9th innings
 Basic algebraic skills GMP-4 37
15 a 40, 43, 46, 49, . . . (+3) f 14k − 10k = 4k
Tn = 3n + 37 g 14r − 6r = 8r
b T10 = 3 × 10 + 37 h 9w − 8w = w
= 67 m i m − 5m = −4m
c 3n + 37 = 120 j −4w + 6w = 2w
3n = 120 − 37 k −2s − 5s = −7s
3n = 83 l 14m + 5m + 3m = 22m
n = 27.67 m 4j − 2j − j = j
There will be 27 rows. n −2p − 17p + 25p = 6p
16 a 15, 25, 35 . . . (+10) o 5z − 15z + 9z = −z
Tn = 10n + 5 4 a 8x + 2x + 7 = 10x + 7
b 10n + 5 = 100 b h − 4 + 3h = 4h − 4
10n = 100 − 5 c 7k + 5k + 3k − 2k = 13k
10n = 95 d 5p + 9q − 2p − 2q = 3p + 7q
n = 9.5 e 5 + 6w − 2w = 4w + 5
There will be 10 markers. f 2t + 7t + 4t = 13t
17 0.5, 1.3, 2.1 . . . (+0.8) g 9j + 6k − 5j + 2k = 4j + 8k
Tn = 0.8n − 0.3 h 16x − 15 − 13x = 3x − 15
T14 = 0.8 × 14 − 0.3 i 5b − 16 + 11b − 10 = 16b − 26
= 10.9 m j 4 + 5a − 12 − 2a = 3a − 8
18 a Tn = 1.2(1.05)n k 7b − 4 − 2 + 10b = 17b − 6
T5 = 1.2(1.05)n l 6r − 17 − 2r = 4r − 17
= 1.53 m m 4y − 4 + 6y − 2 = 10y − 6
n 8c − 3b − 5c + 2b = 3c − b
b 1.2(1.05)n = 2
o 9d − 15 + 4d + 7 = 13d − 8
2
(1.05)n = p 15e − 8p + 4e + 4p = 19e − 4p
1.2 q 16t − 12s + 4t − 11s = 20t − 23s
(1.05)n = 1.67 r 8z − 4w − 8z + 6w = 2w
1.0510 = 1.63
1.0511 = 1.71
Further development
In the 11th year
19 Tn = 60(1.1)n x x
5 a +
a T1 = 60(1.1)0 3 4
= 60 4x 3x
= +
T2 = 60(1.1)1 12 12
= 66 7x
=
T3 = 60(1.1)2 12
= 72.6 y y
b 60(1.1)n > 100 b +
6 12
100
(1.1)n > 2y y
60 = +
12 12
(1.1)n > 1.67
3y
1.15 = 1.61 =
12
1.16 = 1.77
In the 7th year y
=
4
m m
Exercise 4C — Adding and subtracting c +
2 7
like terms
7m 2m
1 a t + t = 2t = +
14 14
b r + r + r = 3r
9m
c w + w + w + w + w + w = 6w =
d x + x + x + x = 4x 14
e q + q + q + q + q + q + q = 7q z z
d +
f n + n + n + n + n + n + n + n = 8n 2 5
2 a 2m = m + m 5z 2z
= +
b 6n = n + n + n + n + n + n 10 10
c 9s = s + s + s + s + s + s + s + s + s 7z
d 8w = w + w + w + w + w + w + w + w =
10
e 3y = y + y + y y y
f 4r = r + r + r + r 6 a −
2 3
3 a 5y + 7y = 12y
3y 2y
b 15x + 4x = 19x = −
c 15e + 24e = 39e 6 6
d 34j + 13j = 47j y
=
e 17k + 8k = 25k 6
GMP-4 38 Basic algebraic skills

m m 2 3 3 A = (1 + r)n
b − 9 a −
4 8 p 2p = (1 + 0.075)4
2m m m = 1.335
= − = 4 3
= − PRT
8 8 8 2p 2p 4 a I=
t t
100
c − 1 2000 × 6 × 5
3 5 = =
2p 100
5t 3t = 600
= − 3 7
15 15 b − b T = a + 8d
4m 2m
2t = 56 + 8 × −8
= 3 14
15 = − = 56 − 64
4m 4m = −8
z z
d − −11 c P = 2l + 2w
2 5 =
5z 2z
4m = 2 × 34 + 2 × 54
= − 11 9 = 68 + 108
10 10 c − = 176
6c 4c
3z 1
= 22 27 d A = bh
10 = − 2
3a a 12c 12c
7 a − −5 1
2 5 = = × 9.8 × 6.7
12c 2
15a 2a = 32.83
= − 10 The order of terms when multiplied
10 10 e V = lbh
does not matter; they give the same
13a result. Hence 4xy and 5yx are like = 6.5 × 6.5 × 5.6
=
10 terms, but 4x2 and 5x will always = 236.6
2p 5p give different values as 4x2 means D
b − f S=
3 6 4 × x × x. Two x’s have been T
multiplied together. 900
4p 5p =
= −
6 6 12
−p Exercise 4D — Substitution = 75
= 5
6 9C g C = (F − 32)
1 F= + 32
4q q 5 9
c + 5
5 3 9 × 20 = (212 − 32)
a F = + 32 9
12q 5q 5
= + 5
15 15 = 36 + 32 = × 180
= 68 °F 9
17 q
= 9 × 35 = 100
15 b F = + 32 1
5x 2x 5 h S = ut + at2
d − = 63 + 32 2
6 3 1
= 95 °F =8×4+ × 6 × 42
5x 4x 2
= − 9 × −5.3
6 6 c F = + 32 = 32 + 48
5
x = 80
= = 22.46 °F
6 2 a C = 6r i T = a + (n − 1)d
1 3 =6×5 = −23 + (27 − 1) × −2.4
8 a + = −23 + 26 × −2.4
2x 5x = 30
5 6 = −23 − 62.4
b P = 4s
= + = −85.4
10 x 10 x = 4 × 7.3
j c2 = a2 + b2
11 = 29.2
= = 122 + 22.52
10 x c L = l 2 = 144 + 506.25
2 4 = 4.9 × 2 = 650.25
b +
3y 5y = 6.93 c = 650.25
10 12 d C = 45 + 65d = 25.5
= + = 45 + 65 × 1.4 5 a C = 4.5 + 0.6d
15 y 15 y
= 136 b i C = 4.5 + 0.6 × 5
22 e S = 4π r2
= = $7.50
15 y = 4π × 8.82 ii C = 4.5 + 0.6 × 20
3 2 = 973.14 = $16.50
c +
4b 5b P2 iii C = 4.5 + 0.6 × 50
f Q= = $34.50
15 8 9.8
= + 6 c = mp
20b 20b 6.52
= =2×5
23 9.8
= = 10
20b = 4.31 Answer is C.
 Basic algebraic skills GMP-4 39
1 2 kA c V = Ah
7 a V= πr h 12 D =
3 70 = 3.6 × 2.3
1 20 × 35 = 8.28 cm3
= π × 42 × 8 = 17 a E= F + V − 2
3 70
= 5 + 7 −2
= 134.04 cm3 = 10
= 10
1 mA
b V = π × 322 × 17 13 a D = b E= F + V − 2
3 150 = 7 + 10 − 2
= 18 229.61 mm3 96 × 30 = 15
=
1 150 c E= F + V − 2
c V = π × 4.62 × 9.7 = 19.2 mL = 10 + 12 − 2
3
yA = 20
= 214.94 cm3 b D=
y + 12 1
m 18 a E = mv 2
8 a B= 2 2
h 8 × 30
= 1
56 8 + 12 = × 4 × 4.82
= 2 240 2
2 = = 46.08
= 14 20
1
3.6 = 12 mL b E = mv2
b B= 2 kA 2
6 c D= 1
= 0.1
70 = × 6 × 3.62
28 × 30 2
1.6 = = 38.88
c B= 70
0.82 1
= 12 mL c E = mv2
= 2.5 2
m
yA 14 B = 2 1
9 D= h = × 0.2 × 202
y + 12 2
71
6× 2 a B = = 40
a D= 1.7 2
6 + 12 19 V = π r2h
= 24.6
Cylinder A: V = π × 62 × 5.2
12 Caroline is an ideal weight.
= = 588.11 cm3
18 86
b B= Cylinder B: V = π × 5.22 × 6
2 1.652 = 509.69 cm3
=
3 = 31.6 Cylinder A has the greater volume.
Neil is overweight. 20 SA = 2π r2 + 2π rh
4.2 × 7
b D= 42 Cylinder A = 2π × 62 + 2π × 6 × 5.2
4.2 + 12 c B=
1.682 = 422.23 cm2
29.4
= = 14.9 Cylinder B = 2π × 5.22 + 2π × 5.2 × 6
16.2 Bronwyn is underweight. = 365.93 cm2
= 1.81 Cylinder A has the greater surface
0.24 × 96 Further development area.
c D=
0.24 + 12 15 a c2 = a2 + b2
23.04 = 62 + 82 Exercise 4E — Multiplication
= and division of algebraic
12.24 = 36 + 64
= 100 expressions
= 1.88
c = 100 1 a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 24
mA
10 D = c = 10 b 7 × 7 × 7 × 7 × 7 × 7 = 76
150 c 9 × 9 = 92
b c2 = a2 + b2
9 × 50 d q × q × q × q × q × q × q = q7
a D = = 82 + 152
150 = 64 + 225 e p × p × p × p × p = p5
= 3 mL = 289 f w × w × w = w3
18 × 30 2 a 36 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
b D = c = 289
150 b 45 = 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4
c = 17 c 87 = 8 × 8 × 8 × 8 × 8 × 8 × 8
= 3.6 mL c c2 = a2 + b2 d m3 = m × m × m
24 × 40 = 62 + 62 e y2 = y × y
c D =
150 = 36 + 36 f j9 = j × j × j × j × j × j × j × j × j
= 6.4 mL = 72 3 a q3 × q4 = q7
yA c = 72 b x5 × x6 = x11
11 D =
y + 12 c = 8.5 c y7 × y8 = y15
16 a V = Ah d 45 × 42 = 47
3 × 45
= =7×9 e a5 × a = a6
3 + 12 = 63 cm3 f s × s2 = s3
=
135 b V = Ah g 3b4 × 2b2 = 6b6
15 = 12 × 48 h 5d4 × 2d4 = 10d 8
=9 = 576 cm3 i 7g4 × 5g6 = 35g10
GMP-4 40 Basic algebraic skills

j 9 × 3j 6 = 27j 6 9z4 × 6z7 54 z11

k 8k3 × k = 8k4 l 4 3
=
(3z ) 27 z12
l 4m × 6m = 24m2
2
m 4x4y3 × 5x3y6 = 20x7y9 =
n 5m2n4 × 4m3n5 = 20m5n9 z
o 9a3b7 × 7a2b2 = 63a5b9 7 a m(m + 1) = m2 + m
p 6jk4 × 8j3k6 = 48j 4k10 b 2f (f − 4) = 2f 2 − 8f
q 10p4q3 × 5p = 50p5q3 c m(5m + 6n) = 5m2 + 6mn
d w(w3 − 4) = w4 − 4w
r 9r3s2t4 × 6rst6 = 54r4s3t10
e r2(r5 + s) = r7 + r2s
4 a a5 ÷ a = a4
f p5(p5 − 5q) = p10 − 5p5q
b b8 ÷ b4 = b4
g 4q(5q3 − 9) = 20q4 − 36q
c9 h 7y5(3y4 + z2) = 21y9 + 7y5z2
c = c2
c7 i 9a4(a − 2b4) = 9a5 − 18a4b4
d e5 ÷ e = e4 j 3x6(4 + 2x) = 12x6 + 6x7
18 g 5 k 5h(g − 4h4) = 5gh − 20h5
e = 6g2 l 9t2(2s3 + 6t4) = 18s3t2 + 54t6
3g 3
m 3xy(2x + 2y) = 6x2y + 6xy2
f 24h6 ÷ 4h2 = 6h4 n 4ab(ab + 7) = 4a2b2 + 28ab
g 56j7k5. ÷ 7j4k3 = 8j3k2 o 8pq(p2 − q) = 8p3q − 8pq2
64m7 n3 p 5m2n5(5m3 − 3n2) = 25m5n5 − 15m2n7
h = 4m3n
16m 4 n 2 q 6r4s6(3r3s2 − 3) = 18r7s8 − 18r4s6
i 42p9q4 ÷ 6pq = 7p8q3 r 7pq4r(2p4q − 7r5) = 14p5q5r − 49pq4r6
72r 6
j = 9r3 Further development
8r 3
84 s 7 8 p6 × 3 p 4 24 p10
k = 12s2 8 a =
7 s5 16 p5 16 p5

6t 8 t3 3 p5
l = =
18t 5 3 2
5 a 3 4
(a ) = a 12
12b5 × 4b 2 48b7
b =
b (g4)5 = g20 18b 2
18b 2
c (h2)2 = h4 8b5
d (2k4)3 = 8k12 =
3
e (7m6)2 = 49m12
f (8n2)3 = 512n6 5a 3 × 6a 4 30a 7
c 4
=
g (5p3q4)2 = 25p6q8 2 a × 5a 10a 5
h (6r3s)5 = 7776r15s5 = 3a2
i (5xy5)2 = 25x2y10 12m 4 12m 4
d =
6 a m6 × m3 ÷ m5 = m4 2
2m × 3m 3
6 m5
b (n3)5 × n4 = n15 × n4 2
= n19 =
m
c (p ) ÷ p = p18 ÷ p12
3 6 12
8 p3 × 7 r 2 × 2 s 8 p 3r 2 s
= p6 9 a =
d 14q ÷ 7q × 6q = 12q4
5 2 3 6 p × 2 14 r 6 pr
e 3r3 ÷ (2r4)2 = 3r3 ÷ 4r8 4 p 2 rs
=
3 3
= 5
4r 9
27 a9 × 18 b3 × 4 c 2 9 a 9 b 3c 2
f (6s6)2 ÷ 9s7 = 36s12 ÷ 9s7 b =
18 a 4 × 3 12 b 2 × 2c 2 a 4b 2 c
= 4s5
g (4w ) × (2w3)6 = 16w8 × 64w18
4 2
9a 5bc
=
= 1024w26 2
h (8v ) ÷ (2v ) = 64v10 ÷ 8v9
5 2 3 3
4
3
= 8v 81 f 15 × 5 25 g12 × 16 h34 20 f 15 g12 h34
c =
i (2x5)3 × (4x4)2 ÷ x3 = 8x15 × 16x8 ÷ x3 27 f 9 × 15 g10 × 12 h30 3 f 9 g10 h30
= 128x20 3 3

12m 4 × 4m5 48m9 20 f 6 g 2 h 4

j = =
8m 3
8m3 3
= 6m6 10 a (p2)4 × (p5)6 = p8 × p30
3y 4
3y 4 = p38
k 2 6
= b (3a ) × (2a ) = 81a8 × 4a12
2 4 6 2
9y × 7y 63 y 8
= 324a20
1 c (2d ) × (3d ) = 8d 21 × 27d 6
7 3 2 3
=
21 y 4 = 216d 27
 Basic algebraic skills GMP-4 41
d (10r12)4 × (2r3)2 = 10 000r48 × 4r6 l −7a = 84 f 9x = 2
= 40 000r54 84 2
a= x=
11 a (a ) ÷ (a ) = a ÷ a6
3 4 2 3 12
−7 9
= a6 a = −12 4 a 5a + 11 = 41
b (m8)2 ÷ (m3)5 = m16 ÷ m15 u 5a = 41 − 11
=m m = −4
45 5a = 30
c (p9)3 ÷ (p3)9 = p27 ÷ p27 u = −4 × 45 30
= p0 = 1 a =
u = −180 5
d (y ) ÷ (y ) = y16 ÷ y14
4 4 7 2
f a =6
= y2 n =8
2 5 b 2q − 9 = 25
⎛ 3b 4 ⎞ 9b8 f =8×5 2q = 25 + 9
12 a ⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟ = 6
⎝ d ⎠ d f = 40 2q = 34
2 o d + 8.5 = 13.7 34
⎛ 5h10 ⎞ 25h 20 d = 13.7 − 8.5 q =
b ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 2
⎝ 2j ⎠ 4 j4 d = 5.2 q = 17
3 p 5c = 17 c 3z + 6 = 27
⎛ 2k 5 ⎞ 8k15 17
c ⎜⎜ 8 ⎟⎟ = c= 3z = 27 − 6
⎝ 3t ⎠ 27t 24 5 3z = 21
2 c = 3.4 21
⎛ 7 p9 ⎞ 49 p18 z =
d ⎜⎜ 22 ⎟⎟ = v 3
64q 44 q = 9.5
⎝ 8q ⎠ 3.2 z =7
13 (5x4)2 = 25x8 v = 9.5 × 3.2 d 9s − 14 = 22
(5x2)4 = 625x8 v = 30.4 9s = 22 + 14
Gordon is not correct. 4 1
r t− 2 = 3 9s = 36
Exercise 4F — Solving linear 5 2 36
s =
equations 1 4 9
t= 3 + 2
1 a z + 24 = 67 2 5 s =4
z = 67 − 24 13 e 7w + 74 = 193
t= 5
z = 43 10 7w = 193 − 74
b w − 34 = 54 3 7w = 119
w = 54 + 34 t= 6 119
10 w=
w = 88 2 7x = 23 7
c 9q = 162 23 w = 17
162 x= f 13x − 85 = 227
q = 7
9 2 13x = 227 + 85
q = 18 x= 3 13x = 312
7
y 312
d = 19 Answer is B. x =
14 3 a 5x = 23 13
y = 19 × 14 23 x = 24
y = 266 x= g 5e − 9 = −19
5
e r + 387 = 435 5e = −19 + 9
3
r = 435 − 387 x= 4 5e = −10
r = 48 5
−10
f t − 253 = 78 b 7x = 45 e =
45 5
t = 78 + 253 x= e = −2
t = 331 7
h 8d + 45 = 29
g 17x = 306 3
x= 6 8d = 29 − 45
306 7
x= 8d = −16
17 c 6x = 37 −16
x = 18 37 d =
x= 8
p 6
h = 851 d = −2
23 1 i 4c + 70 = 2
x= 6
p = 851 × 23 6 4c = 2 − 70
p = 19 573 d −3x = 20 4c = −68
i e + 79 = 45 20 −68
e = 45 − 79 x= c =
−3 4
e = −34
2 c = −17
j k − 56 = −34 x = −6
k = −34 + 56 3 j 5r − 14 = 44
k = 22 e 13x = 45 5r = 44 + 14
k 15b = −240 45 5r = 58
x=
−240 13 58
b = r=
15 6 5
x= 3
b = −16 13 r = 11.6
GMP-4 42 Basic algebraic skills

k 7f + 6 = −14 v g
b −8 =9 =0
7f = −14 − 6 7 8
7f = −20 v g =0×8
−20 =9+8
f = 7 g =0
7 j
v j − 13 = −11
6 = 17
f = −2 7 10
7 j
v = 17 × 7 = −11 + 13
l 9v − 10 = 5
v = 119 10
9v = 5 + 10
9v = 15 r j
c + 5 = 11 =2
15 8 10
v =
9 r j = 2 × 10
= 11 − 5
2 8 j = 20
v =1
3 r p
=6 k + 35 = −4
m 12 + 6t = 48 8 7
6t = 48 − 12 r =6×8 p
6t = 36 = −4 − 35
r = 48 7
36 f
t = d − 1 = 12 p
6 = −39
4 7
t =6 f
= 12 + 1 p = −39 × 7
n 35 − 5g = 50
4 p = −273
−5g = 50 − 35
−5g = 15 f m
= 13 l − 10 = − 4
15 4 6
g = f = 13 × 4 m
−5 = −4 + 10
g = −3 f = 52 6
o 23 − 2b = −1 p m
e + 3 = 11 =6
−2b = −1 − 23 11 6
−2b = −24 p m =6×6
= 11 − 3
−24 11 m = 36
b =
−2 p 4y
=8 6 a =8
b = 12 11 5
p 4s + 8.5 = 2.3 p = 8 × 11 4y = 8 × 5
4s = 2.3 − 8.5 p = 88 4y = 40
4s = −6.2 s
f − 10 = 2 40
−6.2 y=
s = 4 4
4
s y = 10
s = −1.55 = 2 + 10
4 3p
3 1 b =9
q 8y − = 2 s 2
4 2 = 12
1 3
4 3p = 9 × 2
8y = 2 + s = 12 × 4 3p = 18
2 4
s = 48 18
1 p=
8y = 3 k 3
4 g + 20 = 27
15 p=6
13
y = ÷8 k 2q
4 = 27 − 20 c =8
15 3
13
y = k 2q = 8 × 3
32 =7
15 2q = 24
r 1 − 7h = −65
k = 7 × 15 24
−7h = −65 − 1 q=
−7h = −66 k = 105 2
−66 v q = 12
h= h −4 =0
−7 3 2s
d = −8
3 v 5
h= 9 =0+4
7 3 2s = −8 × 5
s v 2s = −40
5 a + 7 = 12 =4
3 −40
3 s=
s v =4×3 2
= 12 − 7 v = 12 s = −20
3
s g 5w
=5 i − 1 = −1 e = 10
3 8 9
s =5×3 g 5w = 10 × 9
= −1 + 1
s = 15 8 5w = 90
 Basic algebraic skills GMP-4 43
90 30 10 a 3(b + 5) = 30
w= g=
5 6 3b + 15 = 30
w = 18 g=5 3b = 30 − 15
12m h 11h − 18 = 2h 3b = 15
f = −6 15
5 11h − 2h = 18 b =
12m = −6 × 5 9h = 18 3
12m = −30 18 b =5
h=
−30 9 b 5(n + 6) = 40
m = 5n + 30 = 40
12 h=2
m = −2.5 i 10i + 11 = 8i − 7 5n = 40 − 30
7 a x + 67 = 98 10i − 8i = −7 − 11 5n = 10
31 + 67 = 98 Correct 2i = −18 10
n =
b r − 6.8 = 45.9 18 5
i = −
51.7 − 6.8 = 44.9 Incorrect 2 n =2
c 32p = −256 i = −9 c 7(h − 5) = 56
32 × −8 = −256 Correct j 20 + 2j = j + 54 7h − 35 = 56
b 3 2j − j = 54 − 20 7h = 56 + 35
d =
9 4 j = 34 7h = 91
3 k 9k − 2 = 28 − k 91
6 ÷ 9 = 0.75 Correct h =
4 9k + k = 28 + 2 7
e 5t − 98 = 56 10k = 30 h = 13
5 × 30.8 − 98 = 56 Correct 30 d 9(p − 4) = 54
k=
f 7y + 13 = −65 10 9p − 36 = 54
7 × −11.1 + 13 = −64.7 Incorrect k=3 9p = 54 + 36
3w − 2 l 32 − 5l = 5 − 2l 9p = 90
g =3 −5l + 2l = 5 − 32
4 90
−3l = −27 p =
2 9
3× 4 − 2 −27
3 =3 Correct l = p = 10
4 −3 e 4(k − 8) = 72
2e l =9 4k − 32 = 72
h +1 =7 5x
3 9 A + 1 = 16 4k = 72 + 32
2×9 4 4k = 104
+1=7 Correct 5x 104
3 = 16 − 1 k =
8 a 8a + 7 = 7a + 9 4 4
8a − 7a = 9 − 7 5x k = 26
= 15
a =2 4 f 3(m − 16) = 45
b 7b + 5 = 6b + 14 5x = 15 × 4 3m − 48 = 45
7b − 6b = 14 − 5 5x = 60 3m = 45 + 48
b =9 60 3m = 93
c 9c − 2 = 8c + 2 x = 93
5 m =
9c − 8c = 2 + 2 x = 12 3
c =4 B 4x − 7 = 53 − x m = 31
d 6d + 8 = 3d + 17 4x + x = 53 + 7 g 6(t + 9) = 84
6d − 3d = 17 − 8 5x = 60 6t + 54 = 84
3d = 9 6t = 84 − 54
60
9 x= 6t = 30
d = 5
3 30
x = 12 t =
d =3 6
C 4x − 12 = 48 − x
e 5e − 10 = e + 10
4x + x = 48 + 12 t =5
5e − e = 10 + 10
5x = 60 h 4(2n + 5) = 52
4e = 20
60 8n + 20 = 52
20 x =
e = 5 8n = 52 − 20
4 8n = 32
x = 12
e =5 32
x−4 n =
f 7f − 2 = 2f + 13 D =4−x
2 8
7f − 2f = 13 + 2
x − 4 = 2(4 − x) n =4
5f = 15
x − 4 = 8 − 2x i 9(3r − 7) = 72
15
f = x + 2x = 8 + 4 27r − 63 = 72
5
3x = 12 27r = 72 + 63
f =3
12 27r = 135
g 12g + 14 = 6g + 44 x=
3 135
12g − 6g = 44 − 14 r =
6g = 30 x=4 27
Answer is D. r =5
GMP-4 44 Basic algebraic skills

j 6(6g + 5) = 210 v+5 v 4(30x + 20) = 5(25x + 4)

d =5− (×6)
36g + 30 = 210 3 2 120x + 80 = 125x + 20
36g = 210 − 30 2(v + 5) = 30 − 3v 120x − 125x = 20 − 80
36g = 180 2v +10 = 30 − 3v −5x = −60
180 2v + 3v = 30 −10 −60
g = x =
36 5v = 20 −5
g =5 20 x = 12
v = The cost of getting one car
k 4(5g − 1) = −44 5
20g − 4 = −44 v =4 detailed is $12.
20g = −44 + 4 9w
20g = −40 e −4 =6 Further development
2
−40 9w 13 a 11 − 6x = 59
g = =6+4
20 −6x = 59 − 11
2
g = −2 −6x = 48
9w
l 7(3v − 11) = −161 = 10 48
2 x =
21v − 77 = −161 −6
9w = 10 × 2
21v = −161 + 77 x = −8
9w = 20
21v = −84 b 21 − 9x = 3
20
−84 w = −9x = 3 − 21
v= 9
21 −9x = −18
2 −18
v = −4 w = 2 x =
m 6(z − 2) = 44 9 −9
6z − 12 = 44 x+3 3x + 2 x =2
f = (×8)
6z = 44 + 12 4 8 c 63 − 7x = 21
6z = 56 2(x + 3) = 3x + 2 −7x = 21 − 63
56 2x + 6 = 3x + 2 −7x = −42
z = 2x − 3x = 2 − 6
6 −42
−x = −4 x =
1 −7
z = 9 −4
3 x = x =6
−1 d 15 − 6x = 2
n 3(6y + 13) = 76
18y + 39 = 76 x =4 −6x = 2 − 15
18y = 76 − 39 x +1 x −6x = −13
g = −3 (×10)
18y = 37 5 2 −13
x=
37 2(x + 1) = 5x − 30 −6
y = 2x + 2 = 5x − 30
18 1
2x − 5x = −30 − 2 x= 2
1 6
y = 2 −3x = −32
18 4x − 6
−32 14 a −7 =3
o 5(4u − 9) = 34 x = 3
−3
20u − 45 = 34 4x − 6
2 =3+7
20u = 34 + 45 x = 10 3
20u = 79 3
4x − 6
79 2m − 3 1 + 6m = 10
u = h = (×21) 3
20 3 7
4x − 6 = 10 × 3
u = 3.95 7(2m − 3) = 3(1 + 6m)
4x − 6 = 30
s s 14m − 21 = 3 + 18m
11 a = +3 (×12) 4x = 30 + 6
14m − 18m = 3 + 21
3 4 4x = 36
−4m = 24
4s = 3s + 36 36
24 x =
4s − 3s = 36 m = 4
−4
s = 36 x =9
m = −6
t −3 t−2 2x − 7
b = (×30) p 3p 1 b + 11 = 8
5 6 i = − (×8) 5
4 8 4
6(t − 3) = 5(t − 2) 2x − 7
2p = 3p − 2 = 8 − 11
6t − 18 = 5t − 10
2p − 3p = −2 5
6t − 5t = −10 + 18
−p = −2 2x − 7
t =8 = −3
−2 5
2u − 1 u −1 p =
c = (×10) −1 2x − 7 = −3 × 5
2 5
p =2 2x − 7 = −15
5(2u − 1) = 2(u − 1)
12 a Let x = number of cars detailed 2x = −15 + 7
10u − 5 = 2u − 2
30 x + 20 25 x + 4 2x = −8
10u − 2u = −2 + 5 =
5 4 −8
8u = 3 x =
3 30 x + 20 25 x + 4 2
u = b = (×20)
5 4 x = −4
8
 Basic algebraic skills GMP-4 45
12 − 3 x x 7x − 9 = 63 − 3x − 162
c −5 =6 − = 11 − 8
3 4 7x − 9 = −3x − 99
12 − 3 x x 7x + 3x = −99 + 9
=6+5 − =3
3 4 10x = −90
12 − 3 x −x =3×4 −90
= 11 x =
3 −x = 12 10
12 − 3x = 11 × 3 12 x = −9
12 − 3x = 33 x = 17 − x 40 + 2 x
−1 c = + 5 (×10)
−3x = 33 − 12 2 5
x = −12
−3x = 21
⎛ 2x ⎞ 5(17 − x) = 2(40 + 2x) + 5 × 10
21 d −5 ⎜ 8 − ⎟ = −20
x = 7 ⎠ 85 − 5x = 80 + 4x + 50
−3 ⎝
85 − 5x = 4x + 130
x = −7 2x −20
8− = 85 − 130 = 4x + 5x
1− x 7 −5 −45 = 9x
d + 17 = 20
2 2x −45
8− =4 x =
1− x 7 9
= 20 − 17
2 −2 x x = −5
= 4−8
1− x 7 x + 2 3x − 9
=3 18 a = (×4)
2 −2 x 4 2
= −4
1−x =6 7 x + 2 = 2(3x − 9)
−x =6−1 −2x = −4 × 7 x + 2 = 6x − 18
−x =5 −2x = −28 2 + 18 = 6x − x
5 −28 20 = 5x
x = x =
−1 −2 20
x=
x = −5 x = 14 5
⎛ 3x ⎞ x −1 3x − 17 x =4
15 a 2 ⎜ − 1⎟ = 10 16 a =
⎝ 5 ⎠ 12 8 ⎛x ⎞
8(x − 1) = 12(3x − 17) b 7 ⎜ − 2 ⎟ = 5(3 − 2x)
3x 10 ⎝4 ⎠
−1 = 8x − 8 = 36x − 204
5 2 7x
204 − 8 = 36x − 8x − 14 = 15 − 10x
3x 4
−1 =5 196 = 28x
5 196 7x
x = + 10x = 15 + 14
3x 28 4
=5+1
5 x =7 7x
3x + 10x = 29
=6 x + 11 2( x + 14) 4
b =
5 3 9 7x 40 x
3x = 6 × 5 + = 29
3(x + 11) = 2(x + 14) 4 4
3x = 30 3x + 33 = 2x + 28 47 x
30 3x − 2x = 28 − 33 = 29
x = 4
3 x = −5
47x = 29 × 4
x = 10 x + 10 2(7 − 3x)
c = 47x = 116
⎛ 5x ⎞ 9 5 116
b 3 ⎜ + 4 ⎟ = 27 x =
⎝ 6 ⎠ 5(x + 10) = 18(7 − 3x)
47
5x 27 5x + 50 = 126 − 54x
+4 = 22
5x + 54x = 126 − 50 x = 2 or 2.468
6 3 47
. 59x = 76
5x 7 − 3x 6x + 1
+4 =9 76 c = + 5 (×6)
6 x =
59 2 3
5x 3(7 − 3x) = 2(6x + 1) + 5 × 6
=9−4 17
6 x =1 or 1.288 21 − 9x = 12x + 2 + 30
59
5x 21 − 9x = 12x + 32
=5 9 x + 28 7x − 6
6 17 a = − 5 (×10) 21 − 32 = 12x + 9x
5 2
5x = 5 × 6 −11 = 21x
2(9x + 28) = 5(7x − 6) − 5 × 10
5x = 30 −11
18x + 56 = 35x − 30 − 50 x=
30 21
x = 18x + 56 = 35x − 80
5 56 + 80 = 35x − 18x
x =6 136 = 17x Exercise 4G — Equations
⎛ x⎞ 136 arising from substitution
c 7 ⎜ 8 − ⎟ = 77 x =
⎝ 4⎠ 17 1 A = lb
x 77 x =8 56 = 8b
8− =
4 7 7 x − 9 21 − x 56
b = − 18 (×9) b =
x 9 3 8
8− = 11
4 7x − 9 = 3(21 − x) − 18 × 9 b =7
GMP-4 46 Basic algebraic skills

2 a A = lb 9C 5050 = 1 + n − 1
100 − 32 =
437 = 23l 5 5050 = n
437 9C n = 5050
l= 68 =
23 d T = a + (n − 1)d
5
l = 19 454 = −56 + (n − 1) × 6
68 × 5 = 9C
b A = lb 454 = −56 + 6n − 6
340 = 9C
36.225 = 6.3b 454 = −62 + 6n
340 454 + 62 = 6n
36.225 C=
b = 9 516 = 6n
6.3
C = 37.8 516
b = 5.75 n =
9C 6
3 a P = 2l + 2w d F = + 32
64 = 2l + 2 × 18 5 n = 86
64 = 2l + 36 9C PRT
−10 = + 32 6 a I =
64 − 36 = 2l 5 100
28 = 2l 9C 2500 × R × 2
500 =
28 −10 − 32 = 100
l = 5
2 500 × 100 = 5000 × R
9C
l = 14 −42 = 50 000 = 5000 × R
5 50 000
b P = 2l + 2w −42 × 5 = 9C R =
142 = 2l + 2 × 17 5000
−210 = 9C
142 = 2l + 34 R = 10
−210
142 − 34 = 2l C = b T = a + 8d
108 = 2l 9 59 = 11 + 8d
108 C = −23.3 59 − 11 = 8d
l = 9C
2 e F = + 32 48 = 8d
l = 54 5 48
d =
c P = 2l + 2w 9C 8
15 = + 32
12.4 = 2l + 2 × 3.4 5 d =6
12.4 = 2l + 6.8 9C c P = 2l + 2w
12.4 − 6.8 = 2l 15 − 32 = 176 = 2 × 34 + 2w
5
5.6 = 2l 176 = 68 + 2w
9C
5.6 −17 = 176 − 68 = 2w
l = 5
2 108 = 2w
−17 × 5 = 9C 108
l = 2.8 w =
−85 = 9C
9C 2
4 a F= + 32 −85
5 C = w = 54
9C 9
50 = + 32 1
C = −9.4 d A = bh
5 2
9C 9C
50 − 32 = f F = + 32 1
5 19.43 = × 5.8 × h
5 2
9C 9C
18 = −5.3 = + 32 19.43 = 2.9 × h
5 5 19.43
18 × 5 = 9C 9C h =
−5.3 − 32 = 2.9
90 = 9C 5 h = 6.7
90 9C
C = e V = lbh
9 −37.3 =
5 74.375 = 2.5 × b × 3.5
C = 10 74.375 = 8.75b
−37.3 × 5 = 9C
9C 74.375
b F = + 32 −186.5 = 9C b =
5 −186.5 8.75
9C C =
80 = + 32 9 b = 8.5
5 C = −20.7 D
f S =
9C 5 a T = a + (n − 1)d T
80 − 32 =
5 30 = a + (8 − 1) × 4 D
9C 90 =
48 = 30 = a + 28 12
5 30 − 28 = a 90 × 12 = D
48 × 5 = 9C a =2 D = 1080
240 = 9C b T = a + (n − 1)d 5( F − 32)
g C =
240 −447 = a + (54 − 1) × −8 9
C =
9 −447 = a + 53 × −8 5( F − 32)
15 =
C = 26.7 −447 = a − 424 9
9C −447 + 424 = a 15 × 9 = 5(F − 32)
c F= + 32 a = −23
5 135 = 5F − 160
9C c T = a + (n − 1)d 135 + 160 = 5F
100 = + 32 5050 = 1 + (n − 1) × 1 295 = 5F
5
 Basic algebraic skills GMP-4 47
295 ii 16.90 = 1.50 + 2.2m
F=
5 16.90 − 1.50 = 2.2m
F = 59° 15.40 = 2.2m
1 2 15.4
h S = ut + at m=
2 2.2
1 m = 7 min
120 = u × 5 + × 8 × 52 iii 34.50 = 1.50 + 2.2m
2
34.50 − 1.50 = 2.2m
120 = 5u + 100
33 = 2.2m
120 − 100 = 5u
20 = 5u 33
m=
20 2.2
u = m = 15 min
5
u =4
i T = a + (n − 1)d Further development
−3 = 57 + (n − 1) × −4 9 a Orange juice = 0.06x
−3 = 57 − 4n + 4 b Liquid = 1 − x
−3 = 61 − 4n c Orange juice = 0.03(1 − x)
−3 − 61 = −4n d Drink = 0.06x + 0.03(1 − x)
−64 = −4n 0.06x + 0.03(1 − x) = 0.05
−64 0.06x + 0.03 − 0.03x = 0.05
n=
−4 0.03x = 0.05 − 0.03
n = 16 0.03x = 0.02
j c2 = a2 + b2 0.02
x=
172 = a2 + 152 0.03
289 = a2 + 225 x = 0.667
289 − 225 = a2 10 $200 + 0.50n = $100 + 0.80n
64 = a2 200 − 100 = 0.80n − 0.50n
a = 64 100 = 0.30n
a =8 100
n=
7 C = 4 + 2.5d 0.30
a 29 = 4 + 2.5d n = 333 flyers.
29 − 4 = 2.5d 11 Let d = distance walked on the first day
25 = 2.5d Day 1 — distance = d
25 1
d = Day 2 — distance = d
2.5 2
d = 10 km 1
b 49 = 4 + 2.5d Day 3 — distance = d
3
49 − 4 = 2.5d
1
45 = 2.5d Day 4 — distance = d
4
45
d= d d d
2.5 d+ + + = 100
2 3 4
d = 18 km
12d + 6d + 4d + 3d
c 25.25 = 4 + 2.5d = 100
25.25 − 4 = 2.5d 12
21.25 = 2.5d 25d
= 100
21.25 12
d=
2.5 25d = 1200
d = 8.5 km 1200
d =
8 a C = 1.50 + 2.2m 25
b i C = 1.50 + 2.2 × 1 = 1.50 + 2.2 d = 48 km
C = $3.70 12 Let d = distance walked on the first day
ii C = 1.50 + 2.2 × 5 1 1 1 1
= 1.50 + 11 d + d + d + d + d = 150
2 3 4 5
= $12.50 60d + 30d + 20d + 15d + 12d
iii C = 1.50 + 2.2 × 8 = 150
60
= 1.50 + 17.6
= $19.10 137 d
= 150
c i 8.10 = 1.50 + 2.2m 60
8.10 − 1.50 = 2.2m 137d = 150 × 60
6.60 = 2.2m 137d = 9000
6.6 9000
m = d =
2.2 137
m = 3 min d = 65.7 km
GMP-4 48 Basic algebraic skills

13 Fred: $20 up to 10 books T5 = 55 = 3125

Ted: $12 + $1.60 per book Sequence is 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125
$12 + 1.6n = 20 c Tn = 8n − 3
1.6n = 20 − 12 T1 = 8 − 3 = 5
1.6n = 8 T2 = 16 − 3 = 13
8 T3 = 24 − 3 = 21
n=
1.6 T4 = 32 − 3 = 29
n =5 T5 = 40 − 3 = 37
Fewer than 5 books. Sequence = 5, 13, 21, 29, 37
14 a Let x = number of books. d Tn = (−1)2n
Cost = 10 + 1.5(x − 3) + (x − 6) T1 = (−1) × 21 = −2
b 10 + 1.5x − 4.5 + x − 6 = 2.5x− 0.5 T2 = (−1) × 22 = −4
c 12 + 1.6x = 2.5x − 0.5 T3 = (−1) × 23 = −8
12 + 0.5 = 2.5x − 1.6x T4 = (−1) × 24 = −16
12.5 = 0.9x T5 = (−1) × 25 = −32
12.5 Sequence is −2, −4, −8, −16, −32
x = e Tn = 20 − 6n
0.9
T1 = 20 − 6 = 14
x = 14
T2 = 20 − 12 = 8
T3 = 20 − 18 = 2
Chapter review
T4 = 20 − 24 = −4
Multiple choice T5 = 20 − 30 = −10
1 2, 4, 8, 16 multiply by 2 Sequence is 14, 8, 2, −4, −10
Tn = 2n f Tn = 3n
Answer is B. T1 = 3
2 7x − 5y − 6x + 4y = x − y T2 = 32 = 9
Answer is B. T3 = 33 = 27
3 5x4y × (2x3)2 = 5x4y × 4x6 T4 = 34 = 81
= 20x10y T5 = 35 = 243
Answer is B. Sequence is 3, 9, 27, 81, 243
4 3(2x + 4) = 4(2x − 7) g Tn = 10n − 1
6x + 12 = 8x − 28 T1 = 10 − 1 = 9
6x − 8x = −28 − 12 T2 = 100 − 1 = 99
−2x = −40 T3 = 1000 − 1 = 999
−40 T4 = 10 000 − 1 = 9999
x =
−2 T5 = 100 000 − 1 = 99 999
x = 20 Sequence is 9, 99, 999, 9999, 99 999
Answer is D. h Tn = (−6)n − 13
T1 = (−6) −13 = −19
Short answer T2 = 36 −13 = 23
1 and 2 a 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 (add 4) T3 = (−6)3 − 13
b 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, 384 (multiply by 2) = −216 −13
c 12, 5, −2, −9, −16, −23, −30 (subtract 7) = −229
d 800, 200, 50, 12.5, 3.125, 0.781 25, T4 = (−6)4 − 13
0.195 312 5 (divide by 4) = 1296 − 13
e 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49 (square numbers) = 1283
f 3, 12, 48, 192, 768, 3072, 12 288 (multiply by 4)
T5 = (−6)5 − 13
g 1000, 100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 (divide by 10)
= −7776 − 13
h 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28 (triangular nos.)
= −7789
i −54, −45, −36, −27, −18, −9, 0 (add 9)
j 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 (Fibonacci sequence) Sequence is −19, 23, −229, 1283, −7789
(add the two previous terms) 5 a Tn = 9n
3 a 45, 37, 29, 21, 13 T1 = 9 × 1 = 9
b 6, 18, 54, 162, 486 T3 = 9 × 3 = 27
c −34, −22, −10, 2, 14 T4 = 9 × 4 = 36
d 243, 162, 108, 72, 48 T7 = 9 × 7 = 63
4 a Tn = 7n T10 = 9 × 10 = 90
T1 = 7 × 1 = 7
n 1 3 4 7 10
T2 = 7 × 2 = 14 9 27 36 63 90
Tn
T3 = 7 × 3 = 21
T4 = 7 × 4 = 28 b Tn = 2n + 9
T5 = 7 × 5 = 35 T1 = 2 × 1 + 9
Sequence = 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 =2+9
b Tn = 5n = 11
T1 = 51 = 5 T4 = 2 × 4 + 9
T2 = 52 = 25 = 17
T3 = 53 = 125 T7 = 2 × 7 + 9
T4 = 54 = 625 = 23
 Basic algebraic skills GMP-4 49
T9 = 2 × 9 + 9 1
= 9.5 × 5 + × 5.8 × 52
= 27 2
T12 = 2 × 12 + 9 = 47.5 + 72.5
= 33 = 120
n 1 4 7 9 12 12 a w3 × w5 = w8
Tn 11 17 23 27 33 b a × a6 = a7
c 4x5 × 6x3 = 24x8
c Tn = 2n d 9 × 4q3 = 36q3
T1 = 21 = 2 e 5p3 × p = 5p4
T2 = 22 = 4 f 5y × 6y = 30y2
T5 = 25 = 32 g 6x2 × 8x4 = 48x6
T8 = 28 = 256 h 4r4 × 3r4 = 12r8
T10 = 210 = 1024 i 5x5y4 × 6x7y6 = 30x12y10
n 1 2 5 8 10 j 5ab3 × 4a3b2 = 20a4b5
Tn 2 4 32 256 1024 k 7g3h2 × 4gh = 28g4h3
l 12m4n3 × 4mn3 = 48m5n6
d Tn = (−3)n m b6 ÷ b2 = b4
T1 = (−3)1 = −3 n f4÷f=f 3
T3 = (−3)3 = −27 o 45r6 ÷ 5r3 = 9r3
T6 = (−3)6 = 729 p 63y5 ÷ 7y = 9y4
T9 = (−3)9 = −19 683
9r
T10 = (−3)10 = 59 049 q 45r5s2 ÷ 5r4s3 =
s
n 1 3 6 9 10 r 36s3t5 ÷ 9st = 4s2t4
Tn −3 −27 729 −19 683 59 049
64a 6
s = 4a2
6 a y + y + y + y = 4y 16a 4
b 8w + 9w = 17w 32m6
c 6r + 9r −r = 14r t = 4m2
8m 4
d 15t − 9t = 6t
28 p 7
e 6q − 5q = q u =
f 9x + 6x − x = 14x 12 p 4 3 p3
7 a 8m + 4n − 3m = 5m + 4n v (a3)4 = a12
b 6a + 4 − 3a − 9 = 3a − 5 w (5m4)3 = 125m12
c 12k − 5l + 3l − 8k = 4k − 2l x (3p3q5)3 = 27p9q15
d 15m − 7 + m + 1 = 16m − 6 y k5 × k4 ÷ k3 = k6
e 5x + 20 + 3x − 6 = 8x + 14 z (8q4)2 ÷ 4q3 = 64q8 ÷ 4q3
f 12m − 20 − 2m + 4 = 10m − 16 = 16q5
a 13 a m(m + 3) = m2 + 3m
8 S =
1− r b 5p(2p − 6q) = 10p2 − 30pq
20 c x3(4x5 − 2) = 4x8 − 2x3
S = d 2w3(3w2 − 3) = 6w5 − 6w3
1
1− e 4pq(3p2 − 2q4) = 12p3q − 8pq5
2
f 7a6(3a8 − 9b2) = 21a14 − 63a6b2
20
S = 14 a a + 98 = 165
1
a = 165 − 98
2
a = 67
S = 40
b b − 76 = 84
3e + 18 b = 84 + 76
9 N = + 70
5 b = 160
3 × 89 + 18 c 43c = 3827
N= + 70
5 3827
c =
267 + 18 43
= + 70
5 c = 89
285 d
= + 70 d = 42
5 23
= 57 + 70 d = 42 × 23
N = 127 video recorders d = 966
h e −8e = −96
10 A = (a + b)
2 −96
e =
5 −8
A = (8.5 + 6.2)
2 e = 12
= 2.5(14.7) −f
f = 19
A = 36.75 4
1 −f = 19 × 4
11 S = ut + at2
2 −f = 76
GMP-4 50 Basic algebraic skills

76 −65 −43
f= p = z =
−1 −1 2
f = −76 p = 65 z = −21.5
g g + 45 = 12 5q a a
q = 15 i = + 1 (× 20)
g = 12 − 45 4 4 5
g = −33 5q = 15 × 4 5a = 4a + 20
h 9h = 25 5q = 60 5a − 4a = 20
25 60 a = 20
h = q =
9 5 b−3 b−2
j = (× 30)
7 q = 12 5 6
h = 2
9 −3r 6(b − 3) = 5(b − 2)
r = −15 6b − 18 = 5b − 10
i 12 − i = 23 7
−i = 23 − 12 −3r = −15 × 7 6b − 5b = −10 + 18
−i = 11 −3r = −105 b =8
11 −105 6c
i = r = k + 4 = 16
−1 −3 4
r = 35 6c
i = −11 = 16 − 4
j 4j − 17 = 47 15 a 4(s + 9) = 56 4
4j = 47 + 17 4s + 36 = 56 6c
= 12
4j = 64 4s = 56 − 36 4
64 4s = 20 6c = 12 × 4
j = 20 6c = 48
4 s =
j = 16 4 48
c =
k 7k + 13 = 76 s =5 6
7k = 76 − 13 b 3(2t − 7) = 84 c =8
7k = 63 6t − 21 = 84 d + 4 3d − 4
l = (× 30)
k =9 6t = 84 + 21 6 10
l 5l + 43 = −2 6t = 105 5(d + 4) = 3(3d − 4)
5l = −2 − 43 105 5d + 20 = 9d − 12
t =
5l = −45 6 5d − 9d = −12 − 20
−45 t = 17.5 −4d = −32
l = c 7u − 8 = 6u + 34 −32
5 d =
7u − 6u = 34 + 8 −4
l = −9
u = 42 d =8
m 45 + 3m = 18
d 7v − 2 = 2v + 23 16 a A = lw
3m = 18 − 45
7v − 2v = 23 + 2 56 = 7l
3m = −27
5v = 25 56
−27 l =
m = 25 7
3 v=
5 l =8
m = −9
v =5 b P = 2l + 2w
n 33 − 4n = 7
e 8w − 5 = 25 − 2w 94 = 2 × 16 + 2w
−4n = 7 − 33 8w + 2w = 25 + 5 94 = 32 + 2w
−4n = −26 10w = 30 94 − 32 = 2w
−26 30 62 = 2w
n = w =
−4 10 62
w =
n = 6.5 w =3 2
t f 35 − 6x = 8 − 3x w = 31
o + 9 = 17
5 −6x + 3x = 8 − 35 5
c C = (F − 32)
t −3x = −27 9
= 17 − 9
5 −27 5
x = 25 = (F − 32)
t −3 9
=8
5 x =9 25 × 9
g 7(y − 3) = 4(y − 9) = F − 32
t =8×5 5
t = 40 7y − 21 = 4y − 36 45 = F − 32
p 7y − 4y = −36 + 21 45 + 32 = F
p 8 − = −5 3y = −15
5 F = 77
−15 a
p y = d S =
− = −5 − 8 3 1− r
5
y = −5 3
p h 3(3z + 5) = 7(z − 4) 6 =
− = −13 1− r
5 9z + 15 = 7z − 28
−p = −13 × 5 3
9z − 7z = −28 − 15 1− r =
−p = −65 2z = −43 6
 Basic algebraic skills GMP-4 51
1 1 2 (2 x 3 y )2 4 x6 y 2
1−r = b V = ut + at c =
2 2 5 9
8x y 8 x5 y 9
1 1 x
−r = −1 100 = 4u + × 1.6 × 42 =
2 2 2 y7
1 100 = 4u + 12.8
−r = − d 7x + 15 = 113 + 9x
2 100 − 12.8 = 4u
7x − 9x = 113 − 15
1 87.2 = 4u
r = −2x = 98
87.2
2 u = 98
4 x =
−2
Extended response u = 21.8
x = −49
1 2 a 4x + 9y − 5x − 8y = −x + y
1 a V = ut + at2 4 x3 y 2 × 6 x 2 y 4 24 x5 y 6
2 b =
8
1 3 xy 3xy 8
= 0.8 × 12 + × 6 × 122
2 8x4
=
= 9.6 + 432 y2
= 441.6