CHAP2NUMBERPROPERTIES

Understanding
1 Match these terms to their corresponding definitions:
i Associative law ii Commutative law

iii Reordering
a It states that the grouping of numbers in an addition or multiplication expression does

not change its value.
b It rearranges the order of the numbers in an expression, and the answer stays the same.
c It states that changing the order of the addends does not change the sum, or changing
the order of the factors does not change the product.
2 How does the distributive law help simplify calculations?
3 Is the expression an example of the associative law, commutative law, reordering or

distributive law?
a 15 + 5 = 5 + 15 b 24 × 6 = 6 × 24
c 54 ÷ 9 ÷ 3 = 54 ÷ 3 ÷ 9 d 24 + 6 + 2 = 24 + (6 + 2)
e 126 ÷ 3 = (120 + 6) ÷ 3 f (15 + 6) × 4 = (15 × 4) + (6 × 4)
g 52 − 12 − 24 = 52 − 24 − 12 h 48 ÷ 2 ÷ 8 = 48 ÷ 8 ÷ 2
4 Are these statements true or false?
a 4 × (3 + 5) = 4 × 3 + 4 × 5 b 4 + (3 × 5) = 4 × 3 + 4 × 5
c (4 × 3) + 5 = 4 × 5 + 3 × 5 d (4 + 3) × 5 = 4 × 5 + 3 × 5
5 Which of these expressions is equal to 67 − 19 − 37?
A (67 − 19) × 37 B 67 − 37 − 19 C 67 − (37 − 19) D 67 × 37 − 67 × 19
Example 1
Fluency
6 Fill in the boxes to complete the working out using the associative law.
a 35 + 29 + 11 = 35 + (⬚ + ⬚) b 28 + 46 − 16 = 28 + (⬚ − ⬚)
© Mathspace Pty Ltd 2023

7 Consider 2 × 16 × 5.
a Which pair of numbers will be easiest to multiply together first?

b Complete the statement and then evaluate it:
2 × 16 × 5 = ⬚ × ⬚ × 16
Example 2
8 Fill in the boxes to complete the working out using the associative law.
13 × 4 × 5 = ⬚ × (4 × ⬚)
9 Helen rearranged the numbers using reordering to make the addition easier.
Complete the statement and then evaluate it:
24 + 38 + 16 = ⬚ + 16 + ⬚
10 Evaluate 17 + 39 + 23 using reordering.
11 Derek is evaluating the subtraction as shown. He noticed that it would be easier to subtract
27 from 47 first and rearrange the numbers using reordering.
Complete the statement and then evaluate it:
47 − 18 − 27 = ⬚ − 27 − ⬚
12 Consider 56 − 18 − 26.
a Which of the two numbers will be easier to subtract from 56 first?

b Complete the statement and then evaluate it:
56 − 18 − 26 = 56 − ⬚ − ⬚
13 Evaluate 57 − 29 − 17 using reordering.
14 Consider 54 + 26 + 38.
a Which pair of numbers will be easiest to add together first?

b Fill in the boxes to complete the working out.
54 + 26 + 38 = (⬚ + ⬚) + 38
Example 3
15 Evaluate 4 × 17 × 5 using regrouping.

16 Consider 35 × 23.
a Complete the statement:

35 × 23 is the same as 35 × (20 + ⬚).
b Complete the statement:
35 × (20 + 3) is the same as 35 × ⬚ + 35 × 3.
c Evaluate the expression.
17 Consider 26 × 29.
a Complete the statement:

26 × 29 is the same as 26 × (⬚ − 1).
b Complete the statement:
26 × (30 − 1) is the same as 26 × 30 − 26 × ⬚.
18 Evaluate using the distributive law:
a 9 × 998 b 7 × 1002 c 11 × 124 d 6 × 412
19 Dave is evaluating 132 ÷ 11 ÷ 4. He noticed that it would be easier to divide 132 by 4 first
and rearrange the numbers using reordering.
Fill in the boxes to complete his working out, then evaluate the expression.
132 ÷ 11 ÷ 4 = 132 ÷ ⬚ ÷ 11
20 Consider 192 ÷ 6.
a Fill in the box to complete the sentence.

192 ÷ 6 = (180 + ⬚) ÷ 6.
b Fill in the box to complete the sentence.
(180 + 12) ÷ 6 is the same as 180 ÷ 6 + ⬚ ÷ 6.
Example 4

21 Consider 119 ÷ 7.
a Fill in the box to complete the sentence.

119 ÷ 7 is the same as (140 − ⬚) ÷ 7.
b Fill in the box to complete the sentence.
(140 − 21) ÷ 7 is the same as 140 ÷ ⬚ − 21 ÷ ⬚.
22 Evaluate using the distributive law:
a 1616 ÷ 8 b 396 ÷ 4 c 522 ÷ 6 d 585 ÷ 13
Reasoning
23 Using an example, explain why the commutative law does not work for division.
24 Julietta solved the problem as shown:
1 6 × 2 − 1 + 9 = 12 − 1 + 9 Evaluate the multiplication
2 = 12 − (1 + 9) Associative law
3 = 12 − 10 Evaluate the addition
4 =2 Evaluate the subtraction
Identify and explain Julietta's mistake.
25 Describe the most efficient method to evaluate 5 × 34 × 200.

Problem-solving
26 The area of a rectangle is equal to the

length multiplied by width. Consider the
rectangle shown:
a Find the area of Area 1.

b Find the area of Area 2.
c Find the total area of the rectangle.
d Write the area calculation of 13 × 22
using the distributive law.
27 Consider the rectangle shown:
a Find the total area of the rectangle.

b Find the non-shaded area of the
rectangle.
c Find the shaded area of the rectangle.
d Write the area calculation of 16 × 20
using the distributive law.
28 Stefano wants to buy 4 shirts that cost $15 each and 3 pairs of pants that cost $25 each. If the
store is offering a 10% discount on all purchases over $100, how much will the discount be?
Use the distributive law to simplify the calculation.

Understanding
1 Explain what a square number is.
2 How can you determine whether a number is a square number?
3 Which one is equal to 72 ?
A 72 B 7×7 C2×2×2×2×2×2×2 D7×2
4 Consider the expression 92 .
a What is the base? b What is the index?
5 How can you use the properties of square numbers to determine the number of tiles needed
to cover a square-shaped floor?
Fluency
6 State the first five square numbers.
7 Are these square numbers?
a 6 b 25 c 49 d 44
e 18 f 144 g 36 h 12
8 Evaluate:
a 42 b 72 c 82 d 122
e 152 f 232 g 502 h 1002
Example 1
9 Evaluate:
a 92 + 22 b 32 + 72 c 72 + 92 d 1002 + 102
e 72 − 32 f 92 − 82 g 122 − 62 h 1002 − 102
i 12 × 22 j 32 × 42 k 22 × 102 l 1002 × 102
m 82 ÷ 22 n 102 ÷ 22 o 152 ÷ 32 p 402 ÷ 52
Example 2

10 Evaluate:
a 32 + 5 b 82 − 3 × 22 c (2 + 3)2 d 200
22 +1

e (7 − 3)2 + 10 f 2 (32 + 1)
2
g 42 + 5 h 3 + 42
2
+2
7 5

11 What would be the area of a square vegetable garden having a side of 24 m?
12 Find the next number in the sequence.
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64
13 Ace and his team arrange seating for a concert into a square grid with an equal number of
rows and columns. There are 18 chairs in each row, how many chairs will be needed in total?
Reasoning
14 The number 9 can be drawn as a square with side lengths of 3. What would happen if we
tried to draw a non-square number as a square? Explain your answer.
15 Harry was working out 22 × 52 and thought that he could simplify the expression using the
fact that 2 × 5 = 10.
a Evaluate 22 × 52 , by first expanding and evaluating each square.

b Evaluate 102 .
c Is Harry correct thinking that to solve 22 × 52 , he could use the fact that 2 × 5 = 10?
Justify your answer.
d Calculate 42 × 22 using the above method.
16 Najah was working out 62 ÷ 22 and thought that she could simplify the expression using the
fact that 6 ÷ 2 = 3.
a Evaluate 62 ÷ 22 , by first expanding and evaluating each square.

b Evaluate 32 .
c Is Najah correct thinking that to solve 62 ÷ 22 he could use the fact that 6 ÷ 2 = 3? Justify
your answer.
d Calculate 122 ÷ 32 using the above method.

17 Francis was working out 42 + 52 and thought that he could simplify the expression using the
fact that 4 + 5 = 9.
a Evaluate 42 + 52 , by first expanding and evaluating each square.

b Now, using the fact 4 + 5 = 9, evaluate 92 .
2
c Is 42 + 52 = (4 + 5) a true statement? Justify your answer.
18 Chase was working out 122 − 92 and thought that he could simplify the expression using the
fact that 12 − 9 = 3.
a Evaluate 122 − 92 , by first expanding and evaluating each square.

b Now, using the fact 12 − 9 = 3, evaluate 32 .
2
c Is 122 − 92 = (12 − 9) a true statement? Justify your answer.
19 Explain why the square of an odd number is always odd.
Problem-solving
20 A number is multiplied by 8 and then added to 32. The result is a perfect square. What is the
smallest possible positive integer value of this number?
21 Find the smallest perfect square number that can be expressed as the sum of two smaller
perfect square numbers.
22 What is the smallest number that Jimmy could add to 85 to make it a perfect square?
23 What would be the area of a square having a perimeter of 36 cm?

24 Barney was considering the pattern of square numbers and thought he spotted a pattern
existed when calculating the differences between consecutive square numbers.
a Calculate the differences between consecutive square numbers.
i 12 − 02 ii 22 − 12 iii 32 − 22 iv 42 − 32
b What pattern did Barney identify when he looked at the answers from part (a)?
c Barney isn’t sure if the pattern will continue. Explain whether you think it will or will not
continue forever.
25 Consider the figure:
a Complete the figure by filling in the boxes.

b Describe the pattern that exists in the first difference row.
c Describe the pattern that exists in the second difference row.

26 Answer these:
a Complete the table, one column has been done for you.
Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Square of number 49
Final digit of square number 9
b Complete the second table.
Number 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Square of number 144 361
Final digit of square
4 1
number
c State the pattern you observe in the final digit row.

d Use your observation to predict the final digit of the square numbers from 21 to 30.
e Will this pattern continue? Please justify your answer.
27 When asked how old she was, the teacher replied: "My age in years is not prime but odd and
when reversed and added to my age you have a perfect square. Or you can reverse and
subtract, and again you have a perfect square". How old is the teacher?

Understanding
1 Complete:
64 = 8 × 8, therefore the square root of 64 is ⬚.
2 What is the relationship between the square root of a number and its square?
3 Some numbers have a whole number square root. For example: 1 00 = 10

Other numbers have a rounded decimal square root. For example: 9 5 = 9.75
How can you identify whether a number has a whole number square root?
4 Do these expressions result in whole numbers as their answers?
a 4 b 8 c 29 d 36
e 49 f 63 g 81 h 99
5 How can square roots be used in real-life contexts, such as finding the dimensions of a
square garden bed when given its area?
Fluency
6 Given that we know 5 × 5 = 25, what is 25 ?

7 Which has a value between 10 and 11?
A 143 B 102 C 90 D 167
8 Evaluate:
a 4 b 16 c 49 d 121
Example 1
9 Evaluate:
a 144 + 64 b 144 − 16 c 225 × 16 d 64 ÷ 16
e 68 + 53 f 62 + 82 g 132 − 122 h 132 − 122
2 2
i 2 ( 49 + 4)

j ( 100 + 2) − 5 k 3 ( 9 + 16 + 2)
l 16 + 36
2

Example 2
10 A square room has an area of 81 m2 . Find the length of one side of the room.
11 Find the dimensions of a square plot of land of area 15 625 m2 .
12 Consider the number 22 .
a Complete the inequality with two consecutive perfect square numbers that 22 lies
between:
⬚ < 22 < ⬚
b Complete the inequality with two consecutive whole numbers that 22 lies between:
⬚< 22 < ⬚

13 Determine the two consecutive whole numbers between which each of these roots lies.
a 12 b 5 c 98 d 55
e 126 f 30 g 250 h 420
Example 3
14 State the integer that lies between 12 and 22 .
15 Bob has a square-shaped pool with an area of 59 m2 . What is the approximate length of each
side of his pool to the nearest metre?
Reasoning
16 Write a square root that has a value between 5 and 6. Justify your answer.
17 Explain how you can estimate the value of a square root of a non-perfect square without a
calculator. Give an example to support your answer.
18 Ansha claims 43 ≈ 6.
Identify and correct Ansha's mistake. Explain your reasoning.

19 Consider the number 11 .
a Which pair of consecutive whole numbers does 11 lie between?
A 9 and 10 B 10 and 11 C 4 and 5 D 3 and 4
b Based on your answer in part (a), which number is 11 closer to? Explain your reasoning.
Problem-solving
20 Harper was working out 4 × 25 and thought that she could simplify the expression using

the fact that 4 × 25 = 100.
a Evaluate 4× 25 , by first evaluating each square root.

b Now, using the fact 4 × 25 = 100, evaluate 100 .

c Is 4× 25 =
100 a true statement?

d Calculate 16 × 9 using the above method.

21 Find the length of fence required to enclose a square garden of area 36 m2 .
22 Sharon has purchased a square piece of fabric with an area of 144 cm2 . Find the perimeter of
the fabric.
23 Find the perimeter of a square kitchen floor with an area of 160 000 cm2 .

24 William has been creating some art patterns using tiles.
Consider the pattern of tiles shown:
a Complete the table.
Shape number (n) 1 2 3 4

Total number of tiles (T )
b Using the table in part (a), describe using words or symbols, the connection between the
shape number (n) and the total number of tiles (T ).
c Complete the table.
Shape number (n) 1 2 3 4

Number of light purple border tiles (B)
d Using the table in part (c), describe using words or symbols, the connection between the
shape number (n) and the number of light purple border tiles (B ).
e Using your answer from part (d), which shape would have 24 border tiles?
f Using your answers from parts (b) and (d), determine the total number of tiles required if
there are 36 border tiles.
g Find the number of blue central tiles required when there are 100 tiles in total.
h Find the number of border tiles required when there are 49 blue central tiles.

Understanding
1 State the base for the expression 95 .
2 State the power for the expression 27 .
3 For the pattern: 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , … , 108 .
a How does the value change as the power increases?

b How does the value change as the power decreases?
4 What repeated operation does an index represent?
A Addition B Subtraction C Multiplication D Division
Fluency
5 Write these statements using index notation:
a Two squared b Three cubed c Five squared d Two cubed
6 Complete the table:
Words Expanded notation Index notation

Five to the power of six
Six to the power of four
Eight cubed
Eleven to the power of three
Twenty-three to the power of five
Seven squared
Fifteen to the power of four
7 Write these powers of 9 in index form:
a 9×9 b 9×9×9
c 9×9×9×9 d 9×9×9×9×9
Example 1

8 Write these expressions using index notation:
a 5×5×5 b 1×1×1×1×1×1
c 3×3×3×3 d 2×2×2×2
e 4×4×4×4×4 f 7×7
g 12 × 12 × 9 × 9 × 9 h 11 × 7 × 11 × 7 × 7
i 12 × 12 × 12 × 15 × 15 j 2×4×2×4
k 24 × 24 × 24 × 12 l 2×2×3×3×3×5×5
9 Write these expressions in expanded form:
a 92 b 93 c 94 d 95
e 35 f 54 g 28 h 76
10 Write these numbers in expanded form:
a 52 b 75 × 64 c 46 × 92 d 775 × 132
11 Consider the expression 53 .
a Write the expression in expanded form.

b Using your answer to part (a), find the value of 53 .
12 Complete the table of powers of 2:
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
2
Example 2
13 Complete these patterns:
a Powers of 3: 1, 3, ⬚, ⬚, 81, ⬚, ⬚ b Powers of 5: 1, ⬚, 25, ⬚, 625

Reasoning
14 Explain how to evaluate 45 .
15 Answer these:
a Complete the table:
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1
b Looking at the answers in the table, what could you say about any power of 1?
16 Answer these:
a In the table, what do you notice about

the answers as you move from right to 21 22 23 24
left?
2 4 8 16
b Now consider an extra column was

added to the start of the table. 20 21 22 23 24
What number would complete the table? 2 4 8 16
c Using a similar method, complete these tables.
i ii
0 1 2 3 4
3 3 3 3 3 50 51 52 53 54
3 9 27 81 5 25 125 625
iii
100 101 102 103 104
10 100 1000 10 000
d State a generalisation about any base that has a power of zero.

Problem-solving
17 Complete these statements:
a 024 = ⬚ b 2⬚ = 32 c 5⬚ = 125 d 130 = ⬚

e 3⬚ = 81 f 5⬚ = 625 g 2⬚ = 512 h 3⬚ = 729
18 Evaluate:
a 26 b 118 c 53 − 32 d 33 × 32
e 23 × 42 f 37 g 22 + 43 h 72 + 34
35

i 122 − 22 j 53 − 33 k 09 + 18 + 27 l 33 − 22 × 42
19 State which symbol (< , = or >) would make these statements true:
a 32 ⬚ 31 b 118 ⬚ 124 c 28 ⬚ 35 d 50 ⬚ 15
20 A bacteria culture triples in size every hour. If the initial amount of bacteria is 3, determine
how many bacteria will be present after 3 hours.

Understanding
1 How many zeros will 1012 have when written as a whole number?
2 105 is equal to:
A 1 million B 10 thousand C 10 million D 100 thousand
3 Which is smaller: 105 or 107 ?
Fluency
4 Complete the table:
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108

10 100
5 Complete the statement:
60 000 = ⬚ × 104
Example 1
6 Write these as whole numbers:
a 2 × 105 b 3 × 102 c 7 × 103 d 1 × 104

e 8 × 101 f 6 × 106 g 3×1 h 5 × 107
7 Express these numbers in expanded notation using powers of ten:
a 100 b 1000 c 400 d 900

e 6000 f 7000 g 80 000 h 30 000
8 The distance between two planets is approximately 5 × 108 kilometres. Express the distance
as a whole number.
Example 2
Reasoning
9 If 10a > 10b what can we say about the values of a and b?
10 Which is smaller: 9 × 104 or 2 × 105 ? Justify your answer.
11 What is the difference between multiplying by 10 and raising to the power of 10? Use an
example to support your answer.
12 Explain how powers of ten can be used to quickly compare the sizes of different numbers.
Problem-solving
13 Express these numbers in expanded notation using powers of ten:
a 2200 b 8300 c 2480 d 7020

e 6260 f 92 000 g 33 050 h 62 480
Example 3
14 Write these as whole numbers:
a 3 × 104 + 7 × 103
b 1 × 103 + 4 × 101
c 4 × 102 + 1 × 101
d 7 × 103 + 6 × 102 + 4 × 101
e 6 × 104 + 3 × 102 + 5 × 1
f 3 × 104 + 2 × 103 + 9 × 101 + 5 × 1
g 3 × 105 + 2 × 104 + 4 × 103 + 2 × 101
h 2 × 104 + 2 × 103 + 7 × 102 + 7 × 101 + 6 × 1
Example 4
15 The distance from Earth to the Moon is approximately 3 × 105 + 8 × 104 + 4 × 103
kilometres. Express the distance as a whole number.
16 The total mass of gold on Earth is approximately 1 × 108 + 7 × 107 + 1 × 106 + 3 × 105
kilograms. Express the mass as a whole number.

17 The distance in kilometres between the Sun and the first three planets is as follows:
Planet Distance from the Sun in kilometres

Mercury 5 × 107 + 7 × 106 + 9 × 105
Venus 1 × 108 + 8 × 106 + 2 × 105
Earth 1 × 108 + 4 × 107 + 9 × 106 + 6 × 105
a Find the distance between Mercury and Venus.

b Find the distance between Venus and Earth.
c Which is shorter, the distance between Mercury and Venus or the distance between
Venus and Earth?

Understanding
1 What is a factor of a number?
2 State the difference between a factor and a multiple of a number.
3 Which number is a factor of every number?
4 Which number is a factor of every even number?
5 How can you determine if a number is a multiple of another number?
Fluency
6 Complete this table of factor pairs:

Factor pairs of 50
(⬚, 50)
(⬚, 25)
(5, ⬚)
7 Is 5 a factor of these numbers?
a 30 b 38 c 19 d 40
e 25 f 49 g 155 h 252
8 Write all the factors of these numbers:
a 14 b 19 c 9 d 33
e 28 f 8 g 42 h 16
i 45 j 49 k 54 l 72
Example 1
9 Write all the factors of these numbers:
a 115 b 98 c 231 d 312

10 Write down the first five multiples of these numbers:
a 4 b 3 c 7 d 9
e 10 f 11 g 12 h 15
Example 2
11 Are these numbers multiples of 2?
a 14 b 11 c 9 d 34
12 Write down the 8th multiple of 4.
13 Write down the 20th multiple of 4.
14 Fill in the blank:

42 is the ⬚th multiple of 7.
15 Lucy earns $30 a week.
a Fill in the table to help her keep track of Week Total earnings (in dollars)
her money.
1 30
b How much money does Lucy have after
5 weeks? 2
3
4
5
6
Reasoning
16 What types of numbers have exactly three factors? Justify your answer.
17 Can a multiple of a number also be a factor of that number? Explain your answer.
18 A teacher has 280 pencils that she wants to divide equally among her 35 students with no
pencils left over. Determine if this is possible and explain your reasoning.

19 John has 40 marbles that he wants to divide equally among his 6 friends.
a How many marbles should each friend receive?

b How many marbles are left over?
c Explain why John has marbles left over.
20 Shirah has 16 flowers to plant in her garden. She wants to arrange them in rows with the
same number of flowers in each row.
a State all the possible numbers of flowers she can have in each row.
b Explain how you determined your answer to part (a).
Problem-solving
21 There are 12 eggs in a carton. If Harry buys 9 cartons for his shop, determine how many eggs
he will have.
22 Three multiples of a certain number are 12, 15, and 27. The number is larger than 1. What is
the number?
23 A company needs to pack boxes of toys, and each box must have the same number of toys.
If they have 144 toys, determine the largest number of boxes they can pack with no toys left
over.
24 The company Mindt sells 6 deluxe bars of chocolate for $36. Madbury sells 4 bars of
chocolate for $12. Which brand of chocolate is more expensive?
25 Two fishermen go fishing at different times during the week. Wally catches 12 fish per day 3
days a week whereas Callum catches 5 fish per day 4 days a week.
a How many fish does Wally catch a week?

b How many fish does Callum catch a week?
c Who catches more fish a week?
26 A hotel has 180 rooms that need to be renovated.
a If the hotel wants to renovate the same number of rooms each week for 12 weeks, how
many rooms should they renovate each week?
b If they can only renovate 10 rooms a week, how many weeks will it take to renovate all
the rooms?

27 Find the dimensions of a rectangular field with a perimeter of 80 m and an area of 384 m2 .

Understanding
1 Match the terms to the definitions:
i Prime number ii Factor of a number

iii Prime factorisation of a number
a A positive whole number that divides the number without leaving a remainder.
b A positive whole number greater than 1 that has no positive integer divisors other than 1
and itself.
c A unique representation of the number as a product of prime numbers.
2 Identify all the prime numbers from each of these lists:
a 3, 10, 12, 4, 5, 6 b 14, 7, 15, 13, 11 c 21, 19, 27, 17, 1
3 How are factors and prime factors the same? How are they different?
Fluency
4 The given figure shows a partial factor tree

of 36.
Construct the remaining factors to complete
the factor tree.
5 A number has this factor tree:

What is the number at the top of the tree?
Example 1a

6 A number has this factor tree:
a What is the number at the top of the

tree?
b Write the prime factorisation of the
number in index notation.
Example 1
7 For each number:
i Construct a factor tree.

ii Write the prime factorisation of the number in index notation.
a 6 b 28 c 42 d 81
e 126 f 144 g 200 h 360
8 Write these values as a product of prime factors in expanded form:
a 36 b 42 c 54 d 48
e 72 f 96 g 132 h 150
Example 2
9 Write these values as a product of prime factors in index notation:
a 90 b 200 c 180 d 225

e 208 f 400 g 560 h 504
Reasoning
10 Can two different numbers have the same prime factorisation? Explain your reasoning.

11 Rae and Josie are working together to find the prime factorisation for 30. Rae says they
should begin by dividing by 5, but Josie says they should begin by dividing by 2. Who is
correct? Explain your reasoning.
12 Explain how we can use prime factors to determine if 35 is a factor of 420 without using a
calculator.
Problem-solving
13 Do these equations represent the correct prime factorisation in expanded form? If not, write
the correct one.
a 175 = 35 × 5 b 20 = 2 × 2 × 5
c 286 = 2 × 7 × 11 d 27 = 33
e 20 = 22 + 5 f 189 = 33 + 7
14 Do these equations represent the correct prime factorisation? If not, write the correct one
using either expanded form or using index notation.
a 56 = 23 × 3 b 495 = 22 × 55
c 200 = 23 × 52 d 63 = 32 × 7
e 504 = 23 + 32 + 7 f 300 = 22 × 3 + 52
15 What is the largest positive number that divides evenly into the product of 108, 252 and 432?
16 Think of any three-digit number. Write the number twice to make it a six-digit number. For
example, if your number is 123, the new number will become 123123. Then:
Divide your number by 7

a Describe what happens after completing the process.

b Repeat the process with other numbers. Based on your findings, what does this tell us
about the prime factors of these types of six-digit numbers?
c Write the product of 7, 11 and 13 in expanded notation using place value.
d Use your findings to explain why the process above will work for any three-digit number.

Understanding
1 Define:
a Highest common factor (HCF) b Lowest common multiple (LCM)
2 Are these statements true or false? Correct the statement if it is false.
a The HCF of three consecutive even numbers is always 2.

b If the HCF and LCM of two numbers are equal, then the numbers are distinct.
c The HCF of two prime numbers is always 1 because the only common factor of two
prime numbers is 1.
d The HCF of two numbers cannot be smaller than either of the two numbers because a
factor of a number cannot be smaller than the number itself.
e The LCM of two numbers cannot be less than either of the two numbers because a
multiple of a number must be less than or equal to the number itself.
Fluency
3 For each of these numbers:
i List the factors. ii State the highest common factor.
a 6 and 12 b 9 and 24 c 14 and 32 d 28 and 42
4 For these prime factorisations:
180 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
600 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 5
Find the highest common factor of 180 and 600.
224 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7
196 = 2 × 2 × 7 × 7

4900 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7
1750 = 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 7
7 Find the highest common factor of these groups of numbers:
a 8 and 16 b 18 and 24
c 21 and 33 d 36 and 48
e 42 and 24 f 72 and 108
g 121 and 143 h 150 and 560
i 48, 80, and 176 j 168, 312, and 120
Example 1
8 The table shows the prime factorisations of several numbers in index form.
a What is the highest common factor of Number Prime factorisation

2940 and 14 700?
2940 22 × 3 × 5 × 72
b What is the highest common factor of
17 640 and 308 700? 14 700 22 × 3 × 52 × 72
17 640 23 × 32 × 5 × 72
26 250 2 × 3 × 54 × 7
308 700 22 × 32 × 52 × 73
9 For each of these numbers:
i List the first 8 multiples. ii State the lowest common multiple.
a 6 and 10 b 8 and 14 c 24 and 42 d 15 and 30
54 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3
36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
Find the lowest common multiple of 54 and 36.

1260 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7
1890 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7
Find the lowest common multiple of 1260 and 1890.

Example 2
12 Find the lowest common multiple of these groups of numbers:
a 6 and 14 b 7 and 18
c 24 and 84 d 78 and 26
e 144 and 156 f 450 and 650
g 3, 8, and 18 h 9, 14, and 27
13 Consider the numbers 1575 and 1650.
a What is the highest common factor of 1575 and 1650?

b What is the lowest common multiple of 1575 and 1650?
14 The table shows the prime factorisations of several numbers in index form.
a What is the lowest common multiple of Number Prime factorisation

2940 and 17 640?
2940 22 × 3 × 5 × 72
b What is the highest common factor of
14 700 and 26 250? 14 700 22 × 3 × 52 × 72
17 640 23 × 32 × 5 × 72
26 250 2 × 3 × 54 × 7
308 700 22 × 32 × 52 × 73
Example 3
Reasoning
15 A student claims that two numbers will always have a common factor and a common
multiple. Explain whether or not the student is correct.
16 Explain how the prime factors of two numbers can be used to find their highest common
factor.
17 The HCF of two numbers is 4, and the LCM is 48.

a Sasha thinks the two numbers are 8 and 12. Determine whether or not Sasha is correct.
Explain your reasoning.
b Suri claims the two numbers will be multiples of 4. Determine whether or not Suri is
correct. Explain your reasoning.
c Find the two numbers.

Problem-solving
18 Allena has two pieces of cloth. One piece is 68 centimetres wide and the other piece is 32
centimetres wide. She wants to cut both pieces into strips so that all of the strips have the
same width.
a How wide should she cut the strips if she wants the strips to be as large as possible?
b How many strips will she end up with?
Example 4
19 Cicada species spend many years underground, emerging as a single brood every
generation. Platypedia areolata emerges every 19 years. They are hunted by the Argiope
aurantia spider, which has a 4 year breeding cycle.
a How often do these species start their breeding cycle at the same time?
b A genetic mutation changes the life cycle of the cicadas so the mutants emerge every 15
years. How often will the mutant cicada species start their life cycle at the same time as
the spiders?
Example 5
20 Two airlines, JetFuel and LionAir, each land planes at an airport terminal. During the day a
JetFuel plane lands every 18 minutes, and a LionAir plane lands every 16 minutes.
A shuttle bus takes passengers from the terminal to the city centre, departing every 21
minutes.
a How often does a JetFuel plane land and a shuttle bus depart at the same time?
b Which of these two options happens more often in a single day?
A JetFuel plane lands and the shuttle bus departs at the same time.
B LionAir plane lands and the shuttle bus departs at the same time.
21 Jane has a piece of cloth that has a size of 84 cm by 112 cm. She wants to cut squares of
equal size out for a patchwork quilt without wasting any material. What would be the side
length of the largest size square that can be cut?
22 Cicadas are a type of insect that spend most of their life underground and come above
ground when they mature. Two variations of the species, Type A and Type B, emerge above
ground as a group every 13 and 17 years respectively. If the last year that both Type A and
Type B emerged was 1993, what is the next year that both types will emerge together?

23 Cheryl and Berting are juggling. They have 4 red balls and 1 green ball each. The time
between releasing the green ball and releasing the green ball again is 6 seconds for Cheryl
and 9 seconds for Berting. At some point in the performance, Cheryl and Berting each
release their green ball at exactly the same time.
a How long will it be until they each release their green ball at the same time again?
b How many red balls has Berting thrown before they each release their green ball at the
same time again?
24 Two students are training by running laps in an oval. They pace themselves and jog at
constant, but different speeds. The faster student completes each lap in 90 seconds, and the
slower student completes each lap in 120 seconds.
If both students begin at the starting line at the same time, how many minutes will pass
before they both pass the start line at the same time again?

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Understanding

1 Match these terms to their corresponding definitions:

i Associative law ii Commutative law

a It states that the grouping of numbers in an addition or multiplication expression does

2 How does the distributive law help simplify calculations?

3 Is the expression an example of the associative law, commutative law, reordering or

4 Are these statements true or false?

5 Which of these expressions is equal to 67 − 19 − 37?

A (67 − 19) × 37 B 67 − 37 − 19 C 67 − (37 − 19) D 67 × 37 − 67 × 19

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a Which pair of numbers will be easiest to multiply together first?

10 Evaluate 17 + 39 + 23 using reordering.

a Which of the two numbers will be easier to subtract from 56 first?

13 Evaluate 57 − 29 − 17 using reordering.

a Which pair of numbers will be easiest to add together first?

15 Evaluate 4 × 17 × 5 using regrouping.

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a Complete the statement:

a Complete the statement:

18 Evaluate using the distributive law:

a 9 × 998 b 7 × 1002 c 11 × 124 d 6 × 412

a Fill in the box to complete the sentence.

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a Fill in the box to complete the sentence.

22 Evaluate using the distributive law:

a 1616 ÷ 8 b 396 ÷ 4 c 522 ÷ 6 d 585 ÷ 13

24 Julietta solved the problem as shown:

1 6 × 2 − 1 + 9 = 12 − 1 + 9 Evaluate the multiplication

3 = 12 − 10 Evaluate the addition

4 =2 Evaluate the subtraction

Identify and explain Julietta's mistake.

25 Describe the most efficient method to evaluate 5 × 34 × 200.

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26 The area of a rectangle is equal to the

a Find the area of Area 1.

27 Consider the rectangle shown:

a Find the total area of the rectangle.

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1 Explain what a square number is.

2 How can you determine whether a number is a square number?

3 Which one is equal to 72 ?

A 72 B 7×7 C2×2×2×2×2×2×2 D7×2

4 Consider the expression 92 .

a What is the base? b What is the index?

6 State the first five square numbers.

7 Are these square numbers?

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11 What would be the area of a square vegetable garden having a side of 24 m?

12 Find the next number in the sequence.

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64

a Evaluate 22 × 52 , by first expanding and evaluating each square.

a Evaluate 62 ÷ 22 , by first expanding and evaluating each square.

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a Evaluate 42 + 52 , by first expanding and evaluating each square.

a Evaluate 122 − 92 , by first expanding and evaluating each square.

19 Explain why the square of an odd number is always odd.

23 What would be the area of a square having a perimeter of 36 cm?

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a Calculate the differences between consecutive square numbers.

25 Consider the figure:

a Complete the figure by filling in the boxes.

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b Complete the second table.

c State the pattern you observe in the final digit row.

a 144 + 64 b 144 − 16 c 225 × 16 d 64 ÷ 16

e 68 + 53 f 62 + 82 g 132 − 122 h 132 − 122