SADLER UNIT 4 MATHEMATICS

METHODS
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 2 Calculus involving logarithmic
functions

Exercise 2A

Question 1

1
x

Question 2

1 1
×2=
2x x

Question 3

1
10x +
x

Question 4

1
1 + ex +
x

Question 5

3
3x + 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 1

Question 6

2
2x + 3

Question 7

2
2x − 3

Question 8

2x
x +12

Question 9

sin x
− =
− tan x
cos x

Question 10

2x 2
=
x2 x

Question 11
2
1 −3
x
3 1
1
=
3x
x3

Question 12
1
1 −2
3× x
2
3 x
1
= 1
2 x×x 2

1
=
2x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 2

Question 13

1
5=1
x x
5

Question 14

2x + 3 2x + 3
=
x + 3 x x( x + 3)
2

Question 15

2x +1
( x + 4)( x − 3)

Question 16

1
x× + ln x × 1 =
ln x + 1
x

Question 17

1 3(ln x) 2
3(ln x) 2 × =
x x

Question 18

ln x −1 = − ln x
d 1
(− ln x) = −
dx x

Question 19

d −1(ln x) −2 × 1
(ln x) −1 =
dx x
1
= −
x(ln x) 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 3

 Question 20

1 1 
ex × + ln x × e x =e x  + ln x 
x x 

Question 21

1
x× − ln x ×1
x
x2
1 − ln x
=
x2

Question 22

1 3(1 + ln x) 2
3(1 + ln x) × =
2

x x

Question 23

d
( ln x + ln( x + 5) + ln( x + 3) )
dx
1 1 1
=+ +
x x+5 x+3
( x + 5)( x + 3) + x( x + 3) + x( x + 5)
=
x( x + 5)( x + 3)
3 x 2 + 16 x + 15
=
x( x + 5)( x + 3)

Question 24

d
( ln( x + 1) − ln( x + 3) )
dx
1 1
= −
x +1 x + 3
( x + 3) − ( x + 1)
=
( x + 1)( x + 3)
2
=
( x + 1)( x + 3)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 4

 Question 25

4( x 2 + 5)3 × 2 x 8x
= 2
( x + 5)
2 4
x +5

Question 26

d
dx
( ln x − ln( x 2 − 1) )
1 2x
= − 2
x x −1
( x 2 − 1) − 2 x × x
=
x( x 2 − 1)
− x2 −1
=
x( x 2 − 1)
( x 2 + 1)
= −
x( x 2 − 1)
x2 + 1
=
x(1 − x 2 )

Question 27

d
dx
( ln( x + 2)3 − ln( x − 2) )

d
= ( 3ln( x + 2) − ln( x − 2) )
dx
3 1
= −
x+2 x−2
3( x − 2) − 1( x + 2)
=
x2 − 4
2x − 8
= 2
x −4
2( x − 4)
= 2
x −4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 5

Question 28

y = 7 ln x
dy 1
= 7×
dx x
7
=
x
When x = 1,
dy
=7
dx

Question 29

y = x ln x
dy 1
= x × + ln x × 1
dx x
= 1 + ln x
When x = e 2 ,
dy
= 1 + ln e 2
dx
=3

Question 30

=y 3 x 2 + ln x
dy 1
= 6x +
dx x
When x = 1,
dy
= 6 +1
dx
=7

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 6

Question 31

2 ln x
y= −
x
 2 
 x × − 2 ln x × 1 
dy x
= − 
dx  x2 
 
−2 + 2 ln x
=
x2
When x = 1,
dy −2 + 2 ln1
=
dx 1
= −2

Question 32

y = ln x
dy 1 1
= =
dx x 4
x=4
When x = 4
y = ln 4
(4, ln 4)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 7

 Question 33

y = ln( x 2 )
dy 2 x 2
= =
dx x 2 x
2
=4
x
1
x=
2
1
When x =
2
1
y = ln  
4
= ln 4−1
= −1ln 4
1 
 , − ln 4 
2 

Question 34

=y ln(6 x − 5)
dy 6 6
= =
dx 6 x − 5 25
6x − 5 = 25
6 x = 30
x=5
When x = 5
y = ln 25
∴ (5, ln 25)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 8

 Question 35

=y ln( x 2 + 3 x)
dy 2 x + 3 1
= =
dx x 2 + 3 x 2
4 x + 6 = x 2 + 3x
x2 − x − 6 = 0
( x − 3)( x + 2) =0
x= 3, x =
−2 ( x > 0)
x=3
When x = 3,
y = ln18
∴ (3, ln18)

Question 36

y = ln x
dy 1
=
dx x
When x = 1
dy
=1
dx
Equation of tangent
y= x + c
Using (1,0)
=
0 1(1) + c
c = −1
∴ y = x −1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 9

Question 37

y = ln x
dy 1
=
dx x
When x = e
dy 1
∴ =
dx e
Equation of tangent
x
y= +c
e
Using (e,1)
1
=1 ×e+c
e
c=0
x
∴y =
e
ey = x

Question 38

y = log 4 x
ln x
=
ln 4
dy 1 1
= ×
dx ln 4 x
1
=
x ln 4

Question 39

y = log 6 x
ln x
=
ln 6
1 1
y' = ×
ln 6 x
1
=
x ln 6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 10

Question 40

y = 50 ln x
dy 1
= 50 ×
dx x
δ y dy
≈
δ x dx
50
δ y ≈ ×δx
x
50
≈ × 0.1
10
≈ 0.5

By comparison
ln10.1 − 50 ln10 =
0.4975

Question 41

x = t + ln t
dx
v=
dt
1
= 1+
t
When x = 2,
1
v= 1+
2
= 1.5 m/s

dv
a=
dt
= −1t −2
1
= − 2
t
When x = 2
1
a = − m/s 2
4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 11

Question 42

y= x 2 − 50 ln 2 x, x > 0
dy 50
= 2x − =0
dx x
50
2x =
x
2 x = 50
2

x 2 = 25
x= ±5 (x > 0)
x=5

When x = 5,
=
y 25 − 50 ln10

d2y 50
2
= 2+ 2
dx x
When x = 5
d2y 50
2
=2 + > 0
dx 25

∴ (5, 25 − 50 ln10) is a minimum turning point.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 12

Exercise 2B

Question 1

1
5∫ = dx 5ln x + c
x

Question 2

1
4∫ = dx 4 ln x + c
x

Question 3

 2 x2
∫  x 
x + dx =
2
+ 2 ln x + c

Question 4

1 2 1
∫ =
2 2x
dx
2
ln 2 x + c

Question 5

2x
∫x 2
+1
= ln( x 2 + 1) + c
dx

Question 6

 2 5 x3
∫  x 
x + dx =
3
+ 5ln x + c

Question 7

 2
∫  4 x + e +  dx = 2 x 2 + e x + 2 ln x + c
x

x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 13

Question 8

1
2∫ =dx 2 × ln( x + 1) + c
x +1

Question 9

2x
4∫ =
dx 4 ln( x 2 − 3) + c
x −32

Question 10

5
∫ 5 x − 3 dx= ln(5 x − 3) + c

Question 11

2
5∫ =dx 5ln(2 x + 1) + c
2x +1

Question 12

2x
3∫ =dx 3ln( x 2 + 1) + c
x +12

Question 13

2x +1
∫x 2
+ x+3
= ln( x 2 + x + 3) + c
dx

Question 14

2x + 5
3∫ = 3ln( x 2 + 5 x) + c
dx
x + 5x
2

Question 15

2x
10 ∫ =dx 10 ln( x 2 + 4) + c
x +42

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 14

Question 16

(− sin x)
−∫ dx =
− ln(cos x) + c
cos x

Question 17

cos x
∫ sin
=
x
dx ln(sin x) + c

Question 18

1 (−2sin 2 x) 1
−
2 ∫ cos 2 x
dx =
− ln(cos 2 x) + c
2

Question 19

sin x
∫ tan x dx = ∫ cos x dx
=
− ln(cos x) + c

Question 20

1 (−5sin 5 x) 1
−
5 ∫ cos 5 x
dx =
− ln(cos 5 x) + c
5

Question 21

(−2sin 2 x)
−3∫ dx =
−3ln(cos 2 x) + c
cos 2 x

Question 22

sin x − cos x d
∫ sin x + cos x dx dx
(sin x + cos x)

cos x − sin x
−∫
= =
cos x − sin x
sin x + cos x
=
− ln(sin x + cos x) + c =
−(sin x − cos x)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 15

 Question 23

2 + cos 2 x d
∫ 4 x + sin 2 x dx dx
(4 x + sin 2 x) =
4 + 2 cos 2 x

1 4 + 2 cos 2 x
2 ∫ 4 x + sin 2 x
= dx

1
= ln(4 x + sin 2 x) + c
2

Question 24

ex + 1 d x
∫ e x + x dx dx
(e + x ) = e x + 1

= ln(e x + x) + c

Question 25

1
dx = [ ln x ]1
3
∫
3
1 x
= ln 3 − ln1
= ln 3

Question 26

3
dx = [3ln x ]2
3
∫
3
2 x
= 3ln 3 − 3ln 2
= 3ln1.5

Question 27

2  x 1
∫
2
 e +  dx = e x + ln x 
1
 x 1

= e 2 + ln 2 − e1 − ln1
= e 2 − e + ln 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 16

Question 28

1
v=
t+2
x = ∫ v dt
1
=∫ dt
t+2
= ln(t + 2) + c

When= x 0,=t 0
=
0 ln 2 + c
c = − ln 2

x = ln(t + 2) − ln 2
(t + 2)
= ln
2

Question 29

3 2x +1 3 3 1
∫
1 x
= dx ∫1
2 dx + ∫
1 x
dx

= [ 2 x ]1 + [ln x ]1
3 3

= 6 − 2 + ln 3 − ln1
= (4 + ln 3) units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 17

Question 30

1
=y −1
x+2
1 1 1
y -int : − 1 =− (0, − )
2 2 2
1
x-int : =1
x+2
x+2= 1
x= −1 (−1, 0)

 1 
− 1 dx= [ ln( x + 2) − x ]−1
0
∫
0

−1 x + 2
 
= ln 2 − 0 − (ln1 + 1)
= ln 2 − ln1 − 1
= ln 2 − 1
This area is under x-axis. Therefore, the area is (1 − ln 2) square units.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 18

 Question 31

=y x ln x − x
dy 1
=x × + ln x × 1 − 1
dx x
= ln x

Point of Intersection
1 + ln 2 = ln x
=1 ln x − ln 2
x
1 = ln
2
x
1 = log e
2
x
∴ e1 =
2
x = 2e

x-int ercept of y = ln x
0 = ln x
e0 = x
x =1
Required area
2e
∫1
ln x dx

= [ x ln x − x ]1
2e

(2e × ln 2e − 2e) − (1 × ln1 − 1)

=
2e(ln 2 + ln e) − 2e + 1
2e(ln 2 + 1) − 2e + 1
=
2e × ln 2 + 2e − 2e + 1
= (2e ln 2 + 1) units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 19

Question 32
π

∫
0
6
tan x dx
π
sin x
= ∫6 dx
0 cos x

π
(− sin x)
= −∫ 6 dx
0 cos x
π
= [ − ln(cos x)] 60
π
=− ln cos − ( − ln(cos 0) )
6
3
=− ln − (− ln1)
2
−1
 3
= ln  
 2 
 2 
= ln   units
2

 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 20

 Question 33

a b
+
x+4 x+2
a ( x + 2) + b( x + 4)
=
( x + 4)( x + 2)
2(4 x + 13)
=
( x + 4)( x + 2)
a ( x + 2) + b( x + 4)= 2(4 x + 13)
ax + 2a + bx + 4b = 8 x + 26
=
a+b 8 → Equation 1
2a += 4b 26 → Equation 2
Solve simultaneously
=a 3= and b 5
3 5 2(4 x + 13)
+ =
x + 4 x + 2 ( x + 4)( x + 2)

2(4 x + 13)
∫ ( x + 4)( x + 2) dx
 3 5 
= ∫  x + 4 + x + 2  dx
1 1
= 3∫ dx + 5∫ dx
x+4 x+2
= 3ln( x + 4) + 5ln( x + 2) + c

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 21

 Question 34

k 2
a ∫1 x
dx = 1

[ 2 ln=
x ]1 2 ln k − 2 ln1
k

1 = 2 ln k
1
= ln k
2
1
=k e 2
(k > 0)

2b 1
b ∫1 x
dx =
2
1
2 ln b =
2
1
ln b =
4
1
b=e 4

1
e 2 +1
2
c ∫ 1
2
x
dx
1
e 2 +1
= [ 2 ln x ] 1
2

 12 
 e +1 
= 2 ln − 2 ln1
 2 
 
 

 12 
 e +1 
= 2 ln
 2 
 
 

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 22

Miscellaneous exercise two

Question 1

d
(sin 2 x) = 2 cos 2 x
dx

Question 2

d
(cos 3 x) = −3sin 3 x
dx

Question 3

d 4x
(e ) = 4e 4 x
dx

Question 4

d
(5e 4 x ) = 5 × 4e 4 x
dx
= 20e 4 x

Question 5

d  2x − 3 
 
dx  x + 1 
( x + 1) × 2 − (2 x − 3) × 1
=
( x + 1) 2
2x + 2 − 2x + 3
=
( x + 1) 2
5
=
( x + 1) 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 23

 Question 6

d
(3 x − 1) 4
dx
= 4(3 x − 1)3 × 3
= 12(3 x − 1)3

Question 7

d
(1 + 2 log e x)
dx
1
= 2×
x
2
=
x

Question 8

d 2
( x ln x)
dx
1
= x 2 × + ln x × 2 x
x
= x + ln x × 2 x
= x(1 + 2 ln x)

Question 9

d 1 2x 
 + 3e 
dx  x 
=− x −2 + 3 × 2 × e x
1
= 6e 2 x − 2
x

Question 10

d
dx
( loge (1 + x + x 2 ) )
1
= × (1 + 2 x )
1 + x + x2
2x +1
=
1 + x + x2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 24

Question 11

2 x = 11
log 2 x = log11
x log 2 = log11
log11
x=
log 2

Question 12

a log a 25
= log a 52
= 2 log a 5
= 2p

b log a 500
= log a (53 × 4)
= log a 53 + log a 4
= 3log a 5 + log a 4
= 3p + q

c log a 80
= log a (42 × 5)
= log a 42 + log a 5
= 2 log a 4 + log a 5
= p + 2q

d log a 10
= log a (5 × 4)
1
= log a 5 + log a 4 2
1
= log a 5 + log a 4
2
1
= p+ q
2

e log a (20a 3 )
= log a 20 + log a a 3
= log a 4 + log a 5 + 3log a a
= p+q+3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 25

f log 5 4
log 4
=
log 5
q
=
p

Question 13

a log x 64 = 3
x3 = 64
x=4

b log x 64 = 2
x 2 = 64
x =8

c log x 64 = 6
x 6 = 64
x=2

d log10 100 = x
10 x = 100
x=2

e log17 − log 2 =
log x
17
log = log x
2
x = 8.5

f log17 + log 2 =
log x
log(17 × 2) = log x
x = 34
1
g log 2 2 = log 2 x
1
2 = 2x
2

1
x=
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 26

h 3log 2 = log x
log 23 = log x
x = 23
=8

Question 14

a log a x + log a y =
log a p
log a xy = log a p
p = xy

b log x p = y
p = xy

c 3log a x − log a y =
log a p
log a x 3 − log a y =
log a p
x3
log a = log a p
y
x3
p=
y

d 2 + 0.5log10 y =
log10 p
log10 100 + log10 y 0.5 =
log10 p
log10 (100 y 0.5 ) = log10 p
p = 100 y

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 27

 Question 15

dy 1
=
dx x
When x = e 2 ,
dy 1
=
dx e 2

Equation of tangent
1
=y x+c
e2
Using (e 2 , 2)
1 2
= 2 ×e +c
e2
2= 1+ c
c =1
1
=y x +1
e2
e 2 y= x + e 2

Question 16

Q = Q0 (0.88)t

0.05Q0 = Q0 (0.88)t
0.05 = 0.88t
log 0.05 = t log 0.88
log 0.05
t=
log 0.88
= 23.4 minutes

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 28

Question 17

a =f ′( x) 3 x 2 × ln(3 x + 2)
3
f=′′( x) 3 x 2 × + ln(3 x + 2) × 6 x
3x + 2
9x2
= + 6 x ln(3 x + 2)
3x + 2

9
b f ′′(1)=
+ 6 ln 5
5
= 6 ln 5 + 1.8

Question 18

a x-int, y = 0
(log e x) 2 − 1 =0
(log e x) 2 = 1
log e x = 1 or log e x = −1
=x e=
1
x e −1

1 
x-int at A  , 0  and B(e, 0).
e 
There are no other possibilities for the graph to cut the x-axis.
If y =
(log e x) 2 − 1 has a y -int ercept, x =
0.
However, log e x is not defined for x = 0, therefore there is no y -int ercept.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 29

 dy
b Stationary points occur when = 0.
dx
dy 1
= 2 log e x ×
dx x
2
= × log e x
x
2
log e x = 0
x

log e x = 0
x = e0
=1
=y (log e 1) 2 − 1
= −1
C(1, −1)
dy
The single solution to = 0 shows there is only one stationary point.
dx

d2y
c Point of inflection, = 0.
dx 2
d 2 
 log e x 
dx  x 
2 1
=× + log e x × (−2 x −2 )
x x
2 2 log e x
= 2−
x x2

2 − 2 log e x
=
x2

2 − 2 log e x
=0
x2
2 − 2 log e x =0
2 log e x = 2
log e x = 1
x = e1

∴ When x =
e,
=y (log e e) 2 − 1
=0
There is a single point of inflection at B(e, 0).

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 30

 Question 19

cos h − 1
= lim
h →0 h
−(1 − cos h)
= lim
h →0 h
1 − cos h
= − lim
h →0 h
=0

sin( x + h) − sin x
lim
h →0 h
sin x cos h + cos x sin h − sin x
= lim
h →0 h
sin x(cos h − 1) + cos x sin h
= lim
h →0 h
sin x(cos h − 1) cos x sin h
lim + lim
h →0 h h →0 h
(cos h − 1) sin h
sin x lim + cos x lim
h →0 h h →0 h
= sin x × 0 + cos x ×1
= cos x

cos( x + h) − cos x
lim
h →0 h
cos x cos h − sin x sin h − cos x
= lim
h →0 h
cos x(cos h − 1) − sin x sin h
= lim
h →0 h
cos x(cos h − 1) sin x sin h
lim − lim
h →0 h h → 0 h
(cos h − 1) sin h
cos x lim − sin x lim
h →0 h h → 0 h
= cos x × 0 − sin x ×1
= − sin x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 31