ELA erm) OR _ELASTIC-LOAD radial fiber Se ‘The sires of concrete " compressive unit stress on the COneTE | neutral axis tensile unit stress in the longitudinal reinforcement. width of beam. ‘cross-sectional area of steel bars. ‘resisting moment of concrete. resisting moment of steel. modulus of elasticity of concrete. deformation per unit length of concrete. 4s = deformation pes unit length of steel. 1c at the surface most remote fr = depth frm the center of the steel bars 10 the extreme fiber of concrete stance from the neutral axis tothe extreme fiber of concrete. distance between the compressive force C and tensile force T- ratio of the area of steel to that of the effective area of concrete: aes ‘of modulus of elasticity of steel to that of concrete, Lata ym theR = @ My=Ashitd (Resisting moment of steel) perma As ; Ped \ ure live load Apeped - «sy Comut, 2. (simp Ms = phd fy jd Mes j My=pfyj bd? 4 wl? (cont d ma Mg = Me (For balanced design) hs s 8 bd Pfaj bd? = hfe kj bd? 5 gy Compute the de Es 2pfs=fek Low ek a ESS Buty nd - ka) g square and solving fork + 2pnk + (pn)? = 2pn + (pn)?W in Designing Ream Reinforced For Tension oe a) Compute ive load moment, depending on the type of load and support are MES (simply supported) uh ‘ aH a= (continuons beam) \ a 2 Mh 2) Compute the design constants: ee z My 1 R=5he Kj |G) Solve for the depth "d" by assuming a value "b" ranging from 250 mm to 300 Balhom oe es (4) Add 50 mm 10 100 mm to this computed "a" o takeZ ‘V(shear at distance "d"” from the support) — @) Iv> vq use 10mm stirrups. (10) Spacing of stirrups. S Ah v’ Ss ot (max. i oe cng, of stirrups) 2 (Check for Bond Stress: Uo=e < ire a Uo then add more steel bars V= max. shear ‘ Zo= perimeter of tension bars momeENT © this C Limitations 5 yy Adjacent ¢ D Ratio of iv taal 3) The loads For Positive Mom ‘End spans: Hf discontinue If discontnu For Negative Mi ‘Negative m ‘Two spans More than Negative Negative a) Slabs b) Bean col each Negative for mem a) Wh=. fa, is goMeENT COBFFICIENT FOR contincaus BEAMS AND SLABS minions this Coefficrents i Tadiacent cleat eps howd not differ by more than 20% of the sheer spar 2 Ratio of tive load to dead load should not exceed 3 4) The fonds shold be uniformly distrbaned only fas Positive Moment Bind spans: 5 Af discorminuous end is unrestrained aie wh? ‘Wediscontinaous end is integral with the support 4ant sued oS Allowable shearing stress Allowable bond stress = | @ Compute the bond stress Setution: fective depth of the beam: AS Se’ einfor beam 4 ind carries 2 load Distga'n aentton of 0 ce . The beam is simply ‘capported on # SPAM reer) Pe f= 14 Mie is kin. Use ACI Spec Dada ae depth of the oe © Compute meee the number of steel i 0 mm ¢ stirrups & Compute the spacing, of } between concrete reed for gension onh and steel. W=18 kN/m ea tee wl? 8 2, ue'8 sy 1000 M=81x 108 Nmm 25(.59 Dead load= MEN Pe Total Load = 18000 + 3473 Total Load = 21473 Nim~~ a ue "RSion _ 2147346)? (1000) a ya ing’ 124 M = 96.63 x 108 ‘a wr d= Ro _. [96361034 a= 1.42250) d= 522 < 525 mm ok @ Steel bars needed: Steel requirements: uM * fsid = 96.63 x 108 As=194(857)(625) A, = 1732 mm? Try 28mm 6 =" (98)2 A=] (28) A=615.75 mm? 615.75 N = 1744 N= 2.83 say 3 bars ® Spacing of 10 mm stirrups: Check for shear: y= 52147316) - 21473(,525) 3146 53146 * 350(525) 40 MPa ¥a=0.09 Vf.’ %a=0.09 V17.2 a= 0.37 MPa < 0.40 ok Use 10 mm 9 stirrups: 1 400995 (2G) ao? ® Bond stress: 23 BY vib v'= 0.40 -0.37 = 0.03 y= 152124) = (03(250) S = 2596 mm dq _ 525 Max. S=5 = Max, S = 262.5 mm say 260 mm Check for Bond Stress: 10.14 Vf" D 264. 857)(525) 0.54 < 1.5 MPa (safe)y is required 10 eee inding its o¥? weight) f ¢ the width to be located at & = 124 MPs, — span of 9M simple “Penter of the st cent fo D from the on the width of the bi the effective depth eam. of the beam. Compute the steel area requi k= 4=9/10D _jinoD D =889 say 900 mm b= 450 mm ® Effective depth: 4=,90900) 4=810mm Recheck: 1 R=3653 | 3 (5-53)( 401)( 866) d=\j@ Rp R=0.96 mate 2700049) =P < B10 = 720009)2(1000, oe 00m S < 810 (safe M = 273375 x 103 Nom oe gee reanines 209 «103 = 0.96 ba? bd’ = 284765625 of A, = 273375 (0.900) : oe )? = 284765625 Ato) As = 3143 mm2 a Eee ok concrete ‘tlowable | ae 0.80 3 © Compa 2 Compu @ Compu @ Comp? Solution: ® Effect M| 3, Problem: { 20 mm x 400 mm wooden beam is to be replaced with an valent 300 mm concrete beam, The beam is expected to carry imum load. The span is 6 m and the concrete beam is to be te Jened on the basis of fe = 5.53 MPa, f= 124 MPa, j = 0-875, R= 0.907 MPa, v = 0.35 MPa. Use 60 mm steel covering. Weight ‘of concrete is 2400 ke/m3. Weight of wooden beam is 7200 Nim. MMtowable bending stress of wood is 12.4 MPa. 19.80 MPa. (bond stress) AN ® Compnte the effective depth of the replaced beam. @ Compute the shearing stress of the beam, @ Compute the required steel reinforcement of the beam. @ Compute the bond stress between concrete and steel. WwW A Solution: © Effective depth of the beam: 6M ~ ba? 14 = 550(400) M=83x 10 Non 3x 106 = MEFUOO) w= 18444 Nim es We of beam = 0.25(.4)(7200) e iisaiyemeanancenate vont 720 Nim Try d=610 i 3444 - 720 Live load = 17724 Nim Total depth = 610 + 65 (same load to be carried by Total depth = 675 mm. concrete beam) 9, Wt, of concrete beam Mx iT: oe 1000) 3(,675)(2400)(9.81) M= 7975800 N.mm =H Ne d=y] Ry Try b = 300 4 | 79758000 0.907(300) 341mmBond Stress: 74926. ae ‘oe — Ro y= 67476 N Desig er to DGform live ¥o the beam to h wae fe ae 4=\V 0,907(300) d= 609,90 < 610 (safe) yy = (254) 10:36 Vhe @ Shearing stress of beam: 3p = 314 ce - @ Compute t Check for shear: 224926) ge oS Crorpate ye s y @ Compu vee 5 314(0.875)(610) Seen | u= 0.40 < 0.8 MPa (safe @ Compute ' v= -22492(61) V=53756N er 7 @ Effective v = = 53756. Be 300(610) y = 0.29 MPa < 0.35 MPa (No need of stirrups) @D Steel Reinforcement: M Ayers "Seid = 01214000 124(875)(610) Ag = 1529 mm? A Using 25 mm @ As= E05) As = 491,90 491,90 N= 1529 N= 3.10 say 4 bars ©carry ® only © "assume tensio? Design » rectangular beam reinforced for eight: DSterm tive Toad of 22500 N/m exclusive % . ach apecificntion® the beam to have * simple span of 6 exe 0.09 thes Ga fee MMi fin Ue MPa, 0 2 7 i. : - a 10:14 Mfc, Yge 60 ram rteel covering fee aus © Compute the effective depth required: @ Compute the shearing stress. @ Compute the required steel reinfores ® Compute the pond stress between concre’ ement, te and steel. Solution: @ Effective depth: 22500 Nim R= $(940.37)(0.877) R= 1.46 MPa Moment due to live load PR M= 2eseaio? M = 101,250 Nm a= = Wyan B (Tous rim tor Tw ‘Tus pom [ra cont as aE Ty dpe 0 +60 ae 5, Problem: 600 mm A eras Fe Oa " Dra ad Oy = 28700 pesign a reinforced wr? concentrated load ¢ Total Moment =" f= 138 MPs. Use a sae Allowable shearing | Total Moment = 120,330 N.m Allowable bond stré Check d: ; © Compute the ef 2 Compute the st 3 Compute the st @ Compute the be 203: mad d=Vp-= Rp 1.46(300) d= 524 mm < 540 mm (ok) Solution: coon eee depth 2 Shearing stress: Chet dea : ae V = 80,220 - 26740(0.54) 0 ¥=657804N et d=0.54 m ® Bond : Stress: Check bond stress: 6 weg Stee id A oe : B=nasnsy . "97a" ia 22814 mom 4 ws 780220 1000) Ay = 1841 som 877540) poe 80200 12 G190877)540 0.539 MPa )) ‘ r=} Allow, y = 10-14 VFe 3 (990.395 D R= 1.543 MP allow, y =-10.14 20 25 low = 1.814 Mpa (0%29 5. Problem: { eS Design a reinforced concrete beam on & § tat concentrated load of 50 KN at each third point fe = 138 MPa, Use 60 mm steel covering 4 # 10° to support # pan of 6m te SO MPs, Se ‘Allowable shearing stress = 0,09 Vfe Allowable bond stress = 10.14 Vfe° D Compute the effective depth of the beam. @ Compute the shearing stress of the beam. ® Compute the steel reinforcement required. @ Compute the bond stress between concrete and steel. Solution: © Effective depth: ” SOKN SOKN 2m am _¥ 02m A |___—m—__——_ = 50 50 Be] (0)0.395)(0.868) R= 1543 MPa a/|é. R, ok) Try b= 300 mm30 wT orced sale —eE » Steel reinforceme 1000), d= V1 543300) Det. steel requiremer M. Cm de 465 mm Teyd= 930mm =" Taval depth = $30 +60 fase aa Tonal depth = 590 mim 118.77(1000Y Fel der ono 599 81)08) 417 Aut As = ¥39(0.868)(53 Mou =twi? Ay = 3871 mm? Mp =} 4.17y6? Goran ier pment N= 3.8 say 4 be joral = Mp. + MLL Use 4-25 mm ob MTotal = 18.77 + 100 Moral = 118.77 kKNam ® Bond stress bet ‘Check bond: Check d: Reg’é af Rp i 300) Reqd < sceie ») d= 530 mm a Zp=m25\(4) 2, =314 mm 2 Shear fe w= 0.433 MPa V=6251 KN Re u V= 60.30 KN y = 9930(1000) allow. w= 1.81 v= 0.09 V0 allow. » = 0.402 MPa » ¥ = 0.379 (ok) actual™~ rem — | @ Steel reinforcements: Det. steel requirements: M_ opi A, = 118: 711000) 's = 138(0.868)(530) As = 1871 mm? x F257? N= 1871 N = 3.8 say 4 bars Use 4 - 25 mm 9 bars ® Bond stress between concrete and steel: Check bond: ae Vv. "oid Zo = 1(25)(4) Zoe 314mm y= 02510000) _ 314(0.868\530) u=0433 MPa es allow. x = OleNfe a es y= 101s V20 3 ‘liow. y= 1.814 MPa > actual u (ok)rs concrete PO to carry ® unit Desi, Jar reinforced ‘a simple span, of 8 m. Allows, Wren of concrafe and stecl re jem? and 1427 kpjen, ‘Use 6 cm. 88 ‘steel cover IE ym the eet Allowable” shearing stress = 4.24 kefem’ ‘Allowable bond stress = 6.77 ke/em? Conmote the effective depth of the POST” Compute the max. shearing treo of the beam- oS Fayuired steel reinforcements- te the max. bond stress betwee steel and concrete. = 13.48 = 96:6(.882)(.353) “Vz Re~~, oa rom Beceem fe Seed nt ieee 45464 51cm S1@) Dead Load = goy2 (2400) Load = 306 kg/m eed 09.68 + 306 Lappetpl os $15.68(8)2(100) u=® 8 M= 652544 kg/m W=815.68 ke/m 652544 a d=44 cm (0k), t i i I t L e b © Shearing Stress: heck for shear at a distance “d" from face of support. w= 815.68 kg/m V= 3262.72 - 815. 68 4S V= 2895.66 kg oA RTE _-¥= 257 kg/em? < 4.24 kg/cm? (safe) _ ® Steel reinforcements: oe ** Ta27(,882)(45) 11.52 en? se4-2eme x As= 7 Q)QK4) At= 12.56 cm? oe Stress: = —_3215.36 “Oa 882)(45) a 3.22 kg/em? < 5.77 kg/em? (safe) Real ET TAITM 2 i® Spacing of stirrups: Godfr hear Mo rm ls fi Using 20 mm @ Ay = £@0?= 314 314 = 857.50 Ne 2.73 say 3 bars (center span) 3-20 mm o eae 124(:857(400) Ay = 21438 10mm Aiea oe 4=% (16)? =201 mm? 201 N= 214.38 ‘N= 1.07 say 2 bars Use 2 - 20 mm @ (for simplicity in laying out the bars at the actual site) Saetrecer aren (first and last span) As= Fd ‘A, = 29160000 5 = 124(.857)(400) As = 686 mm? © Use 3-20 mm 9 rs ‘ann Ry SECTION B-B 10 mm, stirrup’ Preuss Pome a Using 10 mm 9 st 32 u020- Ay = 4 10 (2) 157(164) $= 9.15(200) §= 648 mm da MaxS=> 400 UseS="5- § = 200 mm on Bond stress: Check for Bond Vv = 48600 a? eo eo id Eq = 1(20)(3) - _ 48600 4 = 188.5(.857) u=0.75 MPa « = 10.14 Vi =. 20 Uq = 2.10 MI—~ pM Using 10 mm @ stirrups: Ay= | 10") = 157 mm? $= 648 mm qd Max S= > 220mm 9 UseS=~ $= 200 mm on centers | Sere apenas 120mm 6 extra bar Bond stress: Check for Bond Stress: V= 48600 i Zoid Sy = 1(20)(3) = 188.5 48600 4 188.5(.857)(400) u=0.75 MPa < 2.10 MPa (safe) 10.14 Vie a) 10.14 Vig. Se 20 Mq = 2.10 MPaey, pelle. ebveeeye 882 ? in the design- cto: be used I i fi Jinforcement Freq & ting of 10 mm 9 stirrups. ay ae between steel and concrete. oo eee i Ma Lr 2MBNL; + 1p) + Me Ly = MEL = wh ° i ha 04-5) +2 MB(4.5 +45) 4 Mcx4.5) = -18000(4.5)3( () 18Mg + 4.5Mcx- 820195 A 2) 4.5My+ 18Mc= => 8201 1) 19Mp + 4 SMcs. ot 72Mp + 18M, 3280509, ~ 820125 for # concrete hy ‘a total uniform |. 5 m each and ¢, Das Oe tor tension ANY AS three SPAMS OT MPa, fe = 124 My, ‘effective depth. uired at the first and lasta / rey ne SRNR REE RN Fe ‘ peaels. kd iti 7460275 = - 36450 Nm 675M = + 24003 Mp = Ry (4.5) = 18000(4.5) ce 5) agas0 = Ry (4.5) « 182250 Ry © 324000 N k 18000(4.5)(3) 32400 89100 RES Mp= - 36450 + @ Effective depth: i ° a =F w 2 a > j=0857 1 Me fo kj bd? | M = 36450(1000) N.mm : 1 36950 x 103 = 1 (7.74)(428). 857) (5 4= 371.70 mm say 400 mm e on = 200 mm 45 Steel reinforcements: d requirements at the supports B and ( Ae Saja 3 Ay = 36450000 _ 124(.857)(400) Ay= 857.50 mn?> —— sing moaifie’ k: Design the reinforced ceanerete for tension only. Kaa=! K beam Beal ban Sie ow weight) equal we Ser er sin san Mes Beit. Use wor, a stress design. Use moment distribution method. {ndicate the pro, Kec= ay placement of bars: : Kep= 9% 4 © Compute the max. moment of the beam. ph ss ARS entecive depth required. ® Compute oe pre . ae Z stirrups ibution fact = Saas pFas=° (4 © Compute i ee DFBA= DFsc=— 3 1+ DFcp=10 Fixed end Mo = 12 50 Map=->\UALBOK o poet 40 fie 162-125 ye 150.62 kD 150620 = ¥ = 300(630) 6 Ra + 192.75 = SOC6K3) + 128.62 ven0® Rae 13931 vq = 0.09 V2 vq = 0-41 oe yi = 0.80 - 0 6 Rc + 192.75 = S0(6)3) . Rc = 117.88 KN We50) a SFy=0 nse i mois Rat Ra + Rc= 5X12) oo Rp = 50(12) 117.88 - 139.31 ara mn 0.3903 $= 185.11 Max. M = 192.19 kN.m9 spacing of stirrups: oral depth = 630 + 60 otal depth = 690 mm W=50 kN/M, shearing stress: v ved b 6 m—_—f- 6 m yo 182.12 - 50(.63) 139.31 342.81 117.88 ye 150.62 KN [ae aG sae Se i 150620 182.12) + | = 300(630) | y= 0.80 yq= 0.09 V 20.7 y= 0.41 y'=0.80- 0.41 v=0.39 sehvbe vib ___ Ay=157 for 10 mm 9 U stirrups 5 1571138) _ 0,39(300) = 185.18 say 180 mm 0.¢. 630 2 $= 315 mmus Pt wart a @ Steel requirement! Section A Ae Ai 4 A= SHG) Ay = 1700 mmm? Using 20 mm @ & owe 1700 N= 5.4 say 6 bars on two rows oc 125 40 4=60750 A _ 128.62 x 108 | * 138(.87)(607.5) a Ag = 1763 = FOP N= 1763 e e N= 5.62 say 6 bars (ok) se 120) sy © Bond stress: a! Va 139.31 KN : Section F Ey = m120\6) : 3, =120n a 139310 ** 120 (.87)(607.50) a 4=0.70 MPa , gael VE : : || Dba)eu Pine ag Adequacy of the beam: section D: e 65.72 x 10 As = 138(.87)(630) Ag = 869 mm? ¥ 07 N= 869 t N = 2.77 say 3 - 20 mm 9 bars Section B: 192.19 x 106 As = 138(.87)(630) domme 22umne Ay = 2541 mm? - a (20)2 (6) + a (22)2 = 2644 mm? (ok) f f Bond stress: | V= 182.12 KN t Zp = (20) (6) + 1(22) (2) | 2p = 1640 182120 * [64m (.87)(630) 4=0.64 < 1.63 MPa (safe) Section F: el x 106 ee \ 138(.87)(630) © As 1841 u x 4 20)? N= 1841 N= 5.86 say 6 bars 6-20 mm 9 / 2-22 mm 9 (extra bars)eymaci a Lyk getleX 50 HAS AOLST 20.451 sign the CFOSs-cect, Sua for tension | Tse 60 min steel coy peam loads ing, one the placement of bar, R= : aeadiond OF ‘he ; , depth of tirrups) z @ Compute the oo of the 10 mm ed at sections A, B,, ‘Compute: ste : . = +60 . = B, and C. Tonal depth = as ux Toual depth = 640 ™ 30. kN mm @ Spacing of 19 ‘Shearing stress ‘Mg = - 160.38 KN. Mc=- 96875 KN. Rp 303) + 15025) 2 +20(12.5) = 10 Re + 160.38 Re= 135.15 kN : ; ; : 1 Men O41 MPa ——_BRa+ 18 Rc + 79815 = 2084) + 2020.5) + 30(11) + 150125 [ 3+ Rp = 192.42 KN , Use 10 mm o stirru Ra + Rp + Re = 20(8) + 30 Avfy 60 Er ) + 30 + 15(12.5) + 20 s243 f Max. M = 160.38 kN. ik v= 0.54-0.41=0 ke Ay=% (10)? @)= a F g< 1920128), ; 0.13(300) eI 18 , 2 Se ss6 os oasaoH, 56 mm & Use Max. s= 4 3 " 2 © Max, 5 = 8° 2 Max. S = 290 mwo mem : Le pegleX 30. K4SMANBD _ 1 69 ey = R Me a=VR b 300 Try E 160.38 x 10° ' 1,62(300) B, ay 2574.5 mmsay 580 mm | Total depth = 580 + 60 fe telal. depth = 640 mm 20 knee | @ Spacing of 10 mm stirrups: i ‘Shearing stress: —lpF vp gat | Ve 10235 - 1500.58) V= 93.65 KN —— E Use 10 mm 6 stirrups: goth vib eS 52182028) ol a 0.13(300) at © $2556 mm@ Steel requirements: At section BE: Using 20 mm 6 for N= 61 "N= 1.95 say 2 bars At section B: M As=7 5 "fs id _ 160.38 x 102 *~ 138(.87)(580) Ag = 2303 mm? Using 20 mm 9 x = 2 F 20 N = 2303 N= 17.3 say 8 bars (two rows) Revised d = 580 - 22.5 d=5575 ‘Ag = 260:38 x 106 138(.87)(557.5) 7 202. N = 2396 N= 7.63 say 8 bars (ok) arsection F As= jf, id 104.06 x 1 As= 13887 1494 mm? As= Using 20mm @ % oy? N= 145 5m N= 476 At section C 96.87 As = ¥38(.87) As = 1391 Using 20 mn E (992 N= 5 207 N= N=! At section / M_ S50 7 id Using 20 | x 4 (20)2.N——L————aeEe | atsection F: As*j, jd 104.06 x 106 ; As = 138(.87(580) As = 1494 mm? Using 20 mm @ x (20) N= 1494 N= 4.76 say 5 bars 5-20mm9 ‘At section C: 5-20 mm 9 As = 738(87)(580) Ay= 1391 Using 20 mm 0 Foe N= 1391 | een ee N= 4,43 say 5 bars 420mm0 At section A: ‘ M. ' {2 4° fe id _ 79.815 x 10° 138(.87)(580) As= 1146 As Using 20 mm @ zt 4202 N = 1146 N= 3.65 say 4 bars” i 30g\ pm . Se ct beam having m swith of 300 mm and an effect ry, we 0 mm, carries & moment of 80 kN-m which de ‘of § MPa in the concrete, 5 Hn= % compute the distance of the neutral axis from the top of t beam. @ Compute the steel reinforcement required. © Compute the stress developed in the steel. Solution: © Distance of N.A. from top of the beam: Me=}fe kj be k Mc=}fek [: | bd? gox10=3() L: =f] (300)(600)2 16-2) _ 0.296 kg = 0.333(600) k= 200 _ ® Steel reinforcement: ‘Using transformed section method: 900(200)(100) = nA,(400) 300(200)(100) = 9.A,(400) 4, = 1667 mm? (steel reinforcement required) Stress developed in steel: M,= A, f, jd 80x 105 = 1667 f, (.889)(600) = 90 MPa (stress developed in the steel)i. Problem: { 300 mm a crete beam with width of 4 -Sretir ar tttetest oo iig dered aiipade len bending moment of 200 kN.m. The beam is reinforced with 44 mm ¢ bars. The modular ration = 8 © Using the alternate (working stress). Design method. Which of ‘the following most nearly gives the distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam (kd) in mm, ‘ @ Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum stress ‘im concrete in MPa. oo ® Which of the following most ne, in concrete in kN. Solution: © Distance of the neutral axis from the '0p of the beam: mAs=8(F) 2) (4)= 25736 mm? 300 x (F) =n.As (600- x) 150%? = 25736 (600 - x) = 171.57 (600- x) 2? + 171.57 - 102942 =0 x = 246.33 ® Maximum stress in concrete in MPa: 600 -x = 353.67 3 1= OHI as736(053.67)2 1 4714 x 106 mm4 fe=ME _ 200 x 108 (246.33 7 4714 x 10° fe= 1045 MPa (max stress in concrete) Total comp. force in concrete in kN: at ea> = 10.45(150)(246.33) 386122 N 386 KN (compressive force in concrete)method, © Value of kd: b(t #2 =n As (d- ke) 2D (kd)? = 10 (1400) (400 - ka) (kaj? = 140 (400 - kd) (kd)? + 140 kd - 56000 = 0 kd = 176.78 mm —o beam having « width of 200mm and a0 a K, ium Je elaforeed wich eel Bary Moving : modulus ratio n= 10 and using working13. Problem: 0 mm. and an effective Jinforced concrete has a width of 28 ie depth of Sen Tein reinforced with 4-28 mme bs fettom. If fe’ = 21 MPa and f= 140 MPa, 7 = 9 \e wxis to th © Which of the following is the distance from neutral #xt of the beam. © Which of the following gives the beam description. : © Which of the following gives the moment carried by the beam Solution : © Location of neutral axis: 2 ogy As= F087 4) As= 2463 mm? mAs = 902453) n As= 2167 mm Using transformed section method: 2069) pete n As (520-2) Mos = 22167 (520. ¥ + 158.344 - 823346 = 0 += 218.49 mm (distance 520- + =30151 mm. from neutral axis from top of beam) Moment of inertia: 280218 498 pe + zr167001 519 For tel: T= 2988.7 x 196 M. T Lc = M, 01.51) 2988.7 x 108 M,= 154.2 106 Concrete wilt fail bes 0.45¢21) = Mc 218.49) Re Te Mc = 129.3 » jg N.mm, Moment carried by the beam M = 129.3 kN.m, of the follc ich of the follo th of the follo mn of neutra 7x 50 (6)53 concrete beam have a wid effective ‘ det ‘of 450 mm and # modular ne sea the Sen comrlacerh on developed for concrete and steel are 6 MPa and 120 MPa to af geecrely |g Which of the following fives the location of the neutral axis. @ Which of the following gives the applied bending moment. @ Which of the following gives the steel area required. Solution : | @ Location of neutral axis: be. 5 x 450-x ' 18x= 450 (6) x=150 @ Applied bending moment: 450- x = 300 ja=4s0-122 id= 400 cxf (250) (150) €=5 (250) (150) C= 112500 N Me=C jd Me = 112500 (400) —— Me=45x 10 N.mm — Me=45 kN.m. mm |g steel vier x reinfor™ Steel area required: BOG) (5 )= 0 As (450-*) 250 2. ASO 10 As (300) ¥ the ve™ AS = 937.5 mm?.beam o mm, cad ste oe eae jing momen It te eon nnn = 8 ond using working stress Transformed moment of inertia of the beam: 300.007 =n As (500-29 150 x? = 8 (1200) (500 - x) x? = 64x - 32000 = 0 x = 149.73 500 - x = 3500.27 I= 00.2 5m As (500 - x7 1 = 1513.5 x 106 ® Max. stress developed in concrete: MC _ 70x 108 (149.73) Fea. * 1513.5 x30 fe = 693 MPa ® Max. stress developed in steel: Me be eciGe 350.27, 1513.5 x 10! niga MPa« Baterced conarete boaia, the width is 300 mm and effective Raha is developed tae Mt? = 9. If the maximum stress of (90 kNam, he concrete when resisting a moment of ® hiowtneg the following gives the neutral axis from the top of | ® Which of the following gives the area of steel required. © Which of the following gives the stress developed in the steel. Cap feb c a) (00) (x) = 750x Yai 300— 20) e004 M=Cjd=C [s00-2] eee VT it 80 x 10° = 750x [s00 - ‘ | or. 106666.67 = 600x - 320000 = 1800x - x? 2? - 1800x + 320,000 = 0 72 eve 1400 _ 599 Area of steel required: 400 300 1 As (600-2) 150 (200)? = 9 As (400) As = 1666.67 mm? (area fo steel) Stress developed in the steel: 5 fs fd | id= 600 C00 533.33 80 x 10° = 1666.67 fx (533.33) 7 £5 = 90 MPa (stress of steel)F é ‘ NY pm ee Ff t go kN at the center span, using a balanced - stress reinforcement paving an effective depth of 600 mm with 60 mm as steel covering, from center of reinforcing bars and f, = 8 MPa, f,= 120 MPa, ne 10. 7 oF simply supported beam 6 m tong to carries a concentrated toad of © Compute the location of the neutral axis. | @ Compute the effective depth of the beam. 9 Compute the steel requirement of the beam. 600 - x= 360 mm 2 Effective depth: PL 4 = 280 mm Dead weight = 0,28(0.66)(2400) = 443.52 ke/m Dead weight = 443.52 = 45.21 Nim y= S210" z snoa00%6 P=80 kN | 3 | —60 Beams Ri e 1 R= 5feK 10882 = 2 R=139 gen oo = \ 1.390280) = 556 say 560 d= 560 mm < 600 mm e Steel requirement: Using transformed section method: 28060) (5 ) = mAs( 600-2) 140(x)? = 10 4,(600 - 2) 140(240)? = 10(360) As Ay = 2240 mm? As = 22.40 cm? Using 32 mm 9 x As= 7 G2)? As = 804 mm? No. of bars needed = 2240 804 No. of bars needed = 2.79 say 3 > 32mm 9 barsale 7 eo | cone it was designed = 124 MPs. 2.5 MPa, yete beam shown has a simple span of 5m. I ing to ACI specifications with f', = 20 MPa, fx that the web reinforcement is satisfactory, 7 ~ pe 20 MPa, j= 7/8, n= 10. © Compute the safe moment capacity of beam. @ Compute the yalue of the concentrated load P that the beam could carry at its midspan if moment governs. © Compute the value of P if shear governs. @ Compute the value of P if bond stress governs. Solution: @ Moment capacity of beam: nA,j = 10 [z 252) +5 870] = 22133 mm? nA,2 = 10 = 22 «| = 32170 450 mm— se 450x G) = 22133(875 - x) + 32170(950 - x) 22x? = 49927875 - 54303x x? + 241x- 221902 = 0 x= 366mm 875 -x= 509 mm 574 mm. 940 - 3 Iz ss0geey + 22133(509)2 + 32170(574)? 1= 23688 x 10° mm* 1. Moment capacity of concrete: Mex Sem M,(366) 0.45020) = McG 129) = 53688 x 10° Me = 582.5 x 10° Nmm Me = 582.5 KN. a Mys74 5 Moma rat doal 10 ~ 23688 x 10° a erect of ore 11.73 x 108 N.mm fe _M,(940 - x) ey 11,73 kNan- M; Safe M = 511,73 kN.m ae Zeaoe 1 figere " e fig whe | | Fes orting @ we 0scose4) Prswin goncentrate w= 106 KN ts 4 3 ‘om met 8 =. lee p = 382.88 KN e : a Se Value of P if shear governs: Pr Fe ccawpate — ia @ Compute vey mane © cavity wz’ sould be measured from the centroid of steel ares 0 the face of © the allo: the beam in compression. ‘ a Apy=A;yi+As¥2 © @ Safe » (aby) + A,2) d= Ags 875) +14,20950) Ei 10 (22133 + 32170)d = 22133(875) + 32170(950) : see a 2s0x (2) es me PLI4+WL?/8 Be ax x= 163 m Vers 106 Q = 10.6(0.919) 2 V=05P + 16.76 kN i < 72500 25={0:5P + 16.76)(1000) é | en f= 1120) P= 2034 kN 9) i : Moment c ® Value Sie cs pos Sd fie stress governs: Zid aE WE v aa P ¥=7+106(3) V=05P 4265 25 m25)(2), ‘ ‘ 2-08 4/275 ny Per RO) Safe P = 342.4 a Ms = 61.2 Safe resie ve hi Wee Mp etgepineon we MaReree eww ih i NI PMMA EMT AMATI MLM, Mallon Dua Juni i Wh at the Tine eal Matalaneing one \, \ Pe UU Wi ne ene placed ww Mebane WM AY th Wilh il ie hone ty HOO tee wn aM ih | wi Wile tye WM te Wd A, AVG Woe | \xii Hie mall beinlartiiy perme aE Hie Dennett Au Hy Whe an we he Henan Wh \\ Ws ha Hanae Ht ersten ot The abel hire awed am AVANT HHT tinge AE etna Avni ey Wye \AKD) (aay? (A) w 14 P 8 rv aaa (Es enc WA AAR i. : Le WAN | | eae | tthe A ae 4 BAI, yung $e BAN Vea Pe AVA WY a ome oop 0! MS ery MAN AYN Ant Be & AX AY Naw ® ALAN Sater ener ves a WARY : ; We ma Mea RS NA FAL EANS ae daconk none: + ANA09 — the figare shown below is a cross-section of a cantilever beam supporting @ uniform load of 2.5 kN/m including its own weight and a concentrated load of 30 kN at its free end. Reinforcing bers of 3 - 25 mm bars whose center is placed at a distance of 60 mm from the top. The width of the beam is 250 mm and effective depth is 390 mm. Using f. = 8 MPa, fs = 124 MPa, a =2 MPa, n = 10. © Compute the safe resisting moment of the beam. © Compute the span of the beam. ® Determine the length of embedment of the steel bars based on the allowable tensile stress of steel. Solution: ® Safe resisting moment: n= 10 (F) (25)? (3) = 14726 mm? 250% (5) = 147260390 - x) x? + 118r - 45945 =0 x= 163 mm 390- x= 227 mm 3 12 BOU6S 1472602277 = 1120 x 106 mm? Moment capacity of concrete: T =. —Mc(163) 1120 x 10° M, = 55 x 108 N.mm 55 kKN.m Moment capacity of steel: £ _M,G90 - x) 1 124 __M,227) 10 ~ 1120 x 106 M; = 61.2 x 10° N.nm Safe resisting moment2 MPs 55 = 300) +2 I? +24L- 44=0 L=171m ® Length of embedment: Length of embedment = Le F+T w(ndy(L,)=% @ d, . - are 15 m long, ompute the safe moment capacity of ® Compute the uniformly distributed load tarry when so reinforced, Solution: D Area of steel reinfarnemans.hollow concrete beam with PY BRST Spans Geo mont ne bonre fe relnferced with 16 mun Bl Z a“ ne center to the bottom of the bean. Ty) ip the tr bars beam has a simple span of 6 mi ‘© Compate the moment capacity of concrete. @ Compute the moment capacity of steel. ee ® What total uniform load (including its own weight) could the beam carry besides « concentrate load of 8 KN at midspas Je = 7 MPa, f, = 124 MPajn= 12, a lution: © Moment capacity of concrete: Assume the neutral axis to be above the hollow section, mA, = 12 (F)(6)%4) = 9651 mm 2s0x (5) = 9651¢400 - x) 2? +77.2x - 30883 = 0 = 141 mm< 150 mm (ok as assumed) 400 - x= 259 mm 12 OLN? 96510250)2 £ ~ 200x + 1 196x - 117992 = WakN/m M_ = 83.74 x 10° Nmm Me = 83.74 KN.m Moment capacity of steel; ‘L6m—__ For steel Le, M(400 - x) md ® Total uniform toad: 124 __M,(259) MPL, wi2 12 “881 x 108 Ae = 35.15 x 10° Nmm 35.15 kN.m M = 35.15 kNm 95.15 = MO, wie)?|‘ omnis ne having an 8 m si A beam Simple span has a cross-section shown in the figar®: 4 o—.. the transformed moment of inertia of the neutral axis _ @ Compute the moment capacity of beam. ° the maximum concentrated load that this bear can 5 — _— its own weight. Use f, = 7 MPa, f,= 124 MPa, Solution: © Transformed moment of inertia: nA, = 10 @) (25)%(4) = 19635 mm? 400x @) = 200(x - joa) = 10) = 19635(550 - x) 200x2 - 100(x2 - 20x + 10000) = 19635(550 - x) 2x2 - (x2 - 200x + 10000) = 107992 - 196x x - 196x - 117992 = 0 x= 198mm rt x-100=98 mm - ae $0-1=352mm 3 1-008. 200008)" + 19635(352)2 abo | 1 = 3405 x 10 mm4# sola ‘eof _ ®@ Moment capacity: For concrete: pate M198) 3405 x 10° M, = 120 x 10° N.mom M, = 120 kN.m. For steel: M, = 120 x 108 N.mm 4M. aa 2) M._= 120 kN:m (balanced design) ‘124__M,052) Safe M = 120 kN.m 10 ~ 3405 x 10°coe : minimus > Mos. concentrated load it could carry: Ph we uae*y ight of beam w: ay ro 61) - 0.20(0.40)9. 82.4) w= 3.96 kNIm 3.8608) p=, S889 shown having a span of 6m. If n= (2 MPa. é capacity of concrete. nt capacity of steel. concentrated that the beam could © Moment capacity of concrete: thulostioaot ie BA ce nA, = 12 () (2074) = 15080 mn? De 150) 2159) — 15030400 - 1) Sean A 2 $62 - 300: +22500)=201(40 - x ° 3 RLS 21? - 99x. 57900 = s 97 ptr Be ts0 1, of 5 Nas 20 -*=203 mm = 09 1 4 ; ie 24 STE + sonc052 oH 1 1009 x 10° nant For concrete; 9 = — M197) 1009 x 106 Me = 46.10 x 108 N. mom Me =46.10 kNim|g Moment capacity of steel: Forseel: b M(400 -x) . T y24__Ms203) M, = 51.36 x 10° N.mm M, = 51.36 KN.m Safe M= 46.10 kN.mm 3 Max. concentrated load at the third: PL, wl? | max M= + 8 (0.30(0.46) - 0.15(0.15)} (9.81)(2.4) = 2.72 kNAn | P=16.93 kN -(P+3W) recessed seats for precast slabs. section shows » beam with om the center of bers to the ith & steci covering of only 60 mam fr ‘of beam. FP 16ssse whe neutral axis of the bean for # balanced condition. Metermine the amount of steel required for @ balanced design. <= 7MPa, f, = 124 MPa, 1 = 10-Investigation of Beams @ Steel requirement for a balanced design: x- 150 = 103 mm 700 - x = 447 mm - 150) 200r (3) + 100¢¢ - 150 2=19 a) = nA,(700 - 100x + 100(x - 150)? = nA,(700 - x) 100(253)? + 100(103) = 10A,(447) As = 1669 mm? —-~ ee les tension only, is carrying a unifors| % le span of % pecnn Le 14 MPa aad 6 The allowable Stresses art ® Compute the safe moment capacit: : ® What uniform load can the bears eile 9 Determine also the distance from the center of own Weight? bars "a", "a" and "b", "b maybe out, “°ner Of the beam wher Solution: Safe moment capacity; 4u=(B) @0)%4) = 1957 mm? 4i=(F) (28)%4) = 2463 mm? oat