SCIENCE CHINA

Technological Sciences
• RESEARCH PAPER • September 2010 Vol.53 No.9: 2355–2362
doi: 10.1007/s11431-010-4052-y

The characteristic properties of PEDOT nano-particle based on

reversed micelle method
ZHENG HuaJing*, JIANG YaDong, XU JianHua & YANG YaJie
State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films & Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science
and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China

Received November 23, 2009; accepted June 1, 2010

Based on the study of a new type of conducting polymer poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), this paper focuses on
the preparation and the materials properties of PEDOT nanoparticles made by reversed micelle method. Investigations on op-
tical, electrical and the thermal stability of PEDOT nanoparticles were carried out. The main results were as follows: The
small-sized PEDOT nanoparticles were prepared by different methods, such as ultraviolet/visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, fou-
rier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and so on. The Bragg peaks of nanoparticles at
6.7°, 12.7°, 25° were observed by XRD and the good orientation of molecular chain was attributed to the effective doping of
toluene-p-sulfonic acid, which also resulted in an enhancement of thermal stability of nanoparticles compared with the conven-
tional PEDOT. Furthermore, the gas sensitivity of nanoparticles deposited on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was studied
and the nanopartices deposited device exhibited excellent sensitivity to HCl gas at low concentration. Gas sensitivity of the
nanoparticles by the reverse micelle was better than that of the common PEDOT particles.

poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene), conducting polymer, reversed micelle, n-particle, photoelectric properties, thermal stability

Citation: Zheng H J, Jiang Y D, Xu J H, et al. The characteristic properties of PEDOT nano-particle based on reversed micelle method. Sci China Tech Sci,
2010, 53: 2355−2362, doi: 10.1007/s11431-010-4052-y

Due to its orderly shape and larger surface, conductive
polymer nanoparticles have potential use in many fields,
such as catalysis, separation, medicine relief and sensor, and
thus have received much attention [1–3].
At the end of 1980s, German company Bayer AG suc-
cessfully developed a pth derivatives: 3, 4-ethylenedi-
oxythiophene (PEDOT). With the characteristics of high
conductivity, stability, good optimal opacity and ease to
produce, PEDOT has a brilliant future in producing
antistatic coating, organic display device, storage and
transformation of energy, and sensors. Scientists have
achieved great progress in studying PEDOT. In this essay,
the structure of PEDOT was studied, as well as its charac-
teristics in chemistry, electric chemistry, photo-electric-
*Corresponding author (email: zhj12@163.com)
magnetic, sensitivity and its processing technology [4–7].
The methods to prepare PEDOT have been reported Ichi-
nohe and his fellows reported that they used the reversed
micelle method to prepare conducting polyaniline [8].
However, the process of preparing PEDOT nanoparticles by
reversed micelle method has never been reported. This es-
say mainly discussed how to use the reversed micelle
method to prepare PEDOT, as well as the performance, the
optical ability and heat stability of nanoparticle.
1 Experiment
1.1 Materials and equipment
3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT, from Bayer AG), yel-
low solution, sodium bis (2-ethylhexy) sulfosuccinate (AOT,

© Science China Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 tech.scichina.com www.springerlink.com
2356 ZHENG HuaJing, et al. Sci China Tech Sci
from Sigma-Aldrich Company), n-hexane (AR), FeCl3
(from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagent Company), de-
ionized water prepared by high purity water system (Youpu
high purity water preparation system, from Shanghai Ken-
qiang Equipment Company), with conductivity 0.5 μS/cm.
98-1 magnetic stirrer (from China He’nan Gongyi Yingyu
Equipment Company), SZ-82 four-probe resistance instru-
ment (from China Suzhou Huayi Company), and ZK-82A
vaccum drying machine (from China Chengdu Tianyu Elec-
tric Drying Machine Company ).
1.2 Preparation of PEDOT nanoparticals
The nanoparticals were synthesized by oxidation-implanta-
tion system. The implantation and polymerization took
place at the same time in the procedure and produced
nanoparticals with higher conductivity.
Experiment procedure: First, dissolve 3.8 g AOT in 15 mL
AR to form AOT reversed micelle. Second, pour 0.47 mL
FeCl3 (10.2 M)-toluene sulphonic acid solution (0.3 M) into
the AOT solution slowly, while magnetic stirring. Third,
0.45 g EDOT is stirred into the mixed solution. While the
color of the mixed solution changes from yellow to black,
polymerization of EDOT is happening. After 12 h, the black
sediments from the clear liquid and wash them by ethanol
and deionized water for at least 3 times. Dry the sediments
in vacuum environment at 60°C and get PEDOT particles.
The oil/water chemical polymerization reaction was
adopted to prepare normal PEDOT particles, which are
blue-black and electric conductive. The polymer particles
were separated and pressed into 5 mm round flats by
preforming machine. Conductivities of the flats were meas-
ured by the four-probe resistance instrument.
1.3 Measurement of the photoelectric characteristics
The spectral catalogue of the nanaoparticles was measured
by DT-1000CE ultraviolet-visible-infrared spectral equip-
ment (LabTech Inc.). The TEM device was JEC-200 trans-
mission electron microscopy (Japan, NEC). The XRD de-
vice was DX-25 vertical angle measuring apparatus (the
Dandong Fangyuan Instrument Co., Ltd of China).
Figure 1 SEM of nanoparticles prepared in different FeCl3 solutions. (a) 0.47 mL; (b) 0.83 mL.
September (2010) Vol.53 No.9
2 Results and discussions
2.1 Appearance and surface characteristics of nanopar-
ticles
The PEDOT nanoparticles were produced by reversed mi-
celle method. AOT/AR solution mixed with FeCl3 solution,
and AOT became the reversed micelle, while Fe3+ ions were
absorbed by AOT ion chemical base and turned into oxidant
active point at the interface of the reversed micelle. EDOT
monomers were polymerized at oxidant active point and
formed small-sized PEDOT nanoparticles.
The size of PEDOT nanoparticles was greatly influenced
by the size of reaction water nuclear, which was related to
the trace water in FeCl3 solution. Figure 1 shows the pic-
tures of two different appearances of PEDOT nanoparticles,
which were produced by 3.8 g AOT, 15 mL AR, 0.45 g
EDOT monomers reacted with 0.47 or 0.83 mL (10.2 mol/L)
FeCl3 solution. The reversed micelle, also called wa-
ter-in-oil emulsion, could contain more water and form
many little pools, whose sizes were of nano magnitude. So
the size of emulsion drop could be controlled by the content
of water. In Figure 1, the more trace water added in during
polymerization, the larger the water nuclei and larger
PEDOT nanoparticles. More trace water also increased the
probability of collision of small-sized and large-sized water
nuclei, meanwhile the microemulsion structure of wa-
ter-in-oil limited the growth of the particles fundamentally.
Also as monomers could partly distribute on the interface of
oil and water, they worked as assistant emulsifier.
The ultrasound treatment affected the appearance of the
prepared nanoparticles. In the system of AOT/AR, AOT can
automatically form globular reversed micelle. Nanoparticles,
which were not with unstirred treatment and ultrasound
treatment, showed better globular nanoparticle shapes
(Figure 2(a)). The nanoparticles, which had been stirred
fiercely or with ultrasound treatment, showed irregular
particle structures (Figure 2(b)). Because the external force
on the interface of oil/water may change the shape of the
interface, the shape of the water nucleus changed. Therefore,
nanoparticles of PEDOT had irregular molecular morphol-
ogy polymerizing in the water nucleolus or interface
 ZHENG HuaJing, et al.
Figure 2 PEDOT nanoparticles morphology in the different polymerization treatments. (a) Unstirred; (b) ultrasonic treatment.
deformation condition. In the same conditions, the size of
PEDOT nanoparticles treated by ultrasonication was smaller
than that without ultrasound treatment. The ultrasonication
ruptured comparatively large water nucleolus, EDOT po-
lymerized in smaller water nucleolus and the particle size of
PEDOT was small [9].
Different reaction temperatures greatly affected the shape
of PEDOT nanoparticles. In Figure 3, when the reaction
temperature was 5°C, the shape of nanoparticles was globu-
lar, when the reaction temperature was 25°C, the shape of
nanoparticals was irregular, when reaction temperature was
50°C, the globular and coralliform shapes coexisted. It was
suggested that temperature had great influence on the
formed PEDOT particles. As the temperature rose, the
speed of polymerization accelerated.
2.2 XPS characterization of nanoparticles
The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of
nanoparticles with HCl exhibited in Figure 4. Two chroma-
togram peaks were in 168.9 and 172.5 eV in Figure 4(a). The
former peak corresponded to S of PEDOT and the latter to S
by Cl− doping. It was indicated that the generated PEDOT
nanoparticles were doped partly by Cl-. The 172.5 eV peak
of particle with the HCl treatment was improved, (as shown
in Figure 4 (b)). It explained that the more Cl− went into the
main chain of PEDOT and PEDOT was doped further.
2.3 Photoelectric characteristics of nanaparticles
Figure 5 is the ultraviolet-visible near infrared absorption
Figure 3 The PEDOT nanometer particle morphologies prepared in the different reaction temperatures. (a) 5°C; (b) 25°C; (c) 50°C.
Sci China Tech Sci September (2010) Vol.53 No.9 2357
spectra of the generated nanoparticles. The strong absorp-
tion peak of PEDOT nanoparticles was about in 880 nm.
The peak in 880 nm of the particles with HCl treatment
strengthened. The peak in 880 nm of the particles treated by
ammonia weakened, the strong absorption peak appeared in
590 nm. The 880 nm peak was corresponding to the absorp-
tion peak of PEDOT polarons and bipolarons. It was shown
that the conductive polymers were partly doped by Cl− and
HCl made PEDOT nanoparticles dope further. The much
Cl− went into the chain of PEDOT, the number polarons and
bipolarons increased. The ammonia treatment made PEDOT
back to the normal, the 590 nm absorption peak was corre-
sponding to the π→π*electronic transition in PEDOT after
doffing doping.
UV-Vis analyzed the optical properties and element
structures of common-rail organic elements. The wave-
length or frequency of the electromagnetic wave defined
element’s type of absorption spectrum. The energy of ab-
sorption spectrums was not enough to cause the change of
electric or vibration level and could cause the change of
rotational level. The absorption spectrums were called ele-
ment rotational spectrum, microwave spectrum or infrared
spectrum [10, 11]. However, if the energy of vibrate mid-
infrared light and near-infrared light approached ΔE, and
the energy was not enough to cause the energy transition, it
could merely cause transition of vibrational level with tran-
sition of molecular rotational energy level. The absorption
spectrums produced by molecular were called vibra-
tion-rotation spectrum, vibration spectrum or infrared spec-
trum [11]. When ultraviolet and visible lights were used,
whose energy approached ΔE electron, to irradiate molecular,
2358 ZHENG HuaJing, et al. Sci China Tech Sci September (2010) Vol.53 No.9

Figure 4 S (2p) energy spectrum analysis of PEDOT nanoparticle. (a) In situ preparation; (b) with HCl treatment.

Figure 5 Ultraviolet-visible near infrared absorption spectra. Figure 6 The ultraviolet-visible spectra of the different size PEDOT
nanoparticles.

electronic transition happened, accompanyed by the change

of vibration level and rotation level of molecular, and pro-
duced ultraviolet and visible spectrums.
Figure 6 was the ultraviolet-visible-near infrared absorp-
tion spectrums of the prepared nanoparticles. When the di-
ameter of PEDOT nanoparticle was less than 15 nm, the
absorption spectrum of particles exhibited a faint “blue
shift” phenomenon, which was caused by the quanta size
effect. The size of nanoparticle decreased, the energy level
became wider and optical absorption moved to short wave.
Because of the AOT modified layer on the surface of syn-
thesized PEDOT nanoparticle, the phenomenon of blue shift
was faint [12, 13].
Figure 7 XRD of PEDOT nanoparticles.
2.4 Structure characterization of nanoparticles

PEDOT nanoparticle diffraction peak appeared at 6.7°,
12.2° and 27° in Figure 7. The distance between (100) sur-
face was about 13.8 Å, which was consistent with Lei’s
result [12]. As its surface distance was half of (100) surface,
the second diffraction 2θ=12.7° corresponded to reflection
of (200) surface. The diffraction peak appeared at 2θ=25°
corresponded to reflection of (020) surface. Mixing a certain
concentration of toluene sulphonic acid could get highly
arranged PEDOT backbone and orientation in Figure 8. Choi
and his fellows have reported that similar diffraction peaks
shown at 2θ=6.5°, whether PEDOT mixed with APS or not,
and they attributed this phenomenon to a layer structure.
They also observed that as the concentration of mixing so-
lution changed, the strength of diffraction peak changed.
 ZHENG HuaJing, et al.
Those different concentrations of APS had different influ-
ences on PEDOT chain structure and orientation [14]. In
this experiment, Choi and his fellows also observed that
different concentrations of toluene sulphonic acid doping
had different influences on the structure of PEDOT
nanoparticles. While the concentration of toluene sulphonic
acid changed from 0.03–0.15 mol/L, diffraction peak in-
creased to different levels. This phenomenon indicated that
higher concentration of toluene sulphonic acid doping might
increase the orderliness of PEDOT nanoparticles’ structure.
However, Choi and his fellows observed that when the
concentration was 0.15 mol/L, 2θ=6.5° peak decreased and
2θ=25° peak had a large displacement. This is because the
chain structure and orientation of PEDOT had great changes
as the concentration of mixing solution increased. When
PEDOT was in an over mixing state and its conductivity
decreased. When the concentration of toluene sulphonic
acid doping was 0.15 M, the displacement of diffraction
peak of PEDOT nanoparticle was not observed. As com-
pared with APS, toluene sulphonic acid doping had less
mixing ability. In sum, controlling the concentration of
dopant during the composition of PEDOT nanoparticles can
effectively improve the arrangement of monocular chain of
nanoparticles and get well-mixed PEDOT polymer, whose
nanoparticles show good conductivities.
Figure 8 XRD of the different doping concentration PEDOT.
Table 1 Conductivity values of the different PEDOT particles
Particle type The initial value (S/cm)
PEDOT nanoparticles (50–55 nm) 26.3
The ordinary PEDOT particles 1.7
Table 2 Conductivities of the different diameter nanoparticles in the same doping concentration
Particle radius (nm) The initial conductivity
30–40 33.7
50–60 28.3
80–100 16.7
Sci China Tech Sci September (2010) Vol.53 No.9 2359
2.5 Study on conductivity of nanoparticles
The separated blue-black PEDOT nanoparticles were
pressed into 5 mm round flats and conductivities of the
flats were measured by the four-probe resistance instru-
ment at room temperature. The conductivities of PEDOT
particles were measured and gained at the ordinary oil-wa-
ter interface.
In Table 1, the conductivity of PEDOT nanoparticles
prepared by reversed micelle was apparently higher than
ordinary PEDOT nanoparticles’. When the PEDOT nanopar-
ticles were treated by HCl, the conductivity increased to
100.3 S/cm. When the nanoparticle was treated by ammonia,
its conductivity decreased to 0.05 S/cm. PEDOT was oxi-
dized further by oxide gas HCl. The quantities of polariza-
tion factors and double polarization factor in monocular
chain structure increased, so the conductivity increased [15].
After PEDOT nanoparticles were treated by ammonia,
PEDOT returned to the original condition. The quantity of
carrier decreased, so did the conductivity. From the table
above, the conductivity of nanoparticles treated by ammonia
decreased slowly and the conductivity of nanoparticles
treated by HCl increased fast. Because PEDOT nanoparti-
cles made by reversed micelle method were mixed during
the process of composition. Compared to the work done by
Choi and his fellows, nanoparticles made in laboratory had
higher conductivity and better monocular dispersibility [14].
The reason was that the particles were prepared and mixed
at the same time and the possibility of agglomeration of
monoculars decreased.
During the process of reversed micelle polymerization,
the dopant mixed with nanoparticles of toluene sulphonic
acid effectively was the crucial reason for the higher con-
ductivity. Table 2 was the test results of the conductivities
of the different diameter nanoparticles in 0.15 M toluene
sulphonic acid. PEDOT nanoparticles in smaller diameters
(30–40 nm) had better mixing effect and the conductivities
changed more obviously when they were mixed further.
Analyzing the structure of PEDOT nanoparticles tells
that as the concentration of toluene sulphonic acid increases,
Treated by HCl (S/cm) Treated by ammonia (S/cm)
100.3 0.05
11.5 0.01
The conductivity after further oxidation The conductivity after reduction
156.3 0.05
96.2 0.03
54.6 0.02
2360 ZHENG HuaJing, et al. Sci China Tech Sci September (2010) Vol.53 No.9

the orderliness of PEDOT nanoparticle monocular chain is

greatly improved. This phenomenon shows that under a
certain size, mixing is useful for PEDOT and the effect is
more obvious when the diameter of PEDOT is small.
When the diameter was more than 35 nm, the conductivi-
ties of PEDOT round flats increased. However, when the
diameter was less than 20 nm, the conductivity decreased
obviously in Figure 9. When the diameter was less than 20
nm, the conductivity decreased from 33.7 to 21.3 S/cm and
the conductivity decreased as the diameter decreased. When
the diameter approached a certain size, the conductivity
decreased as the diameter of nanoparticle increased. This
phenomenon was explained for two reasons: (i) Quantum
size effect. When the polymer nanoparticle dimension Figure 9 The relationship of the conductivity with particle size of the
dropped to close to or less than the Bohr radius (IP), the PEDOT nanoparticles.
electronic level near the Fermi energy changed from con-
tinuous to segregate. The phenomenon was called quantum
size effect. At this time, the nanoparticles existed on dis-
crete orbit of high level molecular. They occupied the low-
est level that was not occupied. The track spacing of mo-
lecular orbits between high level and low level increased
with particle size decreasing, the energy gap could be wider.
With the particle radius reduced, quantum size effect might
affect PEDOT nanoparticles electrical conductivity. Un-
usual properties of extremely small crystals were arising
from confinement of electrons to small regions of space in
one, two, or three dimensions. As the diameter of particle
decreased, quantum size effect might influence the conduc-
tivity of PEDOT nanoparticle. However, the quantum size Figure 10 The conductivity-temperature curves for different particle
sizes of PEDOT.
effect usually happened at lower temperature and in small
size conditions. So whether the conductivity of smaller di-
ameter PEDOT revealed quantum size effect needs further
experimental study. (ii) The composite PEDOT was pre-
pared by reversed micelle method to nanoparticles and the
particles were around a thin AOT insulated layer, which
might influence the conductivities of PEDOT nanoparticles,
due to their different diameters. Compared with large di-
ameter nanoparticles, the insulated layer was thin and easy
for carrier to jump over, so it did not influence the conduc-
tivity greatly. However, as the diameter of nanoparticle de-
creased further, the effect of this insulated layer on the parti-
cle conductivity increased, so the conductivity decreased.
This electric conductive phenomenon was similar to the
characteristics PEDOT/PSS nanoparticles.
The different PEDOT nanoparticles were pressed into Figure 11 The thermal stability study of PEDOT nanoparticles and the
thin round layer and the change of PEDOT particles con- ordinary PEODT material.
ductivity under different temperatures were measured in
Figure 10. With the temperature increasing, the conductivity measured by TG method. The mixing concentration was
of round layer increased and revealed a nonlinear relation- 0.15 mol/L, and the results were shown in Figure 11. Under
ship. The temperature raised and heat transfer of carrier of 220°C, PEDOT nanoparticles showed good thermal stability,
PEDOT aggravated, the conductivity increased. heat degradation happened at 220°C and lasted slowly.
When the temperature heated up between 310 and 450°C,
2.6 Study on thermal stability of nanoparticles heat degradation happened rapidly, while ordinary PEDOT
nanoparticles began heat degradation at about 180°C and
The thermal stability of ordinary PEDOT particles was degradated rapidly at 280°C. These phenomena showed that
 ZHENG HuaJing, et al. Sci China Tech Sci September (2010) Vol.53 No.9 2361

PEDOT nanoparticles had better heat degradation than or-

dinary PEDOT particle and were very important for pro-
ducing high quality and high stability conductive polymer
materials.
The concentration of toluene sulphonic acid mixed with
PEDOT nanoparticles had certain influence on the heat sta-
bility. In Figure 12, while the concentration increased from
0.05 to 0.35 mol/L, the heat stability of PEDOT nanoparti-
cles increased; however, when the concentration was higher
than 0.45 mol/L, the heat stability decreased. Mixingtoluene
sulphonic acid could improve the orientation and orderliness
of monocular chain of PEDOT nanoparticles, thus improve
its heat stability. However, over-mixing could decrease heat
stability and this phenomenon may be caused by over oxida-
tion, which greatly changes the main chain of PEDOT.
Figure 12 The thermal stability study of the PEDOT nanoparticles in the
Compared with the micro-emulsion method used by Choi or different doping concentrations.
mixing PEDOT nanoparticles with DBSA, PEDOT nanopar-
ticles made by reversed micelle method have better heat sta-
bility, which may be related to different dopants. If too much
toluene sulphonic acid was mixed with nanoparticles ineffec-
tively, poor heat stability of toluene sulphonic acid could
decrease the total heat stability of this mixture.

2.7 Gas sensitive properties of PEDOT nanoparticles

HCl gas sensitive properties of PEDOT nanoparticles by the

reverse micelle and the common PEDOT particles were
studied. In Figure 13, the two different PEDOT nanoparticle
solutions spin-on QCM device responded to 20 ppm HCl
gas (wt%=1.5%), and the nanoparticles size was 50 to 55
nm. With the HCl gas input, QCM device with PEDOT
nanoparticles soon reached adsorption-saturation stage
(about 20 S), the response time of PEDOT ordinary parti- Figure 13 Curves of the different PEDOT nanoparticles responded to
20 ppm.
cles was slower (about 60 S). When ventilation stopped and
with N2 diluted, the recovery speed of QCM device with
PEDOT nanoparticles by the reverse micelle was faster than
that with ordinary particles. The surface area of polymer
nanoparticles increased, and functional group density of
particle and selective adsorption ability increased by the
surface effect and the volume effect. When the QCM device
with PEDOT nanoparticles was exposed to HCl gas, gas
molecules rapidly spread into the sensitive layer and were
adsorbed in particle surface. This process contained that gas
molecule spread in (out) sensitive membrane and was ad-
sorbed by (desorbed) the surface. PEDOT nanoparticles
provided much more surfaces area and surface activities and
shortened greatly the balance time of the gas molecules, and
the response speed of device was quicker.
PEDOT nanoparticles by the reverse micelle responded
more quickly than ordinary PEDOT particles to not only Figure 14 The resume curves of different PEDOT nanoparticles re-
sponded to 5 ppm HCl gas.
HCl gas but also the low concentration gas. As shown in
Figure 14, the moving frequency and response speed of
QCM device with PEDOT nanoparticles was much faster in to adsorb in nanoparticles surface in the competitive ad-
5 ppm gas concentration. Because nanoparticles provided sorption process. The response time of PEDOT nanoparti-
large surface area and made HCl gas have frequent chances cles responding to gas was longer (about 50 S). The gas
2362 ZHENG HuaJing, et al. Sci China Tech Sci
concentration was low, the time of nanoparticles achieving
adsorption saturation decreased and desorption time was
shorter than adsorption time. PEDOT nanoparticles had
good desorption ability.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (Grant No. 60372002).
1 Kiebooms R, Aleshin A, Hutchison K, et a1. Doped poly (3, 4-
ethylenedioxythiophene) films: Thermal, electromagnetical and mor-
phological analysis. Sci Synth Met, 1999, 101: 436–437
2 Kwon C W, Campet G, Kale B B. Structure of thin films of poly (3,
4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Sci Act Pass Electron Components, 2003,
26: 81–86
3 Luo L J, Tan X C, Zhou X Y, et a1. Advances on sensors based on
conducting polymers. J Instrum Anal, 2005, 24: 122–127
4 Qiu Y, Duan L, Wang L Z. PEDOT anode of flexible organic light
emitting devices. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci, 2002, 47: 1152–1155
5 Wang T J, Qi Y Q, Xu J K, et al. The effects of PEG on the conduc-
tive property of PEDOT-PSS. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci, 2003, 48:
2036–2037
6 Xue H G, Shen Z Q, Zhang Y F, et a1. Studies on rare earth catalysts
in polymer syntheses. Chem, 2001, 7: 402–406
September (2010) Vol.53 No.9
7 Xie W J, Li Y P, Sun C L, et a1. Preparation of organic white
light-emitting devices via exciplex emission. Sci China Chem J Chin
Univ, 2007, 28: 1342–1344
8 Ichinohe D, Arai T, Kise H. A review on pem voltage degradation as-
sociated with water management: Impacts, influent factors and char-
acterization. Sci Synth Met, 1997, 84: 17–22
9 Liu C Z, Chu Y, Xing S X, et a1. Synthesis of conductive polyaniline
in AEOT/iso-octane/water reversed micelle system. Sci China Chem
J Chin Univ, 2003, 12: 2239–2242
10 Wu X J, ShunJ J, Yi L, et a1. Hybrid silica tubes with chiral walls.
Sci Am Chem Soc, 2008, 130: 7196–7201
11 Norris D J, Bawendi M G. Measurement and assignment of the
size-dependent spectrum in quantum dots. Sci Phy Rev B: Condens
Matter, 1996, 53: 16338–16346
12 Gao M Y, Yang Y, Yang B, et a1. Effect of the surface chemical
modification on the potical properies of polymer-stabilized nanopar-
ticles. Sci Chem Soci Faraday Trans, 1995, 91: 4121–4125
13 Lei Y, Oohata H, Kuroda S I, et al. Highly electrically conductive
poly (3, 4-ehtylenedioxythiophene) prepared via high-concentration
emulsion polymerization. Sci Synth Met, 2005, 149: 211–217
14 Choi J W, Han M G, Kim S Y, et a1. Poly (3, 4-ehtylenedioxythio-
phene) nanoparticles prepared in aqueous DBSA solutions. Synth
Met, 2004, 141: 293–299
15 Skompska M, Miecakowski J, Holze R, et a1. In situ conductance
studies of p- and n- doping of poly (3, 4-dialkoxythiophenes). Sci J
Electoannalytical Chem, 2005, 577: 9–17