Chemistry

electrolysis below produces gases A and B.

solution of
socium chionide
CarDon
cathode
power supply
" Why does the solution conduct electricity?
, Identify each gas, and describe a test you could carry out to confirm its
identity.
e Name one product manufactured from: i gas A
gas B
di Write half-equations to show how the two
gases are produced.
it The overall reaction is a redox reaction.
Explain why.
e The solution remaining after the electrolysis will turn litmus paper blue.
i What is the name of this solution? it State one chemical property for it.
" List the ions that are present in concentrated solutions of:
i sodium chloride
ii
copper(II) chloride
, Explain why and how the ions move, when each solution is electrolysed using
platinum electrodes.
c Write the half-equation for the reaction at: i the anode
ii
the cathode
during the electrolysis of each solution. d Explain why the anode reactions for
both solutions are the same.
e i The anode reactions will be different if the solutions are made very dilute.
Explain why. ii Write the half-equations for the new anode
reactions.
/ Explain why copper is obtained at the cathode, but sodium is not.
° Name another solution that will give the same products as the concentrated
solution of sodium chloride does, on electrolysis.
h Which solution in a could be the electrolyte in an electroplating experiment?
'rode
'ode ed, or
いしいし
inode
Core syllabus content
1 Electrolysis of molten lead bromide is carried out
molten lead
oromiue
a The bulb will not light until the lead bromide
has melted. Why not?
b What will be seen at the anode? c Name the substance in b.
d What will be formed at the cathode?
2
Six substances A to F were dissolved in water, and connected in turn into the
circuit below.
A represents an ammeter, which is used to measure current. The table shows the
results.
sed
alides
he lalf-
he
is of
1)
ipure
solution
Substance Current (amperes) At cathode
(-) At anode
(+)
0.8 copper chlorine
1.0 hydrogen chlorine
0.0
0.8 hydrogen chlorine
E 1.2 hydrogen oxygen
F 0.7 silver oxygen
a Which solution conducts best? b Which solution is a non-electrolyte? c Which
solution could be:
i silver nitrate? ii copper (II) chloride? iii sugar?
iv dilute sulfuric acid?
d i Two of the solutions give the same products at the electrodes. Which two?
ii Name two chemicals which would give those products, when connected into the
circuit as concentrated solutions.

1. **Why does the solution conduct electricity?**

- The solution conducts electricity due to the presence of ions formed from the
dissociation of sodium chloride in water.

2. **Identify each gas, and describe a test you could carry out to confirm its
identity.**
- Gas A: Hydrogen. Test: Collect the gas in a tube and ignite it; it should
produce a pop sound.
- Gas B: Chlorine. Test: Introduce damp blue litmus paper; it should turn red
and then bleach it.

3. **Name one product manufactured from:**

- Gas A: Hydrogen - Used in the production of ammonia.
- Gas B: Chlorine - Used in the manufacture of PVC.

4. **Write half-equations to show how the two gases are produced.**

- Hydrogen: 2H₂O + 2e⁻ → H₂ + 2OH⁻
- Chlorine: 2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻

5. **Explain why the overall reaction is a redox reaction.**

- Redox involves both reduction and oxidation. In this case, hydrogen is reduced
(gains electrons), and chlorine is oxidized (loses electrons).

6. **The solution remaining after electrolysis turns litmus paper blue.**

- The solution is sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Chemical property: It is caustic and
alkaline.

7. **List ions present in concentrated solutions of:**

- i) Sodium chloride: Na⁺, Cl⁻
- ii) Copper(II) chloride: Cu²⁺, Cl⁻

8. **Explain why and how ions move during electrolysis using platinum electrodes.**
- Ions move to conduct electricity. At the anode, Cl⁻ ions lose electrons
(oxidation), move towards the anode. At the cathode, Na⁺ ions gain electrons
(reduction), move towards the cathode.

9. **Write half-equations for the reaction at:**

 - i) Anode: 2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻
- ii) Cathode: 2H₂O + 2e⁻ → H₂ + 2OH⁻

10. **Explain why anode reactions for both solutions are the same.**
- Both solutions involve chloride ions, leading to similar oxidation reactions
at the anode.

11. **Anode reactions differ if solutions are very dilute.**

- Explanation: In dilute solutions, water is preferentially oxidized at the
anode, forming oxygen gas.
- Half-equations: 2H₂O → O₂ + 4H⁺ + 4e⁻

12. **Why copper is obtained at the cathode, but sodium is not.**

- Sodium is more reactive and stays in solution as ions, while less reactive
copper is reduced and deposited at the cathode.

13. **Name another solution giving the same products as concentrated sodium
chloride does on electrolysis.**
- Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) will yield the same products.

14. **Which solution in a could be the electrolyte in an electroplating experiment?

**
- Copper(II) chloride solution.

**Electrolysis of Molten Lead Bromide:**

1. **Bulb won't light until lead bromide has melted. Why not?**
- Bulb requires a complete circuit. Solid lead bromide does not conduct, so the
bulb remains unlit.

2. **What will be seen at the anode?**

- Bromine gas will be seen at the anode.

3. **Name the substance in b.**

- Bromine gas.

4. **What will be formed at the cathode?**

- Lead metal will be formed at the cathode.

**Six Substances A to F in Water:**

a. **Which solution conducts best?**
- Copper chloride solution (1.0 amperes).

b. **Which solution is a non-electrolyte?**

- Substance E (0.0 amperes).

c. **Identify solutions for i-iv.**

- i) A: silver nitrate
- ii) B: copper (II) chloride
- iii) C: sugar
- iv) D: dilute sulfuric acid

d. **Two solutions with the same products:**

- i) Copper chloride (A) and silver nitrate (F).
- ii) Chemicals: CuCl₂ and AgNO₃.