Hate speech detection on Twitter has garnered significant interest among researchers due to its

prevalence on social media platforms. Several studies have been conducted to develop effective
systems for detecting hate speech on Twitter. For example, Ayo et al. (2020) proposed a hybrid
embeddings approach enhanced with a topic inference method and an improved cuckoo search
neural network for hate speech detection on Twitter (Ayo et al., 2020; . Ma & Sun, 2023)
introduced TweetWatch, a system that utilizes deep learning models to automatically detect and
categorize hate speech on Twitter into different categories such as sexual orientation, special
needs, gender, race, and others (Ma & Sun, 2023). Additionally, Simon et al. (2022) presented a
deep learning approach based on a hybrid of convolutional neural network (CNN) and long
short-term memory (LSTM) to automatically detect and block hate speech on various social
media platforms including Twitter (Simon et al., 2022).

Research efforts have also focused on enhancing hate speech detection accuracy. Patil &
Pattewar (2022) reported significant improvements in hate speech detection on Twitter datasets
using a multi-model learning approach (Patil & Pattewar, 2022). Furthermore, found that
optimized support vector machine with character n-gram and gradient boosting with word n-
gram performed best in detecting hate speech on Twitter (Oriola & Kotzé, 2020). These studies
underscore the ongoing efforts to improve hate speech detection systems on Twitter through
advanced machine learning techniques and deep learning models.

Moreover, the detection of hate speech on Twitter is crucial given the escalating concerns about
its proliferation on social media platforms. Shibly et al. (2020) conducted research to classify and
measure hate speech on Twitter using sentiment analysis and topic classifiers (Shibly et al.,
2020). Similarly, Migunani et al. (2021) emphasized the societal significance of automated hate
speech detection on platforms like Twitter, considering the widespread nature of hate speech on
the internet (Migunani et al., 2021).

In conclusion, the development of Twitter-specific hate speech detection systems is a critical

research area that involves the application of advanced machine learning models, deep learning
techniques, and sentiment analysis to effectively identify and categorize hate speech on social
media platforms like Twitter.

References:
Ayo, F., Folorunso, O., Ibharalu, F., & Osinuga, I. (2020). Hate speech detection in twitter using
hybrid embeddings and improved cuckoo search-based neural networks. International Journal of
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Ma, N. and Sun, Y. (2023). A novel system for regional twitter hate speech analysis and detection
using deep learning models and web scraping.. https://doi.org/10.5121/csit.2023.130207
Migunani, M., Setiawan, A., & Sembiring, I. (2021). Detection of criticism and hate speech text
formulation on online social network twitter for semantic recommendation system framework..
https://doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.210810.051
Oriola, O. and Kotzé, E. (2020). Evaluating machine learning techniques for detecting offensive
and hate speech in south african tweets. Ieee Access, 8, 21496-21509.
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2968173
Patil, D. and Pattewar, T. (2022). Multi-model learning to detect twitter hate speech..
https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202203.0333.v1
Shibly, F., Sharma, U., & Naleer, H. (2020). Classifying and measuring hate speech in twitter
using topic classifier of sentiment analysis., 671-678. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5113-
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Simon, H., Baha, B., & Garba, E. (2022). A multi-platform approach using hybrid deep learning
models for automatic detection of hate speech on social media. Bima Journal of Science and
Technology (2536-6041), 6(02), 77-90. https://doi.org/10.56892/bimajst.v6i02.358