Estados Unidos Da América

Estados Unidos da América
Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country in 1776 and were recognized as the
new nation of the United States of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the
19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded
across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. The two
most traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65), in which a
northern Union of states defeated a secessionist Confederacy of 11 southern slave states, and the
Great Depression of the 1930s, an economic downturn during which about a quarter of the labor
force lost its jobs. Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in
1991, the US remains the world's most powerful nation state. Since the end of World War II, the
economy has achieved relatively steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and rapid
advances in technology.
Location
North America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean,
between Canada and Mexico
Area
total: 9,833,517 sq km
land: 9,147,593 sq km
water: 685,924 sq km
Natural resources
coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, rare earth elements, uranium, bauxite,
gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber,
arable land;
Land use
agricultural land: 44.5% (2018 est.)
arable land: 16.8% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 27.4% (2018 est.)
forest: 33.3% (2018 est.)
other: 22.2% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: 234,782 sq km (2017)
Population
Total: 339,665,118 (2023 est.)
Ethinc groups:
White 61.6%, Black or African American 12.4%, Asian 6%, Amerindian and Alaska
native 1.1%, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0.2%, other 8.4%, two or more
races 10.2% (2020 est.)
note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US Census Bureau
considers Hispanic to mean persons of Spanish/Hispanic/Latino origin including those
of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Dominican Republic, Spanish, and Central or South
American origin living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group (White,
Black, Asian, etc.); an estimated 18.7% of the total US population is Hispanic as of
2020
Age structure
0-14 years: 18.15% (male 31,509,186/female 30,154,408)

65 years and over: 18.12% (2023 est.) (male 27,589,149/female 33,965,270)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$21.132 trillion (2021 est.)

$19.946 trillion (2020 est.)
$20.513 trillion (2019 est.)
GDP – composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 0.9% (2017 est.)
industry: 19.1% (2017 est.)
services: 80% (2017 est.)
GDP use composition
household consumption: 68.4% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 17.3% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 17.2% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.1% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 12.1% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -15% (2017 est.)
Unemployment rate
5.46% (2021 est.)

8.05% (2020 est.)
3.67% (2019 est.)
Índia
The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest, flourished during the 3rd and
2nd millennia B.C. and extended into northwestern India. Aryan tribes from the
northwest infiltrated the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the
earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. The Maurya Empire of
the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. - which reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much
of South Asia. The Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries
A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture. Islam spread across the
subcontinent over a period of 700 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and
Afghans invaded India and established the Delhi Sultanate. In the early 16th century,
the Emperor BABUR established the Mughal Dynasty, which ruled India for more than
three centuries. European explorers began establishing footholds in India during the
16th century.
By the 19th century, Great Britain had become the dominant political power on the
subcontinent and India was seen as the "Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire. The
British Indian Army played a vital role in both World Wars. Years of nonviolent
resistance to British rule, led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU,
eventually resulted in Indian independence in 1947. Large-scale communal violence
took place before and after the subcontinent partition into two separate states - India and
Pakistan. The neighboring countries have fought three wars since independence, the last
of which was in 1971 and resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of
Bangladesh. India's nuclear weapons tests in 1998 emboldened Pakistan to conduct its
own tests that same year. In November 2008, terrorists originating from Pakistan
conducted a series of coordinated attacks in Mumbai, India's financial capital. India's
economic growth following the launch of economic reforms in 1991, a massive youthful
population, and a strategic geographic location have contributed to India's emergence as
a regional and global power. However, India still faces pressing problems such as
environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and widespread corruption, and its
restrictive business climate challenges economic growth expectations.
Location
Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and
Pakistan
Area
land: 2,973,193 sq km
Natural resources
coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), antimony, iron ore, lead, manganese, mica,
bauxite, rare earth elements, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum,
limestone, arable land
Land use

forest: 23.1% (2018 est.)
other: 16.4% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land715,539 sq km (2020)
Population
1,399,179,585 (2023 est.)
Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, and other 3% (2000)
Age structure

Real GDP
$9.279 trillion (2021 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
industry: 23% (2016 est.)
services: 61.5% (2016 est.)
GDP – composition, by end use

imports of goods and services: -22% (2017 est.)
Unemployment rate
5.98% (2021 est.)

8% (2020 est.)
5.27% (2019 est.)
Rússia
Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over
200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and
absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty
continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled
1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the
Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in
Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the
Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms.
Devastating defeats and food shortages in World War I led to widespread rioting in the
major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the ROMANOV
Dynasty. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed
the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and
Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After
defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the
USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global
power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-
1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin's rule,
until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost
(openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but
his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 led to the dissolution
of the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent states.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term
(1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under President
Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its
rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing
the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth.
In 2014, Russia annexed Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula as well as large portions of two
eastern Ukrainian oblasts. In desultory fighting over the next eight years, more than
14,000 civilians were killed or wounded as a result of the Russian intervention in
eastern Ukraine. On 24 February 2022, Russia escalated its conflict with Ukraine by
invading the country on several fronts in what has become the largest conventional
military attack on a sovereign state in Europe since World War II. The invasion has
received near universal international condemnation, and many countries have imposed
sanctions on Russia and supplied humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. Russia made
substantial gains in the early weeks of the invasion but underestimated Ukrainian
resolve and combat capabilities. By the end of 2022, Ukrainian forces had regained all
territories in the north and northeast of their country and made some advances in the
east and south. Nonetheless, Russia in late September 2022 unilaterally declared its
annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts - Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia -
even though none was fully under Russian control. The annexations remain
unrecognized by the international community.
Location
North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Eastern Europe (the portion
west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean
Area
total: 17,098,242 sq km
land: 16,377,742 sq km
Natural resources
wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many
strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber, note, formidable
obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources
Land use
forest: 49.4% (2018 est.)
other: 37.5% (2018 est.)
irrigated land: 43,000 sq km (2012)
Population
141,698,923 (2023 est.)

Ethnic groups: Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash
1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est.)
note: nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census
Age structure

Real GDP

$4 trillion (2019 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
services: 62.3% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 18% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -20.6% (2017 est.)
Unemploymente rate
5.01% (2021 est.)

5.59% (2020 est.)
4.5% (2019 est.)
Egito
The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation
provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the
world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of
dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the
Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and
Byzantines. Arab conquerors introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th
century and ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took
control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman
Turks in 1517. Completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 elevated Egypt as an important
world transportation hub. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of
Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued
until 1914. Egypt gained partial independence from the UK in 1922 and acquired full
sovereignty from Britain in 1952. British forces evacuated the Suez Canal Zone in 1956.
The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have
reaffirmed the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of
Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable
land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society.
The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's fast-growing population
as it implements large-scale infrastructure projects, energy cooperation, and foreign
direct investment appeals.
Inspired by the 2010 Tunisian revolution, Egyptian opposition groups led

demonstrations and labor strikes countrywide, culminating in President Hosni
MUBARAK's ouster in 2011. Egypt's military assumed national leadership until a new
legislature was in place in early 2012; later that same year, Muslim Brotherhood
candidate Muhammad MURSI won the presidential election. Following protests
throughout the spring of 2013 against MURSI's government and the Muslim
Brotherhood, the Egyptian Armed Forces intervened and removed MURSI from power
in July 2013 and replaced him with interim president Adly MANSOUR.
Simultaneously, the government began enacting laws to limit freedoms of assembly and
expression. In January 2014, voters approved a new constitution by referendum and in
May 2014 elected former defense minister Abdelfattah ELSISI president. Egypt elected
a new legislature in December 2015, its first House of Representatives since 2012.
ELSISI was reelected to a second four-year term in March 2018. In April 2019, Egypt
approved via national referendum a set of constitutional amendments extending
ELSISI’s term in office through 2024 and possibly through 2030 if reelected for a third
term. The amendments would also allow future presidents up to two consecutive six-
year terms in office, reestablish an upper legislative house, allow for one or more vice
presidents, establish a 25% quota for female legislators, reaffirm the military’s role as
guardian of Egypt, and expand presidential authority to appoint the heads of judicial
councils. Successful legislative elections were held in October-November 2020, having
been delayed for six months.
Location
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip,
and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula
Area
land: 995,450 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km
Natural resources
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc,
asbestos, lead, rare earth elements, zinc
Land use
permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
forest: 0.1% (2018 est.)
other: 96.3% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: 36,500 sq km (2012)
Population
109,546,720 (2023 est.)
Ethnic groups: Egyptian 99.7%, other 0.3% (2006 est.)

note: data represent respondents by nationality
Age structure

Real GDP


services: 54% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -28.5% (2017 est.)

Estados Unidos Da América

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Estados Unidos Da América

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Estados Unidos da América

0-14 years: 18.15% (male 31,509,186/female 30,154,408)

$21.132 trillion (2021 est.)

GDP – composition, by sector of origin

GDP use composition

household consumption: 68.4% (2017 est.)

5.46% (2021 est.)

agricultural land: 60.5% (2018 est.)

1,399,179,585 (2023 est.)

Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, and other 3% (2000)

0-14 years: 24.77% (male 182,143,540/female 164,492,120)

GDP – composition, by end use

5.98% (2021 est.)

141,698,923 (2023 est.)

0-14 years: 16.86% (male 12,270,830/female 11,614,990)

$4.078 trillion (2021 est.)

GDP – composition, by end use

5.01% (2021 est.)

Inspired by the 2010 Tunisian revolution, Egyptian opposition groups led

109,546,720 (2023 est.)

Ethnic groups: Egyptian 99.7%, other 0.3% (2006 est.)

0-14 years: 34.37% (male 19,381,371/female 18,271,080)

$1.264 trillion (2021 est.)

GDP – composition, by sector of origin

GDP – composition, by end use

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