Modeling of Magnetically Biased Graphene Patch Frequency

Selective Surface (FSS)

Lin Lin*, Lin-Sheng Wu*, Wen-Yan Yin*†, and Jun-Fa Mao*
*
Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Design and Electromagnetic Compatibility of High-Speed
Electronic Systems, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
†
Center for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical
Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
Email: llin867@163.com; wallish@sjtu.edu.cn; wyyin@sjtu.edu.cn

Abstract — A free-standing magnetically biased graphene modeled characteristics with full-wave simulated results. Then,
patch frequency selective surface (FSS) is modelled in this paper. the transmission performance of co- and cross-polarizations is
Its transmission coefficients of co- and cross-polarizations can be
obtained with an equivalent tensorial surface conductivity. Then, predicted. Finally, the dependence of rotation angle and
the rotation angle for normal incidence is explored with different transmission level on the biasing magnetic field is captured.
values of biasing magnetic field B0. The maximum rotation angle
provided by the magnetically biased graphene patch FSS is 43° at
4.7 THz with B0=2.5 T, which is much larger than the rotation
angle provided by a graphene sheet. This is very promising for
THz nano-devices based on the giant Faraday rotation of
graphenes.
Index Terms — Equivalent model, frequency selective surface,
magnetically biased graphene, tensorial surface conductivity.

I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, graphene has been drawing much attention in
various disciplines, due to its excellent thermal, mechanical
and optoelectronic properties. Many graphene related nano- Fig. 1. Structure of the magnetically biased graphene patch FSS.
devices have been proposed, including high-speed transistors,
interconnects, filters and so on. Some theoretical methods are
II. MODEL OF MAGNETICALLY BIASED GRAPHENE PATCH FSS
presented to guide the design of graphene-based devices. The
surface plasmonic waves on graphene are studied with dyadic Fig. 1 shows the structure of a free-standing graphene patch
Green’s functions [1], and the equivalent circuit for a single- FSS. The period and gap of graphene patches are D=5 um and
layer graphene sheet is modeled in [2]. The gyrotropy and g=0.5 um, respectively. For the graphene patches without
nonreciprocity of graphene are investigated in [3], while the magnetic field biasing, the surface impedance is approximated
Faraday rotation of graphene-based metasurface is explored by [6]
numerically in [4].
On the other hand, frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) can FG 1 μ0
Z pa = −j (1)
provide filtering responses in space for specific frequency σg 2α ε 0ε eff
ranges. Traditional FSSs are usually constructed using
conventional metallic materials, with the geometries of strips, where FG=0.6[D/(D-g)]3+0.4 is the empirical geometry factor,
patches and grids, etc. These metallic FSSs can be modeled ıg is the surface conductivity of a single-layer graphene sheet,
analytically [5]. More recently, some researches are focused İ0 and ȝ0 are the permittivity and permeability in free space,
on graphene-based high impedance surfaces, absorbers and respectively, İeff is the effective relative permittivity, and Į is
FSSs with good performances for THz applications. The dual the grid parameter for electrically small patch units (D<<Ȝ),
capacitive and inductive characteristics of periodic graphene which is given by [5]
square patches are analyzed and compared with those of metal
FSSs in THz [6]. Further, a THz antenna is designed using k0 D ε eff ª § π g ·º
α= − ln «sin ¨ ¸» (2)
periodic graphene structures [7], where the resonant frequency π ¬ © 2 D ¹¼
and beam angle can be adjusted independently.
In this paper, an equivalent model is established for a FSS where k0 is the wave number in free space.
which is based on graphene patch structures biased with When biased with magnetic field, the surface conductivity
magnetic field. The model is verified by comparing the of graphene sheet can be described as a tensor with Drude
expression [1]. The surface impedance of a magnetically equivalent model depicted in Fig. 2, the transmission
biased graphene sheet is also a tensor, expressed by coefficients S31, S41, S42 and S32 of co- and cross-polarization
waves can be calculated by
ªZ Z o º 1 ª1 + jωτ ωcτ º
Zg = « d = (3)
¬−Z o Z d ¼ σ 0 ¬ −ωcτ 1 + jωτ »¼
» « 2 ( 2 + η 0σ dp )
S31 = S 42 = (6)
( 2 + η σ ) + (η σ )
2 2
where ı0 is the DC conductivity of graphene sheet, Ȧ and Ȧc 0 dp 0 op

are the operating and cyclotron radian frequencies,

respectively, and IJ is the relaxation time [2]. 2η0σ op
S41 = S32 = (7)
( 2 + η σ ) + (η σ )
2 2
Combining (3) and (1), the surface impedance of
0 dp 0 op
magnetically biased graphene patches can be obtained as a
tensor, i.e. where Ș0 is the wave impedance in free space. Consequently,
the rotation angles for linearly polarized transmitted wave
ª Z dp Z op º j μ0 ª1 0 º
Zp =« » = FG Z g − «0 1 » (4) with normal impinging is derived as [4]
¬ − Z op Z dp ¼ 2α ε 0ε eff ¬ ¼
§ η 0σ op ·
The first part of (4) is associated with graphene tensorial θ = tan −1 ¨ ¸¸ (8)
¨ 2 + η 0σ dp
impedance while the second part is related with the geometry © ¹
and supporting substrate. According to (4), the surface
conductivity of magnetically biased graphene patch FSS is III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
derived as
The typical case of a free-standing (İeff=1) magnetically
ªσ dp −σ op º 1 ª Z dp − Z op º biased graphene patch FSS is with the chemical potential of
σp =« = (5)
¬σ op σ dp ¼» Z dp2 + Z op2 «
¬ Z op Z dp ¼» ȝc=0.5 eV and the scattering time of IJ=0.5 ps. The biasing
magnetic field is firstly set to B0=1 T. The geometric
Based on (5), the magnetically biased graphene patch FSS can parameters have been given in Section II. The transmission
be regarded as a new anisotropic sheet. Then, the equivalent characteristics of the graphene patch FSS with normal
circuit model shown in Fig. 2 of [3] can be utilized to analyze incidence are then investigated. Fig. 3 shows the analytical
the transmission and reflection characteristics of the structure, transmission coefficients S31 and S41 obtained with our
where the port1 and port3 stand for the input and output of x- proposed model, which are compared with the full-wave
polarization wave, respectively, while the port2 and port4 simulated results by ANSYS HFSS. Our model is validated by
represent the input and output of y-polarization wave, the good agreement.
1.0
respectively.

0.8
Transmission Amplitude

I x
(0 )
+
port1 port 2 I y
(0 )
+
co-polarization
σ dp σ dp 0.6

0.4 S31,Model
V x (0) V y (0) S41,Model
S41,HFSS
cross-polarization
0.2 S31,HFSS

−σ opV y (0) σ opV x (0)

0.0

I x ( 0− ) port 4 I y ( 0− ) 0 2 4 6 8 10
port 3 Frequency(THz)
Fig. 3. Transmission coefficients of the free-standing magnetically
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit model of the magnetically biased biased graphene patch FSS with normal incidence, obtained with our
graphene patch FSS. model and HFSS.

When an x-polarization wave is normally incident to the
FSS, S31 is the co-polarization transmission coefficient
between the incident x-polarization wave of port1 and the
transmitted x-polarization wave of port3, and S41 is the cross-
polarization transmission coefficient with the y-polarization
wave received at port4. Similarly, S32 and S42 are used for the
case of y-polarization incidence at port2. According to the
Both the minimum transmission 0.22 of co-polarization and
the maximum transmission 0.13 of cross-polarization appear
around 4.7 THz. It is shown in Fig. 4 that the phases of the
two transmission coefficients have the same value of 0° near
4.7 THz, which implies the linear polarization with a rotation
angle of 29.4° for the overall transmitted electric field.
 180 overall transmission is smaller. The transmission of graphene
135 patch FSS increases with the magnetic field, while the rotation
angle increases quickly to 43° at about B0=2.5 T and then fall
Transmission Phase(deg)

Phase of S31
90
Phase of S41 down slowly with the increase of biasing magnetic field.
45 It is shown in Fig. 6 that the transmission coefficients of co-
0
and cross-polarizations can be tuned by varying the magnetic
field while the resonant frequency is kept almost unchanged.
-45
Both the transmissions increase with the biasing magnetic
-90 field. However, the rotation angle is determined by the ratio of
co- and cross-polarization transmissions, which leads to the
-135
non-monotonic variation in Fig. 5.
-180
0 2 4 6 8 10
Frequency(THz)
Fig. 4. Transmission phases of magnetic biased graphene patch in IV. CONCLUSION
free space with normal incidence achieved by simulations.
In this paper, a model of equivalent tensorial surface
50 1.0 conductivity is proposed for the graphene patch FSS biased
with magnetic field. With our model, the transmission
40 f0=4.7 THz coefficients of co- and cross-polarizations and the rotation
Total Trasmission Amplitude
Rotation Angles(degrees)

0.8
angle with different magnetic field can be effectively
30
Angle,patch predicted. It is found that the rotation angle is efficiently
0.6
Angle,sheet enhanced and controlled by the magnetically biased graphene
20
patch FSS, when compared with the case of a graphene sheet.
0.4 The rotation angle reaches its maximum of 43° at the resonant
10
Overall_Trans,patch
frequency of 4.7 THz and the biasing magnetic field of 2.5 T.
Overall_Trans,sheet 0.2
0
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
-10 0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Magnetic Field(T)
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 This work is supported by the National Natural Science
Fig. 5. Rotation angles and overall transmission amplitudes of the Foundations of China under Grants 61171037, 61271065 and
free-standing magnetically biased graphene patch FSS as functions of 61331004.
magnetic field, compared with the results for a graphene sheet.

1.0 REFERENCES
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0.4
0.2
0.0
0 2
Fig. 6. Full-wave simulated transmission coefficients of the free-
standing magnetically biased graphene patch FSS with different
magnetic fields.
The rotation angle and the overall transmission coefficient
of graphene patch FSS are calculated with our model and
plotted in Fig. 5 as functions of the biasing magnetic field.
The operating frequency is set to 4.7 THz. The results of a
graphene sheet are also plotted for comparison. With the same
magnetic field, the rotation angle with the graphene patch FSS
is much larger than that with the graphene sheet, while the
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