ENERGY EFFICIENT MASSIVE

MIMO SYSTEM : A SURVEY

By
Dr. Rutvij C. Joshi
Sardar Patel College of Engineering (SPCE), Bakrol-Anand
Affiliated to
Gujarat Technological University
Objective and Motivation
• To study different methods to increase power
efficiency.
Objective • Retaining the Quality of the service of a UEs high.

• The ultimate goal is to design new innovative

power efficient network architecture.

Motivation • To meet the explosive growth in cellular data

without increasing power consumption.
Introduction
Biggest challenges for next generation wireless communication
system to support ever growing demand for higher data rate t
hroughout the entire
network.
Network area throughput needs to increase by a factor 1000 ov
er next 10-15years.
Power consumption of ICT industry and energy related pollutio
n become major societal and economical concern.
New technologies must be developed that improve the EE by 1
000x.
3
Methods to Improve Energy Efficiency

Massive =
MIMO +
Densificatio
n
Small Cell
Network (SC
N)
Reference
Literature Review Summary
Literature Review
Number/
year
[1] This paper includes introduction about massive MIMO, potential , limiting f
2014 actors and gold-mine research problem related to Massive MIMO.

[5] Includes different types of antenna configuration, main application scenario

2015 s, physical layer technology and network layer technology

[17] Uplink transmission consists two phases: (1) Uplink training and (2) Uplink p
2014 ayload data transmission Resource allocation technique used jointly to sele
ct training duration, training signal power and data signal power. Low SNR
region power for pilot data is high and vice versa
[12] Consider jointly the uplink and downlink with zero forcing processing sche
2014 mes at the BS and develop new realistic power consumption model for EE f
or finding optimum value of
number of antenna at BS, number of active user and transmit power
Referenc Literature Review Summary
e
Number
/
year
[13]  Comparing EE of Massive MIMO and Small Cell Network under considerati
2013 on of multi cell network with same user density, antenna density and avera
ge cell edge signal to noise ratio
 Number of cell large SCN is more energy efficient than Massive MIMO
 Number of cell small Massive MIMO is more energy efficient than SCN
[19]  Network densification by : (1) Many BS (2) Many antenna at BS
2015  Develop power consumption model to maximize EE with respect to density
of BSs,
transmit power level, number of BSs antenna, user per cells and pilot reuse
factor
Small Cell Network
Low Power Lo
Distance w
between U Cost AP
ser
and AP less
Propagation l
oss less

Cell edge perfo

Radiated po
rm-ance increas
wer less
e
 Advantages of SCN Challenges of SCN

Increase capacity Interference Management

Lower delay Security

Better building coverage Coverage and Performance Predi

ction
Better cell edge coverage
Mobility
Energy Efficiency Calculation of SCN
The EE of SCN is define by [19]:

= (1)

Where AEC is a area energy consumption

− ⁄ +
= − ⁄
+ + + + + ∗ ( )

Where ASE is a area spectral efficiency

= ∗ ∗ ( )
Continue…………
Spectral efficiency (SE) is given by:

= − !"# + $%& (4)

Where SINR is given by:

−(
) ) ) *
+ + + + + + + + −( +(
− − − − −

By using all these equations we can find the EE of SCN

 System Parameter Symbol Value

Coherent block length S 400

Path loss exponent α 3.76

Propagation loss at 1km ω 130 dB

Power amplifier efficiency η 0.39

Level of hardware impairment ε 0.05

Symbol time (sec/symbol) τ 5*10-8

Table:1 Simulation parameter of SCN

 System Parameter Symbol Value

Coding/Decoding/Backhaul [J/bit] А 1.15 * 10-9

Static energy consumption W*τ [J/sym +, 10

bol]
Circuit energy per active user W*τ [J/s +- 0.1
ymbol]
Circuit energy per BS antenna W*τ [J/s ., 0.2
ymbol]
Signal processing coefficient W*τ [J/sy .- 1.56 *10^-10
mbol]
Noise variance W*τ [J/symbol] /0 10^-20

Table:1 Simulation parameter of SCN (continue…….)

M=8, K=4

Gain from increasing t

he BS density saturate
above 100 BS/km2

Further studying the i

mp-act of varying M a
nd K

EE = 3.81 Mbit/Joule
M=91, K=20

Studying the impact o

f
varying M and K

The EE increase furthe

r

EE=8.46 Mbit/Joule
Advantages of Massive MIM Disadvantages of Massive MIM
O O

Increase data rate Real time implementation challen

ging
Enhanced reliability
Power consumption more
Improved energy efficiency
More hardware requirement
Reduce interference
Sensitive to detrimental effects
 Scales MIMO by possible order of m

agnitude

Few hundreds of antennas at BS serv

tens of UEs in same time frequency

source

Use in future broadband network

Future digital society infrastructure

Massive MIMO
Operate in TDD mode
Energy Efficiency Calculation
Closed form expression for EE for zero forcing processing in single cell scenari
os [12]:
3! 5!
? > &@ + > &@
@A
= 3! 5! (6
+ +
)
;<
89:
Where in this case to find below equation used:
12 3!412 5!412 6)
= + = 7
(7)

3! 5! 4
= = => ! 7
4
= 3!
+ 5!
Continue………..
= 2$ + + + ⁄ + 6B + C (8)

Transceiver chain = 6 + D% + E

Channel estimatio 6 F 3! 6 *F 5!
= +
n E C6 E CE
Coding and decod
3! 5!
ing ⁄ = ? > &@ + &@ G +
@A

Backhaul
3! 5!
6B = ? > &@ + &@ 6
@A
Continue………..
3! 5!
Linear processi F +F
C =6 − + C 4
ng E C6

12 6 +
C 4 = +
E C6 C6

Spectral Efficiency given by:

FH3I 4
5! 3!
> &@ +> &@ = − & (9)
E
Continue………..
4
Where M is given by:
4
M = Nlog 1 + R(J − L )
With ZF processing condition is :
J ≥L+1

By utilizing this equations EE with respect to number of antennas at the base st

ation is find

The parameters for simulation is given in the table 2

 Parameters Value
Cell radius: STUV 250 m
Minimum distance:STWX 35 m
Large scale fading model: l(x) 29 x 104Z
Transmission bandwidth: B 20 MHz
Channel coherence bandwidth: N[ 180 KHz
Channel coherence time: \[ 10 ms
Coherence block: U 1800
Total noise power: N/ 0 -96 dbm
Relative pilot lengths: ] (^_) , ] (a_) 1
Computational efficiency at BSs: bcd 12.8 Gflops/W
Computational efficiency at UEs: bef 5 Gflops/W
Table 2: Simulation Parameters (Continue…..) 20
 Parameters Value

Fraction of downlink transmission:g a_ 0.6

^_ 0.4
Fraction of uplink transmission:g
a_
PA efficiency at the BSs: h 0.39
^_
PA efficiency at the UEs: h 0.3
Fixed power consumption:8<i: 18 W
Power consumed by local oscillator at BSs: 8djk 2W
Power required to run the circuit component at a BS: 8cd 1W
Power required to run the circuit components at a UE: 8ef 0.1 W
Power required for coding of data signals: 8[lm 0.1 W/(Gbit/s)
Power required for decoding of data signals: 8mf[ 0.8 W/(Gbit/s)
Power required for backhaul traffic: 8c9 0.25 W/(Gbit/s)
Continue………..
 = 6 ∗ !"# no ∗ np ∗ %&

As the number of ante

nna the Tx or Rx side
increase channel capa
city
increase.
 ]s^T L 4
qr L 1 M
t
4
M Nlog
4
M Nlog 1 R J L
 ]s^T L 4
qr L 1 M
t
4
M Nlog
4
M Nlog 1 R J L
Number of User Ser Number of Antenna Maximum Energy Efficie
ve (K) at BS (M) ncy

K=8 M=9:100 4.7 Mbit/joule

K=24 M=25:150 22 Mbit/joule

K=51 M=52:200 28 Mbit/joule

K=71 M=72:250 29 Mbit/joule

 Transmit power level ( rho=1 rho=15 rho=25
rho)

Maximum energy efficie 14 Mbit/joul 8.9 Mbit/joul 6.7 Mbit/joule

ncy e e
(Mbit/Joule)

As transmit power level increase energy efficiency is decrease.

Rho=25 have low EE which is 6.7 Mbit/Joule

Conclusion
Massive MIMO and SCN are two approaches to improve the
energy efficiency.

The main benefit of small cell is to reduce propagation loss,

while the main benefits of massive MIMO is the interference
suppression among the UEs that share the energy costs asso
ciated with the serving BS.

Both the techniques are not competing but have complemen

tary feature that should be combine to achieve the maximal E
E.
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Thank You…