Basic Statistics

Skewness and Kurtosis

Compute for SK, Sqc, Spc and K using the following given values: (SQC= skewness of quartile coefficient,
SPC=skewness of percentile coefficient)
3(𝑀 − 𝑀𝑑)
𝑆𝐾 =
𝑃𝑆𝐷
(Q3 – 2Q2 + Q1)
𝑆𝑄𝐶 =
Q3 – Q1
(P90 – 2P50 + P10)
𝑆𝑃𝐶 =
P90 – P10
𝑄𝐷
𝐾𝑢𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑠 =
P90 – P10
Q3 – Q1
𝑄. 𝐷 =
2
Area under the curve
𝑥−𝑥̅ 𝑥−𝜇
𝑧= or 𝑧 =
𝑆𝐷 𝜎

z-Test for Hypothesized Mean 𝜇

z-test is used for large sample 𝑛 ≥ 30

̅−𝝁
𝒙
𝒛= 𝝈
√𝒏
Critical values for (𝑧𝛼 )

Level of Significance One- tailed test Two-tailed test

𝜶 Left(<) Right (>)

0.10 𝒛𝜶 =-1.28 𝒛𝜶 =+1.28 𝒛𝜶 =±𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓

0.05 𝒛𝜶 =-1.645 𝒛𝜶 =+1.645 𝒛𝜶 =±𝟏. 𝟗𝟔

0.01 𝒛𝜶 =-2.33 𝒛𝜶 =+2.33 𝒛𝜶 =±𝟐. 𝟓𝟕𝟓

t-Test for a Mean 𝜇( Small sample size n<30)

𝑥̅ −𝜇0
𝑡= 𝑠 df=n-1
√𝑛

a. Paired two samples for means of dependent or correlated means. (Used when samples or means are from
the same group)
∑𝐷
𝑡= 2
df=n-1
√𝑁(∑ 𝐷 )−(∑ 𝐷)^2
𝑁−1
b. Two samples assuming equal variances of independent or uncorrelated means. (Used when the samples
or means are from different groups)
Other formula for independent samples

Z-test for independent samples

Where:
𝑥̅1 =mean of the first group
𝑥̅2 =mean of the first group
𝜎12 =population variance of the first group
𝜎22 =population variance of the second group
𝑛1 =sample size of the first group
𝑛1 =sample size of the second group
𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0