PERFORMING HYPOTHESIS

TESTING ON PAIRED T-TEST

(DIFFERENCE OF 2 MEANS)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

a. identifies the appropriate rejection region for a given level of

significance when: (a) the population variance is assumed to be
known (b) the population variance is assumed to be unknown; and
(c) the Central Limit Theorem is to be used.
b. computes for the test-statistic value (population mean).
c. draws conclusion about the population mean based on the test-
statistic value and the rejection region.
d. solves problems involving test of hypothesis on the population
mean.
PAIRED SAMPLE T-TEST

 The paired sample t-test, sometimes called the

dependent sample t-test, is a statistical
procedure used to determine whether the mean
difference between two sets of observations is
zero. In a paired sample t-test, each subject or
entity is measured twice, resulting in pairs of
observations.
THE PAIRED SAMPLES T TEST COMPARES TWO
MEANS THAT ARE FROM THE SAME INDIVIDUAL,
OBJECT, OR RELATED UNITS. THE TWO MEANS
CAN REPRESENT THINGS LIKE:

 A measurement taken at two different times

(e.g., pre-test and post-test with an intervention
administered between the two time points)
 A measurement taken under two different
conditions (e.g., completing a test under a
"control" condition and an "experimental"
condition)
 Measurements taken from two halves or sides of
a subject or experimental unit (e.g., measuring
hearing loss in a subject's left and right ears).
THE PURPOSE OF THE TEST
-to determine whether there is statistical evidence that
the mean difference between paired observations on a
particular outcome is significantly different from zero.
The Paired Samples t Test is a parametric test.

This test is also known as:

 Dependent t Test
 Paired t Test
 Repeated Measures t Test

The variable used in this test is known as:

 Dependent variable, or test variable (continuous),
measured at two different times or for two related
conditions or units
FOR TWO-SAMPLE Z-TEST WITH SIZES 𝑛1 AND
𝑛2 :

 Two sample means with 𝑛1 = 𝑛2 = 𝑛:

𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑥1 − 𝑥2
𝑧= 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 =
𝑠12 𝑠22 𝑠12 + 𝑠22
+ 𝑛
𝑛1 𝑛2

 Two population means with 𝑛1 = 𝑛2 = 𝑛:

𝜇1 − 𝜇2
𝑧=
𝜎12 + 𝜎22
𝑛
 Two sample means with 𝑛1 ≠ 𝑛2 :

𝑥1 − 𝑥2
𝑧=
(𝑛1 − 1)𝑠12 +(𝑛2 − 1)𝑠22 1 1
∙ +
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 𝑛1 𝑛2

 Two population means with 𝑛1 ≠ 𝑛2 :

𝜇1 − 𝜇2
𝑧=
(𝑛1 − 1)𝜎12 +(𝑛2 − 1)𝜎22 1 1
∙ +
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 𝑛1 𝑛2
FOR TWO-SAMPLE T-TEST:
 Two sample means with
𝑛1 = 𝑛2 𝑜𝑟 𝑛1 ≠ 𝑛2 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒:

𝑥1 − 𝑥2
𝑡= , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2
𝑠12 𝑠22
+
𝑛1 𝑛2
 Two sample means with
𝑛1 = 𝑛2 = 𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒:

𝑥1 − 𝑥2
𝑡= , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑓 = 2𝑛 − 2
𝑠12 + 𝑠22
𝑛
 Two population means with 𝑛1 = 𝑛2 :
𝜇1 − 𝜇2
𝑡 == , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2
𝜎12 + 𝜎22
𝑛1

 Two sample means with 𝑛1 = 𝑛2 𝑜𝑟 𝑛1 ≠ 𝑛2 with

equal variance:
𝑥1 − 𝑥2
𝑡= ,
(𝑛1 − 1)𝑠12 +(𝑛2 − 1)𝑠22 1 1
∙ +
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2
 Two population means with 𝑛1 ≠ 𝑛2 :

𝜇1 − 𝜇2
𝑡= ,
(𝑛1 − 1)𝜎12 +(𝑛2 − 1)𝜎22 1 1
∙ +
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 𝑛1 𝑛2

𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2
EXAMPLE 1
The data were gathered from the result of testing the effectiveness
of two different strategies in increasing the mean sales of a product.
Can we conclude that there is a significant difference between the
two strategies based from the mean sales? Test the hypothesis using
a two-tailed test at α = 10% with the given data in each strategy.

Strategy A: 𝑋1 = 𝑃155,000, 𝑠12 = 𝑃7,000, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛1 = 45 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Strategy B: 𝑋2 = 𝑃149,000, 𝑠22 = 𝑃5,000, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛2 = 45 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
SOLUTION:
Step 1: State the null and alternative hypotheses.

𝐻𝑜 : 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑠

𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡. 𝜇1 = 𝜇2

𝐻𝑎 : 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑠

𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡. 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2

Step 2: We use the z-test since n > 30.

Step 3: The z-table gives 𝑐 = ±1.645 for α = 10% two-tailed test.

Step 4: Since 𝑛1 = 𝑛2 = 𝑛, we have
𝑥1 −𝑥2 155,000−149,000
𝑧= = = ±4.68
𝑠2 2
1 +𝑠2 7,0002 +5,0002
𝑛 45

Step 5: Since the computed value z is higher than critical

value c, thus, it falls in the rejection region which means
we reject 𝐻𝑜 .

z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Conclusion: There is a significant difference between the
mean sales of the two strategies.
 EXAMPLE 2
A teacher wishes to find out if the E-learning teaching method is more
effective than the traditional lecture method. For the E-learning
teaching method, 15 students of approximately equal intelligence were
selected to be part of the study while for the traditional lecture method,
14 students were chosen. After two months of conducting the two
methods to the students, a 30-item test was given to them to assess
their performance. The scores of the students are shown in the table
below.
Students 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Proposed 30 28 29 20 18 19 16 27 22 24 26 28 30 29 18
Existing 25 27 20 30 16 21 15 25 28 21 19 17 18 13

Test the hypothesis if there is no significant difference between the mean scores of
students in the two methods of teaching at α = 0.01.

Method n 𝑥 s
Proposed 𝑛1 = 15 𝑥1 = 24.27 𝑠1 = 4.98
Existing 𝑛2 = 14 𝑥2 = 21.07 𝑠2 = 5.21
SOLUTION:
Since 𝑛1 = 15 and 𝑛2 = 14 and there are two
independent samples, we have the following test statistics:

Step 1:

𝐻𝑜 : 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑦; 𝑜𝑟 𝜇1 = 𝜇2

𝐻𝑎 : 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑦; 𝑜𝑟 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2

Step 2: It is given that α = 0.01. The df = 15 + 14 – 2 = 27.

Step 3: The critical value for this is 2.771.

Step 4: The t-test formula to be used if 𝑛1 ≠ 𝑛2 is:
𝑥1 − 𝑥2
𝑡=
(𝑛1 − 1)𝑠12 +(𝑛2 − 1)𝑠22 1 1
∙ +
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 𝑛1 𝑛2
24.27 − 21.07
=
15 − 1 4.982 + (14 − 1)5.212 1 1
+
15 + 14 − 2 15 14
3.2
=
25.93 0.138
t= 𝟏. 𝟔𝟗
Step 5: Since the computed value of 1.69 < 2.771, we do not
reject 𝐻𝑜 .

z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Conclusion:
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑦; 𝑜𝑟 𝜇1 = 𝜇2