T – test for Independent Samples

The T – test is a test of difference between

two independent groups. The means are
being compared x̅ ₁ against x̅ ₂

It is used for independent sample because

it is a more powerful test compared with
other tests of difference of two independent
groups.
 ❑
𝑥 1 − 𝑥2
𝑡=

√( )(
𝑆 𝑆1 +𝑆 𝑆2 1 1
+
𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2 𝑛1 𝑛 2 )
Where:
t = the t test
X̅ ₁ = the mean of group 1
X̅ ₂ = the mean of group 2
SS₁ = the sum of squares of group 1
SS₂ = the sum of squares of group 2
n₁ = the number of observations in group 1
n₂ = the number of observations in group 2
Sample problem:
The following are the scores in statistics
of 10 male and female accounting
students. Test the null hypothesis that
there is no significant difference in the
performance of male and female
accounting students in statistics. Use the t
– test for independent samples at .05 level
of significance.
 TEST SCORES IN
STATISTICS

Male Female

𝑛1=10
X₁ X₁² X₂ X₂²
14 196 12 144
18 324 9 81
131/10
17 289 11 121 =
16 256 5 25

𝑛2 =10
4 16 10 100
14 196 3 9
12 144 7 49 78/10
10 100 2 4 =
9 81 6 36
10 289 13 169
ΣX₁ = 131 ΣX₁² = 1891 ΣX₂ = 78 ΣX₂² = 738
 (∑ 𝑋 2 )
2
(∑
2
𝑋 1) 𝑆 𝑆2 = ∑ 𝑋 −
2
𝑆 𝑆1 = ∑ 𝑋 −
2 2
1
𝑛1 𝑛2

2 2
( 131 ) ( 78 )
¿ 1891 − ¿ 738 −
10 10

0
𝑆 𝑆2=129.60
 ❑
𝑥 1 − 𝑥2
𝑡=

√( 𝑆 𝑆1 +𝑆 𝑆2
𝑛1 +𝑛2 − 2 )( 1
+
1
𝑛1 𝑛 2
13 . 1− 7.80
)
𝑡=

√( 174.9+1 29. 6
10 +10 − 2
5.3
)( 1
+
10 10
1
)
𝑡=

√( 304.5
18
5.3
) ( 0. 1 + 0.1 )

𝑡=
√ ( 16.92 ) ( 0.2 )
5.3
𝑡=
√ 3.8396
5.3
𝑡=
1.839 5

𝑡 =2.88
 Solving by the Stepwise Method

I. Problem:
Is there a significant difference between the performance of the male
and female accounting students in statistics?

II. HYPHOTHESES

Ho: There is no significant difference between the

performance of the male and female accounting
students in statistics.

H₁: There is significant difference between the

performance of the male and female accounting
students in statistics.
III. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

α = 0.05
df = n₁ + n₂ - 2
= 10 + 10 - 2
= 18
t .05 = 2.101

IV. STATISTICS

t-test for independent samples

V. DECISION RULE

If the t-computed value is greater than or beyond the critical

value, reject H₀.

VI. CONCLUSION

Since the t-computed value of 2.88 is greater than the

critical value of 2.101 at 0.05 level of significance with 18
degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is disconfirmed.
This means that there is significant difference between the
performance of the male and female accounting in statistics
implying that the male students performed better than the
female students considering that the average score of the
male students of 13.1 is greater compared to the average
score the female students of only 7.8.
 What is the t – test for correlated samples?

The t – test for correlated samples is another parametric

test applied to one group of samples. It can be used in
the evaluation of a certain program or treatment. Since
this is another parametric test, conditions must be met
like the normal distribution and the use of interval or
ratio data.
This is the appropriate test for evaluation of
government programs. This is used in an experimental
design to test the effectiveness of a certain technique or
method or program that had been developed.
 𝐷
𝑡=

√
Formula:
2
(∑
𝐷)
∑ 2
𝐷 −
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 − 1 )

D̅ = the
mean difference between the pre-test
and the post- test.
∑D² = the sum of the squares of the difference
between the pre- test and post-test.
∑D = the summation of the difference
between the pre-test and the post-test.
n = the sample size.
Sample problem
Pre-test Post-test
X₁ X₂ D D²
20 25 -5 25
30 35 -5 25
10 25 -15 225
15 25 -10 100
20 20 0 0
10 20 -10 100
18 22 -4 16
14 20 -6 36
15 20 -5 25
20 15 5 25
18 30 -12 144
15 10 5 25
15 16 -1 1
20 25 -5 25
18 10 8 64
40 45 -5 25
10 15 -5 25
10 10 0 0
12 18 -6 36
20 25 -5 25

D̅ = -81/20 = - 4.05 ∑D = -81 ∑D² = 947

 𝐷
𝑡= − 4.05

√
¿

√
2
(∑ 𝐷 ) 618.95
∑𝐷 − 2
𝑛 380
𝑛(𝑛 −1)

− 4.05
¿

√
− 4.05
( − 81 )
2
¿
947 −
20
√ 1.6288
20(20 − 1)
− 4.05
¿
− 4.05 1.2762
¿

√947 −328.05
20 (19)
𝑡=−3.17
 Solving by the Stepwise Method

I. Problem:
Is there a significant difference between the pretest and the posttest?

II. HYPHOTHESES

Ho: there is no significant difference between the

pretest and the posttest.

H₁: there is significant difference between the pretest

and the posttest.
III. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

α = 0.05
df = n- 1
= 20 - 1
= 19
t .05 = 1.729

IV. STATISTICS

t-test for correlated samples

V. DECISION RULE

If the t-computed value is greater than or beyond the critical

value, reject H₀.

VI. CONCLUSION

Since the t-computed value of 3.71 is greater than the

critical value of 1.729 at 0.05 level of significance with 19
degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is disconfirmed.
This means that there is significant difference between the
pretest and the posttest. Since the posttest is greater than the
pretest the results imply that the intervention program is
effective.