General Physics 1

Newton’s
2 Law of motion
nd

Chapter 4 Dynamics

JOHN RICK VASOL, Teacher

Sunday, December 3, 2023

1
Objectives
At the end of this session, you should be able to:
• Apply Newton’s 2nd Law equation.
• Differentiate action and reaction forces.
• Cite examples where Newton’s laws are observed.
• Conceptualize free-body diagrams

GENERAL PHYSICS 1
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
Recall: Newton’s First Law
“An object continues in a state of rest or in a state of motion at a
constant velocity, unless compelled to change the state by a net
force.”
• When an object is either at rest or moving with constant
velocity, we say that the object is in equilibrium.
• The resultant force must be zero:
$
! 𝑭! = 0
!"#
Q: A ball thrown straight up has zero velocity at its
highest point. Is the ball in equilibrium at this point?
Why or why not?
No. The ball is accelerating downward.
GENERAL PHYSICS 1 4
 g F acting on the puck is zero, the puck has zero acceleration, and its velocity
gF
upward
is normal force exerted by the ice surface sum to zero. So the net force
is constant.
constant.
S
acting on
But the puck is zero, the puck is has zero acceleration, and its velocity
But what
what happens
happens whenwhen the the net
net force not zero?
force is not zero? In
In Fig.
Fig. 4.13b
4.13b we we apply
apply aa

Then gF
is constant.
g F is
constant
constant horizontal
horizontal force
force toto aa sliding
sliding puck
puck in
in the
the same
same direction
direction that
that the
the puck
puck is
is
But what happens
S
S when the net force is not zero? In Fig. 4.13bSS we apply a
moving.
moving. Then is constant
constant and
and in
in the
the same
same horizontal
horizontal direction as vv.. We
direction as We find
find that
that
moving. Then gF is constant and in the same horizontal direction as v. We find that
constant horizontal
during force acting,
to a slidingvelocity
puck in the same changes
direction that the puck is
during the
the time
time the
theSforce
force is
is acting, the
the velocity ofof the
the puck
puck changes at
at aaSconstant
constant rate;
rate;

Newton’s Laws of Motion

during the time the force is acting, the velocity of the puck changes at a constant rate;

4.13
4.13 Exploring
Exploring the
the relationship
relationship between
between thethe acceleration
acceleration of
of aa body
body and
and the
the net
net force
force
acting on the body (in this case, a hockey puck on a frictionless surface).
acting on the body (in this case, a hockey puck on a frictionless surface).
4.13 Exploring the relationship between the acceleration of Sa body and the net force
Aon puck moving awith constant velocity (in equilibrium)
S
• AA puck
S S
(a)
acting
(a) puck the bodywith
moving
moving (inconstant
with this case,
constant hockey
velocity
velocity (in
(in equilibrium):
equilibrium): S 5 0,
puck on a frictionless
SFF 5 55 00
0, aa surface).
S S
(a) A puck moving with constant velocity (in equilibrium): S F 5 0, a 5 0

SS S
S S
S SS SS
vv vv vv vv vv

What if the net force

v is not
v zero?
S S S
v
S
v
S
v
(b)
(b) AA constant
constant net
net force
force in
in the
the direction
direction of
of motion
motion causes
causes aa constant
constant acceleration
acceleration in
in the
the same
same
direction
direction as
as the
the net
net force.
force.
• A constant net force in the direction of motion
(b) ASSconstant net force S
SFF as the net force.
S
direction SFF
S
in
S the direction of motion
S
SFF
S
S causes a constant SS
SSFF
acceleration in the same
S
SS
SFF
S S
S S S
S S S
S S S
S S S
S
S F aa S F aa S F aa S F aa S F aa
S S S S S
a a a a a
S
S S
S S
S S
S S
S
vv vv vv vv vv
S S S S S
v v v v v
(c) A
(c) A constant
constant net
net force
force opposite
opposite the
the direction
direction of
of motion
motion causes
causes aa constant
constant acceleration
acceleration in
in the
the same
same
• A constant net force opposite the direction of motion
direction as
direction as the
the net
net force.
force.
(c) A constant
S
S net force opposite
S the direction of motion
S S
S causes a constantSSacceleration in theSSsame
SFF
S
direction as the net force. S SFF SFF
S SFF
S SSFF
S
S S SS S SS S SS S S
S S
aa S F aa SF aa SF aa SF aa S F
S S S S S
a a a a a
S
S SS S
S S S S S
vv vv vv vv vv
S S S S S

G E N E R A L P H Y S I C S v1 v v v v
Newton’s Second Law
A (non zero) net force acting on an object causes the object
to accelerate in the same direction as the net force.
For any given object, the magnitude of the acceleration is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the net force acting on the body.
! 𝑭 = 𝑚𝒂

Alternatively,
∑𝑭
𝒂=
𝑚

GENERAL PHYSICS 1 6
Using Newton’s Second Law
• ∑ 𝑭 = 𝑚𝒂 is a vector equation.
• For each component:
! 𝐹% = 𝑚𝑎% , ! 𝐹& = 𝑚𝑎& , ! 𝐹' = 𝑚𝑎'

✘
• Newton’s second law refers to external forces.

Image taken from: https://pmcvariety.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/moana4.jpg?w=1000&h=562&crop=1

GENERAL PHYSICS 1 7
Using Newton’s Second Law
• ∑ 𝑭 = 𝑚𝒂 is a vector equation.
• For each component:
! 𝐹% = 𝑚𝑎% , ! 𝐹& = 𝑚𝑎& , ! 𝐹' = 𝑚𝑎'

• Newton’s second law refers to external forces.

• ∑ 𝑭 = 𝑚𝒂 is only valid when the mass is constant.
• Newton’s second law is valid only in inertial frames of reference.

𝑚𝒂 is NOT a force

GENERAL PHYSICS 1 8
w to use Newton’s second law, we will begin in this chapter
straight-line motion. Then in Chapter 5 we will consider more
develop more detailed problem-solving strategies.

Example Newton’s Second Law

4.18 Our Example
sketch for this 1: A worker
problem. applies
The tiles under a constant horizontal force with
the box are
freshly waxed, so we assume20
magnitude that friction
N to isanegligible.
box with mass 40 kg resting on a level floor
The box has no vertical acceleration, so the vertical
with negligible friction. What is the acceleration of the box?
components of the net force sum to zero. Nevertheless, for
completeness, we show the vertical forces acting on the box.

Given:
𝐹! = 20 N 𝑚 = 40 kg
Acceleration:
∑ #! %& ( %& *+⋅-//"
𝑎! = $
= )& *+
= )& *+
= 0.5 m/s%

The x-component
12/3/23
of acceleration is therefore 9
GENERAL PHYSICS 1

a Fx 20 N 20 kg # m>s2
ax = = = = 0.50 m>s2
m 40 kg 40 kg
 second law where it isn’t valid, in the noninertial reference frame of an accelerating car.
We will always examine motion relative to inertial frames of reference only. ❙

In learning how to use Newton’s second law, we will begin in this chapter
with examples of straight-line motion. Then in Chapter 5 we will consider more
general cases and develop more detailed problem-solving strategies.

Example Newton’s Second Law

Example 4.4 Determining acceleration from force
Example A2: A applies
worker dockworker applies
a constant horizontal a constant
force with magnitude 20 N 4.18 Our horizontal force
sketch for this problem. The tiles under the box are
of 80.0 [N] to a to a
box with block
mass 40 kg of ice
resting on a on a
level floor
friction. What is the acceleration of the box?
smooth
with negligible horizontal
freshly waxed, so wefloor.
assume thatThefriction is negligible.
The box has no vertical acceleration, so the vertical
frictional force is negligible. The block starts from components rest and
of the net force sum to zero. Nevertheless, for
SOLUTION completeness, we show the vertical forces acting on the box.
moves 11.0 [m] in 5.00 [s].
IDENTIFY and SET UP: This problem involves force and accelera-
tion, so we’ll use Newton’s second law. In any problem involving
(a) What is the mass of the block of ice?
forces, the first steps are to choose a coordinate system and to iden-
tify all of the forces acting on the body in question. It’s usually F=80 N
Given: convenient to take one axis either along or opposite the direction
of the body’s acceleration, which in this case is horizontal. Hence
𝐹 = 80.0 N, we take the𝑣&+ x-axis
= 0,to be in the𝑥 direction
= 11.0 m,applied horizontal
of the m=?
𝑡 = 5.00 s force (that is, the direction in which the box accelerates) and the
+ y-axis to be upward (Fig. 4.18). In most force problems that
Acceleration: you’ll encounter (including this one), the force vectors all lie in a Mass:
plane, so the z-axis isn’t used.
0 acting on the 2𝑥
S 𝐹
𝑥 = 𝑥& + 𝑣exerted The forces
& 𝑡 + by 𝑎𝑡 % box are (i) the horizontal force F 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 → 𝑚 =
% the worker, of𝑎 magnitude
= # 20 N; (ii) the weight wS of the
𝑡 𝑎 is therefore
The x-component of acceleration
1 %is, the downward 2(11.0
box—that gravitational
m) Sforce exerted by# the 80 kg ⋅ m/s%
𝑥 =0+0+ 𝑎𝑡 (iii) the upward
earth; and 𝑎= supporting force n=exerted
2 Section 4.2, we call Sn a(5.00
normals)
#
0.880bym/sthe floor.
𝑚 = a Fx 20 N %20=kg𝟗𝟎. # m>s2𝟗 𝐤𝐠
As in force because it is normal ax = 0.880 = m/s= = 0.50 m>s2
(perpendicular) to the surface of contact. (We use an italic letter n m 40 kg 40 kg
G E N E R A L P toH avoid
12/3/23 YSIC confusion
S 1 with the abbreviation N for newton.) Friction is 10
negligible, so no friction force is present. EVALUATE: The acceleration is in the + x -direction, the same direc-
The box doesn’t move vertically, so the y-acceleration is zero: tion as the net force. The net force is constant, so the acceleration is
ay = 0. Our target variable is the x-acceleration, ax. We’ll find it also constant. If we know the initial position and velocity of the
using Newton’s second law in component form, Eqs. (4.8). box, we can find its position and velocity at any later time from the
constant-acceleration equations of Chapter 2.
EXECUTE: From Fig. 4.18 only the 20-N force exerted by the
 when your car accelerates forward from rest. But there is no such force; instead, your iner-
tia causes you to tend to stay at rest relative to the earth, and the car accelerates around
you (see Fig. 4.11a). The “common sense” confusion arises from trying to apply Newton’s
second law where it isn’t valid, in the noninertial reference frame of an accelerating car.
We will always examine motion relative to inertial frames of reference only. ❙

In learning how to use Newton’s second law, we will begin in this chapter
Example Newton’s Second Law with examples of straight-line motion. Then in Chapter 5 we will consider more
general cases and develop more detailed problem-solving strategies.

Example 2: A dockworker applies

Example 4.4 Determining a constant
acceleration from horizontal
force force of 80.0 [N]
to a block of ice onA worker a applies
smooth horizontal floor. The frictional force is
a constant horizontal force with magnitude 20 N 4.18 Our sketch for this problem. The tiles under the box are
negligible. The block starts from
to a box with mass 40 kg rest and
resting on a level moves
friction. What is the acceleration of the box?
11.0freshly
floor with negligible [m] inso we5.00
waxed, [s].
assume that friction is negligible.
The box has no vertical acceleration, so the vertical
components of the net force sum to zero. Nevertheless, for
(b) If the worker stops SOLUTION
pushing at the end of 5.00 [s], how far does the block completeness, we show the vertical forces acting on the box.

move in the next 5.00 IDENTIFY

[s]? and SET UP: This problem involves force and accelera-
For the first 5.00 [s]: 𝑎 = 0.880 m/s
𝑣 = 𝑣2 + 𝑎𝑡
= 0 + (0.880 m/s 1 )(5.00 s)
= 4.40 m/s
No more nonzero net force acting on the block. It is
no longer accelerating.
Whatever is the velocity of the block after the first
tion, so we’ll use Newton’s second law. In any problem involving
forces, the first steps are1to choose a coordinate system and to iden-
tify all of the forces acting on the body in question. It’s usually
v
convenient to take one axis either along or opposite the direction
of the body’s acceleration, which in this case is horizontal. Hence
we take the + x-axis to be in the direction of the applied horizontal
force (that is, the direction in which the box accelerates) and the
+ y-axis to be upward (Fig. 4.18). In most force problems that
you’ll encounter (including this one), the force vectors all lie in a
For the last 5.00 [s]:
plane, so the z-axis isn’t used.
𝑎 = 0 and 𝑣 = 4.40 m/s
S
The forces acting on the box are (i) the horizontal force F
S
The x-component of acceleration is therefore
exerted by the worker, of magnitude 20 N; (ii) the weight w of the
box—that is, the downward gravitational force exerted by the 𝑥 = 𝑥! + 𝑣𝑡
a Fx
S
earth; and (iii) the upward supporting force n exerted by the floor. m
20 kg # m>s2
ax = = 0 + 4.40 5.00 s m>s2
20 N
S
As in Section 4.2, we call n a normal force because it is normal = = = 0.50
(perpendicular) to the surface of contact. (We use an italic letter n m 40 kg s40 kg

5.00 [s], it will remain the same for the next 5.00 [s].
to avoid confusion with the abbreviation N for newton.) Friction is
negligible, so no friction force is present.
= 𝟐𝟐 𝐦
EVALUATE: The acceleration is in the + x -direction, the same direc-
The box doesn’t move vertically, so the y-acceleration is zero: tion as the net force. The net force is constant, so the acceleration is
12/3/23
GENERAL PHYSICS 1 ay = 0. Our target variable is the x-acceleration, ax. We’ll find it also constant. If we know the initial position and velocity of the
using Newton’s second law in component form, Eqs. (4.8). box, we can find its position and velocity at any later time from the
constant-acceleration equations of Chapter 2.
EXECUTE: From Fig. 4.18 only the 20-N force exerted by the
second law from Eqs. (4.8), g Fy = may. Can you use this equa-
To determine ax, we didn’t need the y-component of Newton’s
worker has a nonzero x-component. Hence the first of Eqs. (4.8)
tells us that

a Fx ! F ! 20 N ! max
tion to show that the magnitude n of the normal force in this situa-
tion is equal to the weight of the box?
Credits/References/Adapted from
• University Physics 13th Ed, H. Young and R. Freedman
Pearson Education 2014
• Physics 71 Lectures by J Vance, M Flores, A Lacaba, PJ
Blancas, G Pedemonte, DL Sombillo, K Agapito
• Physics 71 slides by J De Mesa

GENERAL PHYSICS 1