Arch 249 Test #1

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Термины в модуле (229)

Mammoth-Bone Houses, Ukraine, 16,000-10,000 BCE

(Paleolithic Period)

Gobekli Tepe, Turkey, c. 9100-8100 BCE (Neolithic Period)

Jericho, Israel, c. 8000 BCE (Neolithic Period)

Catal Huyuk, Turkey, c.6500-5700 BCE (Neolithic Period)

Newgrange, Ireland, c. 3200 BCE (Neolithic Period)

Stonehenge, England, c. 2900-1400 BCE (Neolithic Period)

Traditional masonry formed from sundried mixture of mud Mudbrick

and straw

Most basic construction form, two vertical beams Post-and-lintel

supporting one horizontal

ca. Start of history (35,000 BCE) - 10,000 BCE Paleolithic Period

c. 10,000 - 4,500 BCE Neolithic Period

Graves within a settlement Intramural Burial

Construction using large stones or boulders Megalithic

Steps of masonry stacked to support Corbeling

Construction type in which posts have knobs that fit into Mortise-and-tenon
notches in a lintel

Arch 249 Test #1

Different materials were available to people in different The role that geography plays in determining prehistoric building materials and techniques
regions and weather varied as well, this meant that whereas
one region used mud-bricks to shield from the heat -
another region would use rocks to shield from the cold.

Due to the lack of agricultural evidence it makes us rethink How have the recent excavations at Gobekli Tepe caused us to rethink long accepted theories
the previously accepted model of development of about the development of farming, settled village life, religion, and monumental architecture in
civilization where agricultural practices preceded the Neolithic Period?
monumental architecture

Whereas Jericho was fortified, indicating the need for How the architecture and material remains can tell us about the organization of prehistoric
protection from other tribes, Catal Huyuk is not and is much society - use Jericho and Catal Huyuk as examples
more packaged together.

Mud-brick walls and a post-and-lintel timber framework Describe the construction techniques used at Catal Huyuk
enclosed rectangular spaces that abutted the neighboring
houses

As buildings were closely packed together, with entrances What does the architectural layout tell us about communal versus private space in Catal
only on the roof, spaces were either very private or not at all Huyuk?

Showed that the environment of Catal Huyuk was not just for What role did architectural decoration play in the built environment of Catal Huyuk?
function, but also for religious or aesthetic/artistic intent.

A simple understanding of construction, Used megalithic Describe the technical ability of the people who built Stonehenge
construction with post-and-lintel and mortise-and-tenon

Circular ditches, megalithic construction, mortise-and-tenon What are some of the techniques used to build the stone circle at Stonehenge

Mostly all religious, due to the solar alignment and size. What are some of the current theories about the purpose of Stonehenge?

The sun was the source of life, so prehistoric societies held Explain how solar alignments would be important for early agricultural communities - Use the
the importance of the sun in high regard. Newgrange and examples of Newgrange and Stonehenge
Stonehenge were aligned to the summer solstice.

White Temple, Uruk, Mesopotamia (Iraq), c. 3500-3000 BCE

Ancient Near East

The Great Ziggurat at Ur, Mesopotamia (Iraq), c. 2100 BCE

Citadel of Sargon II, Khorsabad (Iraq), c. 720 BCE

Ishtar Gate, Babylon (Iraq), c. 575 BCE

Persepolis, palace complex on the citadel, 518-460 BCE

A structure upon offerings, such as sacrifices, are made for Altar

religious purposes

A more advanced type of mud-brick that was furnace or Baked brick

sun-baked to make them stronger

A structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of Bastion

fortification, most commonly used for defensive purposes
and positioned at the corners

Any kind of wall that has been built with an intentional slope Battered walls

A naturally occurring petroleum product that was used as a Bitumen

mortar in some ancient civilizations, protected structures
from water since oil is hydrophobic
Arch 249 Test #1
Masonry reinforcement applied to a wall to apply additional Buttress
strength

The core fortified area of a town, usually a castle or religious Citadel

sanctuary

Fictional creatures, usually carved statues, that combine Composite creature

human and animal characteristics to show power and/or
intimidate

The area of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Fertile Crescent
river, known as part of the cradle of civilization

A type of brick that has a ceramic coating, not only used for Glazed brick
aesthetics, but also for function as these bricks were
stronger and resistant to water and weathering

A large hall composed of many columns to support the roof Hypostyle hall

A Sumerian protective deity, depicted as human-headed Lamassu

winged-bulls. Seen outside the gates of the Citadel of
Sargon II

A process of brick-making that uses a mold for shaping the Mold-made brick
bricks

A gift that is presented to deities Offering

To carve away parts of a stone to create an image that is Relief sculpture

protruding out of the wall

A society with a certain level of size and complexity, traits State-level society
include the use of technology and a basic form of
government

A building, usually large, used for the worship of a religious Temple

deity

The two rivers that encompass the fertile crescent. Tigris and Euphrates

A curving, semi-circular arch composed of wedge-shaped True arch

stones

The development of cities Urbanism

Objects placed as religious offerings without the intention of Votive offering

ever being moved

A large rectangular-shaped stepped platform that was of Ziggurat

religious importance to the Sumerians

The shape of a ziggurat was meant to resemble a mountain, Explain the important of the shape of the Ziggurat, what does it symbolize, and what was on
where the ancient Sumerians believed their gods dwelled. top
On top was a religious shrine

The height and size of the architecture were the largest that How does the design and decoration of architecture in the ancient Near East reflect power
anyone at that time had likely seen and authority?

The Gate of all nations includes symbols from many different How does Persian architecture draw upon the knowledge and symbolism of other cultures?
cultures.

First-stepped pyramid, inspired the pyramids of Egypt

Funeral Complex of Djoser, Saqarra, ca. 2630 BCE (Early
Dynastic/Old Kingdom Period)

The tallest and oldest of the Great pyramids

Great Pyramid of Khufu, Giza, Dynasty IV, c. 2550 BCE (Old
Kingdom)

Designed by Senmut and carved into the side of a

Temple complex of Hatshepsut, Deir el Bahari, Dyansty XVII, mountain
15th century BCE (New Kingdom)

Arch 249 Test #1

Temple of Amun, Karnak, 15-13th centuries BCE (New
Kingdom)

Originally along the Nile, also built into the side of a

Temple of Ramses II at Abu Simbel, Dynasty 19, c. 1279-1213 mountain, and possessed solar alignment
BCE (New Kingdom)

The part of a column above the capital that supports the Abacus
architrave

Smooth stone masonry laid so that the joints are visible Ashlar masonry

A support sculpted in the form of a man, comes from the Atlantid

Greek legend of Atlas

Planned symmetry along a central axis Axial planning

A carved sculpture of the deceased located within the Ba/ka

serdab or a mastaba that

A pyramidal mound of earth that aided in the creation of the Ben-ben

earth according to Egyptian culture

a road or railway built on an embankment of land that spans Causeway

a body of water

Windows placed high in a wall, generally above lower roof Clerestory

elements

A linear series of columns with an entablature Colonnade

An upright structural element consisting of a capital, shaft, Column

and base

A line of hereditary rulers of a country Dynasty

A column that is embedded within the structure of a wall Engaged half-columns

A temple used for the purpose of honoring the dead Funerary Temple

The first known architect, constructed the Complex at Imhotep

Djoser

A small, steeped burial chamber, the precursor to the Mastaba

stepped pyramid

A smaller temple within a funerary complex where great Mortuary Temple

supporters of the ruler were buried

The river that Ancient Egypt was based on Nile river

A stone monolith with sides tapering to a pyramidal top Obelisk

c. 2686-2181 BCE Old Kingdom

c. 2040-1782 BCE Middle Kingdom

c. 1570-1070 BCE, marked by the movement of the capital New Kingdom

from lower Egypt to upper

Imitated elements of nature and symbolized lower Egypt Papyrus columns and capitals

Title given to the Egyptian ruler Pharaoh

A religion having multiple gods Polytheism

A colonnade porch Portico

A massive entrance to an Egyptian temple, with sloping Pylon

walls and a central opening

A room in a mastaba above the burial chamber where Serdab

people could leave offerings

Carvings in a wall that are barely raised up from the surface Low Relief

A human-headed lion creature, a giant statue is located at Sphinx

the palace complex of Khafre

Arch 249
Precursor to the Test #1inspired by mastabas
pyramids, Step pyramid
Type of relief carving where the figures do not extend Sunken relief
beyond the original flat surface

A 43 degree slope, not stepped but slanted. First one was True pyramid
Sneferu's North pyramid - The "Red" Pyramid

A valley where funerary temples were carved and where Valley of the Kings
Pharaohs were buried during the New Kingdom period

Connected to the Nile for religious reasons, was the place Valley Temple
of reception for the royal body before it was taken to their
pyramid tomb

The Egyptians believed in an afterlife where the deceased How does religion and belief in the afterlife shape the architecture of Egypt?
still used their bodies and roamed the earth, so they were
built with massive temples to preserve their bodies and act
as their homes for eternity

The mastaba was the precursor to the step pyramid as a What is the relationship between a traditional mastaba and the Step Pyramid of Djoser?
step pyramid was basically just many mastabas stacked atop
one another

For their gods, to demonstrate power, for the living to leave What are the purposes of the temples associated with the pyramids?
offerings, to act as monuments to a pharaoh, to commence
the funerary process

Differences - Age, measurements, temples around them What are some of the differences and similarities of the Great Pyramids of Giza?
Similarities - General construction and plan

Valley temple, causeway, mortuary temple, and tomb. These What are the most important elements of a pyramid complex and what purpose do they
were essential in the Ancient Egyptian funerary process serve?

It is a monument to the Pharaoh Kahfre, like all composite What is the meaning/importance of the Great Sphinx as part of its built environment?
creatures it is intended to display power and intimidate

Rows of large columns placed closely together in order to Explain the design of a hypostyle hall in Egyptian architecture. How did the material affect the
support the heavy stone lintels of the roof, was tall to allow design?
for light to enter.