ARCH Test 3

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Термины в модуле (74)

All of the houses display the international style. No applied ornament, volume rather than
mass, and balance rather than symmetry.
Houses 16-17, designed by Gropius, are a great example of a kit of parts. The spaces appear
1. The model homes of the Weissenhofsiedlung explored
modular and the steel frame is visible due to the repetitive building panels on the exterior.
different materials and forms in the search for
Houses 1-4, design by Van der Rohe, are a set of apartments. These apartments are modular
a prototype for modern housing. Choose two of the homes
but Van der Rohe uses universal space to show that each room is used for whatever it needs to
and compare and contrast the proposals.
be. This allows each individual apartment to be different even though they all are within the
What is similar and what is different?
same building. Idea of ribbon window interrupted by vertical lines and the stairwell.

Connect, free flowing living spaces. Hillside.

2. Fritz Lang's Metropolis and Charlie Chaplin's Modern Machine turns people into machine. People are robotic. Machine is a god. Serious.
Times both address the relationship between
technology and the human condition. Briefly compare the Chaplin has a tick that is mechanical. Automated feeding machine eliminate human tempo and
central message of each film and provide lunch break. Funny.
examples of the visual imagery each director uses to make
their message clear.

The Chrysler buidling has:

Classic setback
Point on top
broad entrance#
rational space planning
modular curtain walls
ornament that describes the company (cars)
Brick construction
jazzy lights
art deco

Seagram Building Has:

3. Compare and contrast the Seagram Building and the
no setback steps
Chrysler Building, being sure to include form,
Single block
materials, and ornament in your comparison.
Flat top
2 reflecting pools
centered entrance
transparently and solidity as the same time
alignment with building across the street
simplified
exterior is bronze
pulled I-beam as ornament

Both:
Steel frame
Central entrances

ARCH Test 3
4. By the 1960s, a new generation of architects
began to question the principles of the modern
movement. Choose an example from our
discussion of Team 10, and show how the work
began to chart
new ideas.
5. What were skyscraper setback zoning regulations? What
was their purpose and how did it affect the
design of the skyscraper? Give one example in your
discussion.
6. During the 1920s, southern California was a cradle for
experimentation in new forms of domestic
architecture. Choose one built example we discussed in
class and discuss how it embodied the goals of
its designer(s) and client(s).
7. The single family detached home became the most
popular model for housing in postwar America.
How did the GI bill support the growth of the market for
these homes?
8. The Unité d'Habitation in Marseilles was offered as a
model for postwar housing in Europe. Discuss
what elements were brought together in the building to
provide for the more than 1500 residents.
9. We discussed several examples of the use of concrete in
post World War II architecture. Choose two
examples and compare and contrast the use of concrete in
both.
10. In both Mexico and Brazil, European ideas about modern
architecture developed in a new cultural
and political context. Choose one example and discuss how
the design reflects both International Style
principles and localized cultural and political concerns.
Ralph Walker, New York Telephone Building, NYNY, 1921-26
ARCH Test 3
Setback zoning regulations were building codes to help the public health issue. They would
allow fresh air and sunlight to hit the streets and to prevent a "canyon effect." The rule was that
for every foot you went up, you had to step away from the street at different ratios depending
on the zone you were in. This made early skyscrapers appear to be step-like. Hugh Ferris'
Study for Maximum Mass has several examples of how he believes these setback laws will
affect architecture. One almost resembles a ziggurat. A great example of the laws and step-like
design is the Chrysler Building. The base takes up the entire block. The next section becomes
an H like shape that has shrunk. The next section is a rectangle that is much smaller than the
base. An octagon then sits on top of the the rectangle. And the cap is then a square which
eventually progresses to a needle.
*FLWs Ennis House engaged the experimentation of southern CA by appearing to be cut out
from one giant piece of stone. This textile block construction is a modular plan that is
controlled by the block. FLW uses this block to his advantage. He forms spaces that all
coincide with the block.
Low cost diy architecture system.
The single family detached home was the start of the Levittown and newsy urban areas. But
these dwellings would not have been occupied if it was not for the returning veterans and the
GI Bill. Among the benefits of the GI Bill, a low cost mortgage was one. This mortgage was
only applicable to certain dwellings though. It could not be used on apartments, multiple
family dwellings, or condos. The only housing that was left during this time was the detached
house which were available in places like Levittown.
Corb used the modulor system to create this building. He also used objectife to mass produce
each level of living spaces.
Apartments
Shops
School
Laundry
Recreation
City in one building
Ronchamp by Corb:
Alignment and connection to outdoor
Typical elements of church rearranged
Smooth
Curvilinear
Organic and fluid
Rudolph Art and Arch:
Brutalism
Hostile
Concrete frame
Corduroy concrete
Spatially complex
Dynamic sense of exploration
Both:
concrete returns sense of monumentality
The Diego Rivera house by O'Gorman uses modern designs similar to Ozenfaunt such as the
entry on e second level. O'Gorman makes his design localized by using colors from the
tenotitlan ruins. Indian red, pre colonial blues. The landscape is vernacular
William van Alen Chrysler Building, New York, NY, 1928-30

Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon, Empire State Building, New

York, 1931

Raymond Hood, Wallace Harrison, et al., Rockefeller Center,

New York, 1931-1939

New York World's Fair of 1939: Norman Bel Geddes, GM

Pavilion or "Futurama"

George Dahl, State Fair of Texas, Dallas, TX, 1936

The Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart, Germany, 1926-27

The founding of CIAM (Congres International

d'Architecture Moderne), 1928

Modern Architecture exhibit, Museum of Modern Art, New

York, 1932

J. J. P. Oud, Hook of Holland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,

1924

Mies van der Rohe, Tugendhat House, Brno, Czech Republic,

1928-30

Mies van der Rohe, Barcelona Pavilion, Barcelona, Spain,

1929

Sunlight and fresh air issue

Public health
1916 zoning law / setback skyscraper
"Canyon Effect"

Art Deco is an elegant style of decorative art, design and architecture which began as a
art deco Modernist reaction against the Art Nouveau style. It is characterized by the use of angular,
symmetrical geometric forms

Simple geometric forms

"streamline" or "streamline moderne" Planar architecture
technology, speed, and transportation

"modern movement"

• volume rather than mass

international style • balance rather than symmetry
• NO applied ornament

ARCH Test 3
Fordism

Machine ate people

Metropolis (1927), d: Fritz Lang

Potential of the machine

Ballet Mecanique (1924), d: Fernand Léger

Positive and negative feelings toward machine

Modern Times (1936), d: Charlie Chaplin

Mies van der Rohe, Minerals & Metals Building, IIT Chicago,
IL, 1942-43

SOM, Lever Building, New York, NY, 1951-52

Mies, Seagram Building, New York, NY, 1954-58

SOM, Inland Steel Building, Chicago, IL, 1956-57

Eero Saarinen & Hideo Sasaki, John Deere & Co.

Headquarters, Moline, IL 1957-63

Eero Saarinen & Thomas Church, GM Technical Center,

Warren, Michigan, 1946- 55

Mies, Farnsworth House, Plano, IL, 1945-50

Philip Johnson, Glass House, New Canaan, CT, 1947

Suburbanization on a mass scale: Levittown, NY, 1947+

Architect designed Single family dwellings were better.

Steel frame
The Case Study House Program
Open to public
Indoor and outdoor living

Charles and Ray Eames, Case Study House No. 8, Pacific

Palisades, CA, 1945-49

ARCH Test 3
podium building

slab tower

GI Bill Low cost mortgages to Veterans

Corb, Unité d'Habitation, Marseilles, France, 1947-53

Alison and Peter Smithson, Golden Lane Housing Project,

London, 1952

Aldo van Eyck, Orphanage, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,

1957-62

.
Corb, Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France,
1950-54

Radiant City

modulor

beton brut rough concrete

objectife refined object to bare minimum for mass production

pilotifes

based on:
local needs
vernacular architecture
construction materials
reflecting local traditions

brise soleil

• City divided into 4 functions: housing,

work, recreation, traffic
• Each function designated to a different,
physically separate zone
CIAM Functional City
• Height, eg, apartment towers ensures
maxiumum use of free space
• "Private interest subordinated to the
collective interest"

Louis I. Kahn, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, CT,

1951-53

Louis I. Kahn, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, 1959-65

ARCH Test 3
Paul Rudolph, Yale Art and Architecture Building, New
Haven, CT, 1958-62

Marcel Breuer, Whitney Museum, New York, NY 1966

Brazil: Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer, Brasilia, begun 1957

Brasilia, Plaza of Three Powers, 1958

Mexico: Juan O'Gorman, Diego Rivera House, Mexico City,

1932

UNAM campus (various architects), esp. Juan O'Gorman,

Library Building, Mexico City, 1953

O'Gorman House, Mexico City, 1947-48

Barragán, Egerstrom House, Los Clubes

Development Mexico City, 1963-64
servant and served spaces

brut concrete
brutalism
buildings appear hostile

Space that is open and defined by the furniture inside it. Free and open space. Function
universal space
determined by objects.

space frame

feeling of importance
monumentality
cultural importance

corduroy concrete highly textured, rough

Study how people live. Create a repeatable prototype

Existenceminimum
Fresh air and access to sunlight.