**COMMUNAL ACCORDS AND

DIVISION: 1858-1939**

1. **Indian Muslim Congress, Sir

Syed, and the Rise of Muslim
Nationalism**
- **Indian Muslim Congress:**
Founded in 1887, it was a political
party in British India that aimed
to promote the political rights and
interests of Muslims within the
Indian National
Congress.
- **Sir Syed Ahmad Khan:** A
prominent Muslim leader and
founder of the Aligarh Movement,
he advocated for modern
education among Muslims and is
considered a key figure in the
intellectual and political
awakening of Indian Muslims.
 - **Rise of Muslim
Nationalism:** Influenced by the
socio-political conditions of the
time, including the perceived
marginalization of Muslims in the
Indian National Congress, leading
to the demand for separate
electorates and representation.

2. **Hindu Revivalist Movements

and Nationalism**
- **Revivalist Movements:**
The 19th century saw the
emergence of various Hindu
revivalist movements like the
Arya Samaj and the Ramakrishna
Mission, which sought to reform
Hindu society and revive its
cultural and religious traditions.
- **Nationalism:** These
movements played a significant
role in shaping Hindu nationalism,
contributing to the broader Indian
nationalist movement against
British colonial rule

3. **The Partition of Bengal,

1905**
- **Background:** The partition
was carried out by Lord Curzon,
the then Viceroy of India, for
administrative reasons, but it had
far-reaching political
consequences.
- **Impact:** The partition
sparked widespread protests and
became a major turning point in
India's struggle for independence,
leading to the Swadeshi
Movement and the growth of
nationalist sentiments.

4. **The Formation of the Muslim

League, 1906**
- **Context:** The All India
Muslim League was formed in
Dhaka in response to the partition
of Bengal and the perceived
neglect of Muslim interests by the
Indian National Congress.
- **Objectives:** The Muslim
League aimed to protect the
political rights of Muslims in India
and eventually became a key
player in the demand for a
separate Muslim homeland,
leading to the creation of
Pakistan in 1947.

5. **Political Changes 1858-1939

Communal Accords**
- **Political Changes:** The
period saw significant political
developments, including the
establishment of British colonial
rule, the Indian Nationalist
movement, and various legislative
reforms.
- **Communal Accords:**
Despite growing communal
tensions, there were instances of
cooperation and understanding
between different communities,
as seen in the Lucknow Pact of
1916 between the Congress and
the Muslim League.

6. **Indian Councils' Act of 1861**

- **Purpose:** The act
expanded the legislative councils
in India, allowing for a limited
degree of Indian participation in
the legislative process.
- **Significance:** It marked a
shift towards a more
representative form of
government in India, although real
power remained in British hands.
7. **Indian Councils' Act of 1892**
- **Amendment:** The act
further expanded the powers of
the legislative councils, granting
them the power to discuss the
budget and ask questions of the
executive.
- **Impact:** While it increased
Indian involvement in legislative
affairs, it fell short of Indian
nationalist demands for greater
autonomy and representation.

8. **The Ilbert Bill, 1884**

- **Proposals:** The bill sought
to allow Indian judges to preside
over cases involving Europeans in
British India.
- **Controversy:** The bill
faced strong opposition from
European settlers, leading to its
eventual dilution, highlighting
racial tensions and inequalities in
colonial society.

9. **Making of the Congress,

1885**
- **Formation:** The Indian
National Congress was founded in
1885 by Allan Octavian Hume,
Dadabhai Naoroji, and others,
with the aim of promoting Indian
political representation and
eventual self-government.
 - **Early Years:** Initially, the
Congress focused on
constitutional reforms and
representation within the existing
colonial framework, before
evolving into a more radical
movement for independence.

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**Prepared by: Sarim Akhtar,

Class 8C**