DDWQ 3633

Principles of Management in
Construction

History and Evolution of

Management (Part 1)
Week 3 Lecture

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 The lecture will highlight on…
1. Management School of Thoughts

Management & Organizations (Chap 1,

Management 11th Ed.)

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 Learning Outcomes
• Describe some early management examples.

• Explain the various theories in the classical

approach.

• Discuss the development and uses of the

behavioural approach.

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MANAGEMENT APPROACHES

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Management Approaches

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EARLY MANAGEMENT

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 Early Management

Projects of tremendous scope, employing tens of thousands of people, were completed in ancient times.

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 Early Management (cont’d)
Was a major economic and trade centre in the 1400s

Venetians used warehouse and inventory systems to keep track of materials, HR management functions to
manage the labour force, and an accounting system to keep track of revenues and costs.
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 Early Management (cont’d)
Adam Smith (1776) he argued the economic advantages that organizations and
society would gain from the division of labour (job specialization).

Job Adv.: Increased

Specialization productivity
(def.): Breaking (increasing
down jobs into worker’s skill &
narrow and dexterity), saving
repetitive tasks. time lost in
changing tasks,
and creating
laboursaving
inventions and
machinery.

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 Early Management (cont’d)

Human power
was substituted by
machine power.

Large efficient factories needed someone to forecast demand, ensure that enough
More economical to material was on hand to make products, assign tasks to people, direct daily activities etc.
manufacture goods.
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CLASSICAL APPROACH

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 Classical Approach
First studies of management (20th century) a.k.a classical
approach, emphasized rationality and making
organizations & workers efficient.

Scientific General
Management Administrative
Theory Theory

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 Classical Approach (cont’d)
Most important contributors to Classical Approach:
Scientific Management Theory

General Administrative Theory

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 Scientific Management Theory
Frederick Winslow Taylor
(Mechanical Engineer)

Scientific Management (def.): The

use of scientific methods to define
the “one best way” for a job to be
done.

He was No work
appalled by standards;
workers’ workers were
inefficiencies. not matched
Workers used with abilities
different and aptitudes
methods to do to the tasks
the same job. required to do.
Spent more than 2 decades pursuing the “one best
Book: Principles of Scientific Management (1911) way”.
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Scientific Management Theory (cont’d)

Taylor’s Scientific Management Principles

He defined guidelines for production

efficiency. These 4 principles would result in
prosperity for workers and managers.

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Scientific Management Theory (cont’d)

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Scientific Management Theory (cont’d)
Frank Gilbreth Lillian Gilbreth
(Construction Contractor) (Psychologist)

Studied work to eliminate inefficient hand-and-body motions. The Gilbreths also experimented
with the design and use of the proper tools and equipment for optimizing work performance.
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Scientific Management Theory (cont’d)

Bricklaying Experiment
Laying Laying
He reduced
exterior interior brick
the number
brick from from 18 to
of motions in
18 to about about 2
laying bricks.
5 motions. motions.

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Scientific Management Theory (cont’d)
The Gilbreths invented a microchronometer that recorded a worker’s hand-and-body
motions and the amount of time spent doing each motion.

Wasted motions missed by the naked eye could be identified and eliminated.

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Scientific Management
Theory (cont’d)
Gilbreths also devised a
classification scheme to label
17 basic hand motions which
they called therbligs.

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General Administrative Theory
Henri Fayol

This theory focused more on what

managers do and what constituted
good management practice.

Management
Fayol’s is an activity
attention was common to all
directed at the endeavours
activities of all (business,
managers. government,
& home)
This led him to develop 14 principles of management

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General Administrative Theory (cont’d)
14 Principles of Management - Henry Fayol

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General Administrative Theory (cont’d)
Max Weber
(German Sociologist)

Developed a theory of
authority structures called
a bureaucracy:
(def.) A form of
organization An ideology that
characterized by emphasize
division of labor, a rationality,
clearly defined predictability,
hierarchy, detailed impersonality,
rules and technical
regulations, and competence, and
impersonal authoritarianism.
relationships.

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General Administrative Theory (cont’d)
Bureaucracy - Max Weber

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BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH

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 Behavioural Approach
Managers get things done by working with people.

The field of study A foundation for

that researches the employee selection
actions (behaviour) procedures,
of people at work is motivation programs,
called Organizational and work teams.
Behaviour (OB).

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Behavioural Approach (cont’d)

Conducted at Western Electric Company Works in Cicero in 1924

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 Behavioural Approach (cont’d)
The Hawthorne Studies examined the effect of lighting levels on
worker productivity.

2 groups:
Experimental Group – exposed to
various lighting intensities
Control Group – constant lighting
intensity
Conclusion:
Lighting intensity was not directly
related to group productivity. The
output is much the same.
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 Behavioural Approach (cont’d)
Elton Mayo
(Harvard Professor)

Elton Mayo and his

associates joined the study
in 1972.
Money is less a
Group factors
factor in
affect individual
determining
behaviour –
output than are
group standards
group
establish
standards,
individual
group attitudes,
worker output.
and security.
They concluded that social norms or group
standards were the key determinants of individual
work behaviour.
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