TIME FRAME ORGANIZATIONAL MAJOR SIGNIFICANT CONCERNS CRITICISMS

ENVIRONMENTS THEORISTS CONTRIBUTIONS

I. Pre- Classical
Egyptians and - Egyptian Pyramids
Chinese and the Great Wall of
China are proof that
project of tremendous
scope, employing tens
of thousands of
people, were
completed in ancient
times

- Managers have been

present to told each
other what to do,
ensured that there
would be enough
stones

- someone had to plan

what was to be done,
organize people and
materials to do it,
make sure those
workers got the work,
and impose some
controls to ensure that
everything was done
as planned
City of Venice - It became a major
economic and trade
center in 1400s

- The Venetians
developed an early
form of business
enterprise and
engaged in many
activities

- Venetians used
 warehouses and
inventory systems to
keep track of
materials, human
resource management
functions to manage
the labor force, and an
accounting system to
keep track of revenues
and costs
Adam Smith - published the Wealth
of Nations

- He argued the
economic advantage
that organizations and
society would gain
from the division of
labor (or job
specialization)-
breaking down jobs
into narrow and
repetitive tasks

- He concluded that
division of labor
increased productivity
by increasing each
workers skill and
dexterity, saving time
lost in changing tasks,
and creating labor-
saving inventions and
machinery
1800’s Industrial - Machine power was
Revolution substituted for human
power

- It became more
economical to
manufacture goods in
factories

- Managers were
needed to forecast
demand, ensure that
 enough material was
on hand to make
products, assign tasks
to people, direct daily
activities
II. Classical Emphasized rationality
and making organizations
and workers as efficient as
possible
A. Scientific Mgt Frederick W. - known as the father
Taylor of Scientific
Management

- He advocated the
following 4 principles:
1. Development of a
true science for each
element of individual
work
2. Scientific selection
of workers
3. Cooperation
between mgt and staff
4. Division of labor
between mgt and staff

- Taylor also promoted

the differential rate
system and pursued
the “one best way to
do the job”
Frank and Lilian - Taylor’s followers
Gilbreth
- created the
Therbligs- isolation of
17 basic motions
( select, position, hold)

- They are the

proponents of the
early time and motion
studies

- Invented the micro-

chronometer which
recorder the worker’s
 motion
Henry Gantt - Taylor’s follower

- Popularized the
manner of work in
production which is
now widely known as
the Gantt Chart

- Proposed incentive
plan for both the team
members and team
managers

B. Administrative Mgt Henry Fayol - known as the Father

of Scientific Mgt

- He proposed the 5
major Mgt Functions:
Planning, Organizing,
Commanding,
Coordinating and
Controlling

- He advocated the 14
Principles of
Mgt:DADSCUUTROSI
EE
1. Division of work –
work specialization
2. Authority – right to
give orders
3. Discipline –
employees must obey
and respect rules that
govern the org
4.Subordination of
individual interest to
general interest - the
interest of any one
employee should not
take precedence over
the interests of the org
5.Centralization – all
decisions come from
one person occupying
 top position
6. Unity of command –
employees get orders
from 1 supervisor only
7. Unity of direction –
all efforts are geared
towards one
realization of a greater
goal
8. The Hierarchy – line
of authority in an org
9. Remuneration –
workers must be paid
a fair wage for their
services
10. Order – people
and resources in
proper place

11. Stability of tenure –

security of work
12. Initiative – provide
employees time and
space to “breathe”
13. Equity – managers
should be kind and fair
to their subordinates
14. Esprit de corps –
promoting team spirit
will build harmony and
unity within the org

Chester Barnard - He published the

book “The Functions
of The Executive”

- He advocated 3
universal principles in
order to operate:
1. Communication
2. Willingness
3. Common purpose

- He also advocated
the Acceptance
Theory of authority or
 the zone of
indifference which
suggests that authority
exist if with
acceptance by
subjects
C. Bureaucratic Mgt Max Weber - German Sociologist

- Reassured that
organizations require
carefully controlled
organizations of its
activities

- Characteristics of
ideal bureacracy
include: DWIDC
1. Division of Labor
2. Well-defined
hierarchy
3. Impersonal
relationship
4. Detailed rules and
regulations
5. Career
Advancement based
on merit
III. Behavioral The behavioral school
emerged partly because
the classical approach did
not achieve sufficient
production efficiency and
workplace harmony
A. Behavioral Rober Owen - He proposed the
Approach ideal workplace

- He fought non-
employment of
children 14 years old
and below
Hugo Munsterberg - Father of Industrial
Psychology

- Pioneered
psychological tests for
employee selection
 Mary Parker Follet - Interested in
employment and work
issues

- Promoted the
principle of Power with
than Power Over
B. Behavioral Science Drew findings from the Abraham Maslow - Developed the
fields of psychology, Hierarchy of Needs
sociology, anthropology Theory based on the 3
and economics assumptions:
1. Human beings have
(insatiable) needs
2. Human action is
aimed at fulfillment of
needs
3. Needs fit into a
hierarchy
*Self- actualization
*Self-esteem
*belongingness
*Security Needs
*basic Needs/
Physiological

Douglas McGregor - Developed the

Thoery X and Theory
Y

- Theory X (negative
outlook)
*Person is lazy,
coercion is needed,
little ambition)

- Theory Y (Positive
Outlook)
* Persom do not
inherently dislike work,
capable of self-
control, have capacity
to be creative and
innovative
Frederick - Developed the Two-
Herzberg factor Theory
 - Factors leading to
Dissatisfaction
(hygiene)- Extrinsic
factors
* company policy
*supervision
*relationship with boss
*work conditions
*salary
*relationship with
peers

- Factors leading to
Satisfaction
(Motivation)- Intrinsic
Factors
* Achievement
*Recognition
*Work Itself
* Responsibility
* Advancement
*Growth
C. Hawthorne Studies - Study conducted in
1924 at the Hawthorne
plant of Western
Electric Company

- the assumption was

that illumination will
have an effect in the
worker’s productivity

- The Team of
Roethlisbeger, Mayo
and Dickson
concluded that
employees would
perform better if they
believe that mgt gives
special attention to
them

- This is what is known

as the Hawthorne
effect
IV. Quantitative The viewpoint gained
 popularity after two
postwar phenomenon;
1. Development of high-
speed computers
2. Robert McNamara’s
implementation of a
management science
approach at Ford Motors

- Focused on quantitative
methods to help determine
the most effective use of
resources
A. Operations Use of mathematical
Research techniques in
analyzing and solving
mgt problems
B. Operations Mgt Responsible for the
production and
delivery of an
organizations products
and services
C. Mgt. Info Systems Computer- based
(MIS) information system by
management
V. Contemporary

A. Systems Approach - based on the notion

that organization can
be viewed as a system

- a system is a set of
interrelated pars
working together as a
whole
B. Contingency - Contradicts Taylor’s
Approach one best way to do the
job concept

- This believes that in

solving mgt problems
there is no single
technique but it
depends on the
situation
C. Emerging Views - The era of dynamic
engagement. This
forces the mgt to think
approaches in the face
of constant, rapid
change

- There are 6 different

themes:
1. New Org
environment
2. Inventing and
Reinventing Org
3. Culture and
Multiculturalism
4. Ethics and Social
Responsibility
5. Globalization
6. Quality