Continuity Equations …. Contd.

Continuity Equations …. Contd.

Continuity Equations …. Contd.
Continuity Equations …. Contd.
Continuity Equations …. Contd.
Continuity Equations …. Contd.
Continuity Equations …. Contd.
Continuity Equations …. Contd.
Continuity Equations …. Contd.
Continuity Equations …. Contd.
Continuity Equations …. Contd.
Continuity Equations …. Contd.
Continuity Equations …. Contd.
Continuity Equations …. Contd.
Continuity Equations …. Contd.
Continuity Equations …. Contd.
Continuity Equations …. Contd.

Courtesy Wikimedia
Darcy’s Law
Darcy’s Law …. Contd.
Flow equations …. Contd.
Flow equations …. Contd.
Flow equations …. Contd.
Flow equations …. Contd.
Flow equations …. Contd.
Flow equations …. Contd.
Flow equations …. Contd.
Flow equations …. Contd.
Flow equations …. Contd.
Flow equations …. Contd.
Capillary rise

Courtesy: Wikimedia Commons

Surface tension & Contact Angle

Courtesy: Wikimedia Commons

Surface Tension & Contact Angle ……. Contd.
Surface Tension & Contact Angle ……. Contd.
Surface Tension & Contact Angle ……. Contd.
Surface Tension & Contact Angle ……. Contd.
Surface Tension & Contact Angle ……. Contd.

Courtesy: Wikimedia Commons

Surface Tension & Contact Angle ……. Contd.
Capillary Pressure as a function of saturation
• Capillary pressure is inversely proportional to pore radius.
• As the pressure is increased, there will be penetration into some more PC
smaller size pores.
• Increase in non-wetting phase saturation (i.e., decrease in wetting phase
saturation) happens at higher capillary pressure.
• Irreducible Saturation, SWi: The lowest wetting phase saturation, which is
independent of further increase of externally measured capillary pressure.
• Residual Saturation: The lowest non-wetting phase saturation arising from SW
entrapment when the externally measured capillary pressure is decreased
from high value to zero.
• Imbibition Curve: The relationship characteristics of the displacement of non-
wetting phase from the irreducible saturation to the residual saturation.
• Drainage Curve: The relationship characteristics of the displacement of
wetting phase from residual saturation to the irreducible saturation.
Capillary pressure determination

Porous diaphragm device

• Sample saturated with the wetting phase is placed in a
chamber with ultrafine fritted glass disk to prevent
passage of oil. The glass disk permits the passage of
wetting phase (brine).
• As the pressure on the oil is increased, the wetting
phase is displaced from increasing smaller pores of the
sample.
• Volume of wetting phase, forced out of the sample by
non-wetting fluid is determined in the graduated
portion of the tube.
Capillary pressure determination ….. Contd.

Centrifuge method
• Small uniform plug is initially saturated with the wetting fluid, and is held in a
cup containing non-wetting fluid.
• The cup is rotated at a series of increasing angular velocities in a centrifuge, and
the quantity of wetting fluid, removed at each speed of rotation is measured.
• The pressure at the inner radius of rotation (r1), i.e., at the inlet face of the
sample is PC1 (Capillary pressure) PC1   2 r22  r12 
1
• Here, ω is angular rate of rotation, and r2 is the 2
outer radius of rotation, where pressure has same value in both phases = 0.
• Wetting fluid (water) has greater density than non-wetting fluid (oil)
• Average saturation is obtained from the volume of displaced wetting phase.
Capillary hysteresis
• Group of pores or capillaries that empty at a characteristic drainage
pressure is different from the characteristic imbibition pressure
• Consider the bulbs, filled with the wetting phase at atmospheric
pressure, and a non-wetting phase is imposed at pressure exceeding
atmospheric pressure.
• First, the capillary pressure based on larger radius will be exceeded.
PC
drainage
• Accordingly, non-wetting phase enters from the left side, thereby
displacing the wetting phase from the right side (drainage)
• When the pressure is reduced (below the suction pressure for the imbibition
wetting phase), the wetting phase will be drawn into the pore.
• The suction pressure will be highest at the lowest pore radius, and the
wetting phase will enter from the right, displacing non-wetting phase
through the throat at the left end (imbibition) SW
• Accordingly the characteristic pressure for the two processes will be
different
Multi-phase Flow of immiscible fluids
• Two or more fluid phases are present simultaneously in the pore space.
• The phases are separated by interface from one another.
• The two phases are in equilibrium as far as the components are considered.
• Steady Flow: Saturation is constant with time at all points. No displacement of one fluid by the other.
Two conceptual understanding of steady flow are Funicular flow and the Channel flow
• Funicular flow: Core-annular flow with wetting fluid outside, and non-wetting fluid inside. Reasonable
model, where all flow channels are nearly identical.
• Channel flow: Separate network of interconnected channels for the two phases. With increase in
saturation of one phase, more channels will be carrying that phase.
• Due to heterogeneities of the pore structure, displacing phase tends to surround and cut off portions of
the phase, originally present in the pore space.
• The “blobs” or “ganglia” of displaced phase, held stationary, since interfacial force are more than
viscous force (Importance of Capillary number).
• When the flow rate of the displacing is increased and/or the value of the interfacial tension between
the two phases is decreased sufficiently, the ganglia may start flowing again.
Multi-phase Flow of immiscible fluids …. Contd.
Multi-phase Flow of immiscible fluids …. Contd.
Multi-phase Flow of immiscible fluids …. Contd.
Multi-phase Flow of immiscible fluids …. Contd.
Buckley Leverett method …. Contd.
Buckley Leverett method …. Contd.
Buckley Leverett method …. Contd.
Buckley Leverett method …. Contd.
Buckley Leverett method …. Contd.
Buckley Leverett method …. Contd.
Buckley Leverett method …. Contd.
Buckley Leverett method …. Contd.
Buckley Leverett method …. Contd.
Black Oil Model …. Contd.
Black Oil Model …. Contd.
Black Oil Model …. Contd.
Flow of slightly compressible single phase fluid …. Contd.
Courtesy: Wikimedia Commons
Diffusion of pulse in static system
Diffusion in a moving front
Diffusion in a moving front …. Contd.
Diffusion of a step in static system
Diffusion of a step in moving front
Diffusion of a step in moving front … contd.
Diffusion of a step in moving front … contd.
Diffusion of a step in moving front … contd.
Dispersion coefficient in conduit of non-circular cross section
Dispersion with chemical reaction
Dispersion in unconfined media
Dispersion in unconfined media ……. Contd.
Dispersion in unconfined media ……. Contd.
Flow in a fracture, embedded in porous matrix p f/
axial pr.profile along the fracture

pb/

x/
fracture
linear pr. profile in
z/ matrix
Flow in a fracture, embedded in porous matrix ….. Contd.
p f/
axial pr.profile along the fracture

pb/

x/
fracture
linear pr. profile in
z/ matrix
Flow in a fracture, embedded in porous matrix ….. Contd.
p f/
axial pr.profile along the fracture

pb/

x/
fracture
linear pr. profile in
z/ matrix
Dispersion in fractured media
Dispersion in fractured media ……. Contd.
Viscous instability

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Movement of a Viscous Front

Pressure
Transport Mechanisms
•Large Pores: Pore Diameter > > Mean free path of molecules
→ Viscous (Poiseuille’s Flow) and Molecular Diffusion
As the pore diameter decreases, surface and Knudsen Diffusion becomes dominant
Bulk Knudsen
Diffusion Diffusion

Surface
Diffusion

Viscous
Flow
Diffusion in General

Courtesy Wikimedia
Diffusion in Bulk
 Bulk
Surface Diffusion Diffusion
Knudsen
Diffusion

•When pore size becomes comparable with the effective Surface

Diffusion
diameter of the diffusing molecule, the molecules never
escape from the force fields of the porous wall, even when Viscous
Flow
at the centre of the pore → SURFACE DIFFUSION
•Steric effect becomes important (an example is membrane
separation)
•Diffusion becomes an activated process showing Arrhenius
type dependence
Surface diffusion … contd.
Viscous Flow + Diffusion Bulk
Diffusion
Knudsen
Diffusion

Surface
Diffusion

Viscous
Flow
Viscous Flow + Diffusion …contd.
•Gas flow in small
characteristic dimensions.
•Additional wall interaction
other than Poiseuille’s Flow
•Non linear Pressure – Flow
rate relation
Capillary condensation
Capillary condensation …. Contd.
Capillary condensation …. Contd.

•Hysteresis: The condensation CD, and evaporation EF are separate lines.

Pore evaporation occurs by a receding meniscus (Figure E) at a pressure
less than the pore condensation pressure.
•This is possibly due to different menisci followed by condensation and
evaporation respectively.
•Wider the pore size distribution, less sharp is the pore condensation /
evaporation step.
Capillary condensation …. Contd.
Capillary condensation …. Contd.
Capillary condensation …. Contd.
Free Volume theory-Transport of a penetrant molecule through concentrated polymer solution
•Movement of molecule under two simultaneous conditions
1. Due to fluctuation in the local density, a sufficiently large hole opens
up next to the molecule.
2. Molecule has enough energy to break away from its neighbors.
The movement is completed only if another molecule jumps into the hole
before the first molecule can return to its initial position.
Dusty Gas Model – Combines advection and diffusion
Apply kinetic theory of gases, with solid part of the porous media,
conceptualized as large molecules, fixed in space.