Hazard analysis thus conventionally includes the following deductive and inductive analysis

techniques:

I. Fault-tree analysis (FTA)

II. Root cause analysis (RCA)
III. Event tree analysis (ETA)
IV. Cause-consequence analysis (CCA)
V. Hazardous operability studies (HAZOP).

Fault-tree analysis is a typical application of deductive analysis, in which the analysis begins with the
system in a hazardous state and then works backwards one step at a time, during which irrelevant
branches of possible causes can be omitted, or specific branches of greater significance can further be
followed.

Root cause analysis utilises the deductive logic tree approach, similar to fault tree analysis, in
establishing the root causes of a problem, whether it is a functional failure or a system state. Such a
logic tree approach to problem solving is particularly useful for determining safety in detail
engineering designs. By organizing problem analysis results in an orderly manner as the design
progresses, the time spent to find the root causes of possible problems is minimised. The method uses
factor trees to guide the course of the analysis.

Event tree analysis, unlike fault-tree analysis, uses inductive logic. This technique is a method for
illustrating the sequence of outcomes that may arise after the occurrence of a selected initial event.
It is mainly used in consequence analysis for pre-incident and post-incident application.

Cause-consequence analysis is a combination of deductive analysis and of inductive analysis. This

technique combines cause analysis (described by fault trees) and consequence analysis (described by
event trees). The purpose of cause-consequence analysis is to identify chains of events that can result
in undesirable consequences.

Hazardous operability studies (HAZOP), was first introduced by engineers from ICI Chemicals in the
UK, in the 1970s. The method entails the investigation of deviations from the design intent for a
process engineering installation by a design team with expertise in different areas such as engineering,
operations, maintenance, safety and chemistry. The team is guided in a structured process, by using
a set of guidewords to examine deviations from normal process conditions at various key points
(nodes) throughout the process.