See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/317328578

Criteria for Selecting Nominated Subcontractors in Commercial Building

Construction,

Article · January 2017

CITATIONS READS

3 2,154

2 authors:

M.N.N. Rodrigo Kanchana K.S. Perera

University of Adelaide University of Moratuwa
41 PUBLICATIONS 777 CITATIONS 219 PUBLICATIONS 1,132 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by M.N.N. Rodrigo on 22 July 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Selection of Nominated Subcontractors in
Commercial Building Construction in Sri Lanka
M.N.N. Rodrigo, B.A.K.S. Perera
Department of Building Economics
University of Moratuwa
Sri Lanka
navomail@gmail.com, pererabaks@gmail.com
Abstract—The construction industry comprises of numerous
Nominated Subcontractors (NSCs) employed in various projects.
Besides, plentiful NSCs enter into the industry due to ease of
entry. However, all NSCs might not possess the required
expertise to fulfill client’s requirements. Thus, various issues
have aroused due to improper selection of NSCs creating
selection of NSCs vital. The study comprised of interviews and
questionnaire survey to derive at the aim of this research.
Besides, to understand and compare nominated subcontracting
practices between Sri Lanka and other countries, a literature
synthesis followed by interview and questionnaire survey were
executed. The issues aroused due to improper selection and
solutions to avoid them were identified through the literature
synthesis; validated through the interviews; ranked through the
questionnaire survey. On a positive note, selection method of
NSC; subcontract signed between Main Contractor (MC) and
NSC are used in Sri Lanka equalizing the nominated
subcontracting practices in other countries. However, there is no
form of subcontract prepared for Sri Lankan usage; no
compulsory subcontractor registration procedure in Sri Lanka.
Further, the most critical issue due to improper selection of NSC,
is delays occurred by NSC. Moreover, NSC’s program being in
line with MC’s program was recognized as the most important
solution to avoid this issue. Hence, these solutions assist to avoid
the occurrence of issues related to selection enabling proper
selection of nominated subcontracting practices.
Keywords—commercial buildings; nominated subcontractor;
selection
I. INTRODUCTION
The construction industry comprises of different
subcontractors with different skills working for different
organizations in different geographical locations for different
projects [1]. Nowadays, all building projects involve large
proportions of subcontractors [2]. Modern sophisticated
buildings comprise of highly complex artefacts which denotes
the need for various specialist works to be carried out by
various subcontractors [3]. Moreover, Karim et al [4] declared
that ninety percent of the construction work is carried out by
various subcontractors while Main Contractor (MC) mostly
focuses on management and coordination. Further, Yates and
Hardcastle [5] revealed that the nature of the specialist works
and unsatisfactory management of subcontractors can lead to
various problems such as conflict and disputes between the
parties, issues related to quality, project delays etc. Thus,
appropriate management of nominated subcontractors has
978-1-4799-1740-2/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
210
become a necessity to achieve the requirements of the client
successfully.
Owing to the availability of easy entry into the construction
industry, many subcontract organizations have established but
with very little capital investment [6]. Therefore, most of these
organizations may not be provided with the expertise needed to
fulfil the client’s requirements successfully [7]. Hence,
selection of proper nominated subcontractors (NSCs) is
essential. Thus, various issues aroused due to improper
selection and solutions to overcome these issues have been
identified to manage the selection of NSCs successfully.
A. Research Problem
Internationally few researches have been conducted on
factors affecting to subcontractor selection [8], selection of
domestic subcontractors [9] and influence of procurement to
subcontractor involvement [10]. On the other hand though
some researches related to subcontracting have been carried out
by international researchers, the findings cannot be directly
extracted towards the Sri Lankan construction industry as each
construction industry differs from one country to another.
In Sri Lankan context, Ganesharajah [11] has done a
research on factors affecting subcontractors’ bidding decisions
and Bandara [12] have suggested alternatives to nominated
subcontracting system in his research. However, the issues
enumerated due to improper selection of NSCs related to
commercial buildings in Sri Lanka have not been conferred by
any means. Further, nominated subcontracting is extensively
accomplished in the construction industry [13]. Hence, there is
a necessity to identify issues aroused due to improper selection
of NSCs and solutions to prevail over these issues to ensure a
better subcontracting practice.
B. Aim
The aim of this research is to enhance a better practice of
selection of nominated subcontractors in commercial buildings
in the Sri Lankan construction industry.
C. Objectives
 To understand and compare the nominated
subcontracting practices between Sri Lanka and other
countries.
  To identify and rank the current issues aroused due to IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
improper selection and solutions to avoid these issues in
commercial buildings in Sri Lanka. A. Comparison on Nominated Subcontracting Practices in
Sri Lanka and Other Countries
II. LITERATURE SYNTHESIS The nominated subcontracting practices in other countries
(Singapore, UK, Hong Kong and Australia) were depicted
A. Subcontracting through the literature synthesis as illustrated in Table I. In order
Hoban and Francis (as cited in [14]) have defined a to compare these practices with the Sri Lankan practice
subcontractor as a specialist who is hired by the MC to perform (Objective 1), the interviews and questionnaire survey were
specific tasks on a project as part of the overall contract. From carried out.
the contractual point of view subcontractors are categorized as The semi structured interviews were conducted among four
domestic subcontractors and nominated subcontractors. professionals currently involved in the construction industry
Furthermore, Mbachu [14] defines domestic subcontractor as a who comprised of work experience for more than 25 years.
person who is hired by the MC as per the MC’s consent to Further the questionnaire was distributed among 82
perform specific tasks while NSC is nominated by the client or professionals in Sri Lanka and overseas who have experience
client agent to undertake specified aspects of the main contract. in the Sri Lankan Construction Industry while 55 responded
effectively.
B. Selection of Nominated Subcontractors
The findings of the semi-structured interview and the
At present, building projects encompass large proportions questionnaire survey along with the findings of the literature
of work entirely handled by subcontractors [15]. Hence, Dow synthesis were summarized as illustrated in Table I to
et al. [2], Artto et al. [16] and Enshassi et al. [17] declared that accomplish objective 1.
subcontractor selection in projects is critical for projects’
success.
TABLE I. COMPARISON OF NOMINATED SUBCONTRACTING PRACTICES
C. Nominated subcontracting practices in other countries Practice Other Countries Sri Lanka
Various countries practice nominated subcontracting in Selection Selective Tendering and Interviews
different manners. Hence a comparison on nominated method of Direct Negotiation used in Selective Tendering and
NSC Singapore, UK, Hong Direct Negotiation
subcontracting practices was carried out among the countries, Kong and Australia [18], Questionnaire Survey
Singapore, United Kingdom (UK), Hong Kong and Australia. [19], [20] and [8]. Selective tendering-51%
The comparison done on these countries signifies that Direct negotiation-42%
nominated subcontracting practices vary from one country to Open tendering-7%
another. In all four countries nominated subcontract is formed Subcontract Yes [21], [22], [3] and [8] Interviews
between MC and NSC and selection method are similar but signed Yes
between MC Questionnaire Survey
forms of subcontract used and subcontractor registration are and NSC Yes - 67% No - 33%
different from one another. Besides, a comparison has been Form of Prepared by each country Interviews
carried out under Heading A (Refer Table I). Subcontract for their own usage. E.g. Mostly FIDIC
SIA (Singapore Institute Conditions of
of Architects) Subcontract Subcontract is used
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY used in Singapore [18]; Questionnaire Survey
An extensive literature synthesis was carried out to enhance Agreement and FIDIC Form of
Conditions of Sub- Subcontract - 63%
the knowledge on subcontracting and derive at the objectives Contract issued by Other-33%
of the research; to understand and compare the nominated Department of Finance
subcontracting practices between Sri Lanka and other countries 2007 used in UK;
and to identify the current issues and the solutions to avoid Standard Form of
these issues of nominated subcontracting in the commercial Building Contracts 2005 -
buildings in Sri Lanka. Nominated Sub-contract
used in Hong Kong [3];
However, the literature findings were based on Australian Building
Industry Contract (ABIC)
subcontractors in other countries. Therefore the findings had to
Subcontract forms used in
be validated. Thus, four interviews were carried out to validate Australia [23].
the literature findings and further the interviewees added more Subcontractor Practiced in Singapore, Interviews
to the existing findings. Subsequently the questionnaire survey Registration UK, Hong Kong and Not practiced
was carried out to rank the issues and solutions and to identify Australia where Questionnaire Survey
the most critical issue and most important solution to avoid that subcontractor registration No - 76% Yes - 24%
under the relevant
issue. Further, the data collected through interviews were regulatory body is
analyzed using code based content analysis method, NVIVO compulsory [24], [25],
and the data collected through the questionnaire survey was [26], [27], [28].
analyzed using SPSS.

211
 According to the findings of the literature synthesis, There were ten issues identified through the literature
interviews and questionnaire survey, it was found that the synthesis and validated through the interviews which are
selection methods used to select NSC and signing of aroused due to improper selection of NSC. In order to rank
subcontract between MC and NSC are almost similar in other these issues and identify the most critical issue the data were
countries and Sri Lanka. analyzed using the Mean Rating (MR). The equation of Mean
Rating is as follows.
However, though other countries use Form of Subcontract
prepared by their own country, Sri Lanka uses the FIDIC Form
of Subcontract and other forms of subcontract prepared by the
organization for their usage. On the other hand, in other
countries the NSCs are registered under the respective Where: MR= Mean Rating for an attribute; Fi= Frequency
regulatory body of each country but in Sri Lanka all NSCs are of responses for an attribute (ranging from 1-5); %R=
not registered under Construction Industry Development Percentage response to rating point of an attribute.
Authority (CIDA).
Consequently these issues were ranked through the
On the other hand, it was discovered that the Sri Lankan questionnaire survey and the respondents had commented that
construction industry is very informal when compared with “Delays occurred by NSC” is the most critical issue where the
other countries due to lack of these essential nominated Mean Rating was calculated as 4.64. The second most critical
subcontracting practices. Therefore, government should take issue was identified as “Subcontractor’s incompetency” which
necessary actions to rectify the weaknesses in the current comprised of a Mean Rating of 4.49. Moreover, “Defects in
nominated subcontracting practices. In order to improve the NSC’s works” was ranked as the third most critical issue.
improper nominated subcontracting practices in Sri Lanka, the
issues aroused due to improper selection and solutions to avoid
these issues were recognized and ranked. D. Importance of Solutions
Subsequently, the solutions identified through the literature
B. Identification of issues aroused due to improper selection synthesis and interviews were ranked using (1), mean rating to
and solutions to avoid these issues analyze the collected data throughout the questionnaire survey
to identify the importance of the solutions to avoid these issues.
Various issues aroused due to improper selection and The findings are as illustrated in Table III.
solutions to avoid these issues were identified through the
literature synthesis and further the identified issues and
solutions were validated through the interviews and further TABLE III. IMPORTANCE OF SOLUTIONS
additions were made through the interviews. The issues and Issue Solutions MR Rank
solutions recognized through the interviews are highlighted in I-1 NSC’s program should be in line with the 4.31 1
bold text in Table II and III. MC’s program
Allow clauses related to liquidated damages in 4.20 2
C. Criticalness of the issues the tender document
NSC should have a proper program 3.98 3
Throughout the questionnaire survey, the respondents were
requested to rank the issues using a likert scale of 1 to 5 to Background study to check on the NSCs’ 3.89 4
identify the criticalness of the issues and results are as depicted history of work
I-2 Check on subcontractor’s experience, 4.18 1
in Table II. proficiency and capacity to deliver quality
work on time
TABLE II. CRITICALNESS OF ISSUES Technical abilities substantiated by 3.82 2
qualifications of directors, management and
Code Issue MR Rank supervisory staff, number of skilled and semi-
I-1 Delays occurred by NSC 4.64 1 skilled labours who are permanent employees
of the companies
I-2 Subcontractor’s incompetency 4.49 2 Provide performance bond 3.78 3
I-3 Defects in NSC’s works 4.45 3 Good supervision on NSC’s works 3.62 4
I-4 Non-efficiency of employees 4.38 4 Establish mandatory subcontractor registration 3.44 5
I-5 Subcontractor insolvency 4.20 5 Use QA system of Contractors to select 3.42 6
subcontractors
I-6 Imperfection in MC-NSC relationship 3.98 6 I-3 Implementation of quality management system 4.05 1
I-7 Inability of MC to control NSC 3.89 7 Compulsory quality certification and 4.00 2
I-8 Reluctance to spend money on health and safety 3.87 8 occupational licensing
Assurance of appropriate skills 3.78 3
I-9 High wastage of materials 3.78 9
Adopt zero defect initiative/policy 3.76 4
I-10 Poor awareness of health and safety 3.73 10
To check on quarterly reports submitted to 3.47 5
maintain ISO standards

212
Issue Solutions MR Rank Issue Solutions MR Rank
I-4 Ensure properly trained employees work at site 4.22 1 I-9 Avoid errors in calculation of materials 3.75 5

Not to overload the NSC with many projects 3.93 2 Introduce reusing or recycling processes 3.55 6

To allow clauses related to liquidated 3.87 3 I-10 Use health and safety environment and 4.31 1
damages in the tender document make aware
Proper attention to the NSC’s works 3.84 4 Appointment of supervisory personnel 3.84 2

To provide project specific training
Pay for the quantity of work done
Maintain proper co-ordination with relevant
parties
I-5 Check on financial capacity, substantiated by
audited accounts that show their assets and
liabilities, profit and loss for the past years
Check on credential of the companies including
job references, past performance records,
current projects at hand
Obtain advance payment security
Obtain performance bond
Credibility check before awarding of
subcontract
Avoid use of direct contract
Add provisions in contract to deal with
bankruptcy of subcontractor
Establish a project bank account
I-6 Develop better communication
Contract management and contract
administration
Feedback
Background study to be conducted before
selection to check on subcontractor’s working
relations with MC
Reduce the number of layers/ tiers of
subcontracting to effectively manage the
communication gap
Early selection of subcontractor
Partnering
Appoint a facilitator for management
Let MC and NSC decide on the staff
together
I-7 Have separate project management system
Avoid direct payment clauses
Keep to formalities
Observe main contractor-subcontractor
relationship
I-8 Allow provisions for safety when pricing
Make/inculcate safety culture at sites
Make MC to provide safety equipment, site
doctor etc.
I-9 Efficient usage of construction materials
Identify waste management solutions
Develop efficient and convenient ways to deal
with waste
Proper training to workers to engage in less
wasteful practices
3.71 5 Subcontractors learn to work safely through 3.69 3
common sense, mistakes over the others and
3.58 6 watching others
Off-the job training 3.65 4
3.51 7
4.31 1
Further, the solutions to avoid these issues were ranked by
the respondents in order to identify the most suitable solution
4.25 2
for each separate issue. To avoid the issue, delays occurred by
NSC, the solution, ‘NSC’s program should be in line with the
4.16 3 MC’s program’ was identified as the most important solution
with a Mean Rating of 4.31 ‘Allow clauses related to liquidated
4.15 4
damages’ was ranked as the second most important solution
4.02 5 followed by ‘NSC should have a proper program’ which was
depicted as the third most important solution.
3.33 6
‘Check on subcontractor’s experience, proficiency and
3.22 7 capacity to deliver quality work on time’ was identified as the
2.56 8
best solution for the issue, subcontractor’s incompetency, with
a Mean Rating of 4.18. The second most important solution
4.18 1 recognized was ‘Technical abilities substantiated by
4.04 2
qualifications of directors, management and supervisory staff,
number of skilled and semi-skilled labours who are permanent
3.96 3 employees of the companies’. Consequently ‘Provide
performance bond’ was identified as the third most important
3.56 4
solution to avoid this issue.
In order to avoid the issue, defects in NSC’s works,
3.55 5
‘Implementation of quality management system’ with a Mean
Rating of 4.05 was ranked as the most important solution.
3.29 6 Further, ‘Compulsory quality certification and occupational
licensing’ was recognized as the second most important
3.24 7
solution with a Mean Rating of 4.00 followed by ‘Assurance of
3.04 8 appropriate skills’ with a Mean Rating of 3.78.
2.91 9 ‘Ensure properly trained employees work at site’ was
ranked as the most important solution to avoid the issue, non-
3.53 1 efficiency of employees, with a Mean Rating of 4.22.
3.47 2 Moreover, ‘Not to overload the NSC with many projects’ and
‘To allow clauses related to liquidated damages in the tender
3.33 3 document’ were ranked as the second and third most important
3.09 4 solutions with mean ratings of 3.93 and 3.87 respectively.
4.27 1 In addition to that, the most important solution to avoid the
issue, subcontractor insolvency, was revealed as ‘Checking on
4.16 2 financial capacity, substantiated by audited accounts that show
3.65 3 their assets and liabilities, profit and loss for the past years’
with a Mean Rating of 4.31. ‘Checking on credential of the
4.35 1 companies including job references, past performance records,
current projects at hand’ and ‘Obtaining advance payment
4.00 2
security’ were recognized as the second and third most suitable
3.87 3 solutions to avoid this issue.
3.85 4 ‘Develop better communication’ was ranked as the most
important solution to avoid the issue, imperfection in MC-NSC
relationship, with a Mean Rating of 4.18. ‘Contract

213
management and contract administration’ and ‘Feedback’ were
declared as the second and third most important solutions with
Mean Ratings of 4.04 and 3.96 respectively.
The most important solution to avoid the issue, inability of
MC to control NSC, was recognized as ‘Having separate
project management system’ with a Mean Rating of 3.53.
Subsequently, ‘Avoid direct payment clauses’ and ‘Keep to
formalities’ with Mean Ratings of 3.47 and 3.33 turned out to
be the second and third most important solutions.
‘Allow provisions for safety when pricing’ was identified
as the most important solution to avoid the issue, reluctance to
spend money on health and safety with a Mean Rating of 4.27
followed by ‘Make/inculcate safety culture at sites’ and ‘Make
MC to provide safety equipment, site doctor etc.’ respectively.
To avoid the issue, high wastage of materials, ‘Efficient
usage of construction materials’ was revealed as the most
important solution with a Mean Rating of 4.35. Further,
‘Identify waste management solutions’ and ‘Develop efficient
and convenient ways to deal with waste’ were ranked as the
second and third most solution with Mean Ratings of 4.00 and
3.87.
Additionally, ‘Use health and safety environment and make
aware’ were recognized as the most important solution to avoid
the issue, poor awareness of health and safety, with a Mean
Rating of 4.31. Further, ‘Appointment of supervisory
personnel’ and ‘Subcontractors learn to work safely through
common sense, mistakes over the others and watching others’
were revealed as the second and third most important solutions
to avoid this issue with Mean Ratings of 3.84 and 3.69.
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The construction industry comprises of numerous building
projects which involve large proportions of subcontractors.
Further, the modern sophisticated buildings contain extremely
complex products which denote the need for various specialist
works to be carried out by various subcontractors. Owing to the
availability of easy entry into the construction industry, many
subcontract organizations have established but with very little
capital investment. However, most of these organizations may
not be provided with the expertise needed to fulfill the client’s
requirements successfully. Hence, there is a need to manage
the NSCs in an effective manner to ensure successful project
completion. Thus, this study analyzed the current nominated
subcontracting practices while identifying the issues aroused
and suitable solutions to avoid these issues to manage the
nominated subcontractors effectively.
The findings of literature synthesis, semi-structured
interviews and questionnaire survey were equally useful to
compare the nominated subcontracting practices between Sri
Lanka and other countries. It was recognized that on a positive
note the selection method used to select NSC and, signing of
subcontract between MC are used in Sri Lanka equalizing the
nominated subcontracting practices in other countries. On the
other hand, there is no form of subcontract prepared for Sri
Lankan usage and there is no compulsory subcontractor
registration procedure when compared with other countries.
Further, the issues encountered due to improper
subcontracting practices related to selection, were identified.
214
Altogether ten issues were identified which had aroused due to
improper selection of NSC such as subcontractor insolvency
and subcontractor’s incompetency. Moreover the solutions to
avoid these issues were identified. Thus, to avoid the issue
subcontractor insolvency which had aroused due to improper
selection, solutions such as check on financial capacity, obtain
performance bond, establish project bank account and obtain
advance payment bond were recognized.
The mean ratings of the issues and solutions were
calculated to rank the issues in order to identify the most
critical issue and to rank the solutions in order to identify the
most important solution to avoid each issue. Thus, Delays
occurred by NSC was identified as the most critical issue
aroused due to improper selection while the NSC’s program
being in line with the MC’s program was identified as the most
suitable solution to avoid this issue. Therefore, it can be
concluded that in order to manage the nominated
subcontracting practices these solutions to the issues play a
vital role. Hence, ultimately the aim of this research which is to
enhance a better practice of selection of nominated
subcontractors in commercial buildings in the Sri Lankan
construction industry has been accomplished.
This research recommends the government or a responsible
regulatory body needs to involve in managing the nominated
subcontracting practices within the Sri Lankan context. Hence,
compulsory subcontractor registration should be established
and further the regulatory body needs to monitor the process to
ensure all NSC are registered and necessary requirements are
fulfilled and maintained throughout. Moreover, a form of
subcontract, suitable to the Sri Lankan construction industry,
needs to be developed by the respective regulatory body in
order to minimize the prevailing issues related to nominated
subcontracting practices. The obligation lies with the
government to convert the current informal construction
industry into a formal construction industry. Furthermore,
selection of NSCs plays a vital role. Hence, the management of
NSCs should commence at the selection stage and should
continue throughout until practical completion. Thus,
management of nominated subcontractors is salient to improve
the efficiency of the construction
REFERENCES
[1] J. Murdoch, and W. Hughes, Construction Contracts- Law and
Management, 3rd ed., London: Spon Press, 2000.
[2] I. Dow, B. Sertyesilisik, and A.D. Ross, “An investigation on the cost
implications of methodology of sub-contract work pricing,” Journal of
Financial Management of Property and Construction, 14(2), pp. 98-125,
2009. doi:10.1108/13664380910977583
[3] F. Yik, J. Lai, K.T. Chan, and E. Yiu, “Best practices in managing
specialist subcontracting performance,” in Construction Industry
Institute, Hong Kong, 2006.
[4] K. Karim, M. Marosszeky, and S. Davis, “Managing subcontractor
supply chain for quality in construction,” Engineering, Construction and
Architectural Management, 13(1), pp. 27-42, 2006.
doi:10.1108/09699980610646485
[5] D.J. Yates, and C. Hardcastle, “The causes of conflict and disputes in the
Hong Kong construction industry: A transaction cost economic
perspective,” RICS Foundation, 4(22), 2003
[6] J. Matthews, A. Tyler, and A. Thorpe, “Pre-construction project
partnering: developing the process,” Engineering, Construction and
 Architectural Management, 3(1), pp. 117-131, 1996. [18] C.C.C. Kian, “Reflection on the Singapore Institute of Architects’
doi:10.1108/eb021026 Conditions,” Singapore Academy of Law Journal, 12(1), pp. 95-109,
[7] P. Humphreys, J. Matthews, and M. Kumaraswamy, “Pre-construction 2000. Available:
project partnering: from adversarial to collaborative relationships,” http://www.sal.org.sg/digitallibrary/Lists/SAL%20Journal/Attachments/
Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 8(2), 166-178, 257/2000-12(1)-SAcLJ-095-Chuah.pdf
2003. doi:10.1108/13598540310468760 [19] T. Uher, and P. Davenport, “Fundamentals of Building Contract
[8] P.X.W. Zou, and B.T.H. Lim, B.T.H, “An empirical study in Management,” 2nd ed., 2009. Available:
subcontractor selection and long-term alliance relationship between https://books.google.lk/books?id=pObKMW
Main Contractor and subcontractor,” International Journal of gurOYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Construction Management, 6(1), pp. 1-13, 2006. [20] A. Walker, “Hong Kong The Contractor’s Experience,” 1995. Available
doi:10.1080/15623599.2006.10773078 https://books.google.lk/books?id=LSzxAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcov
[9] H. Biong, “Choice of subcontractor in markets with asymmetric er#v=onepage&q&f=false
information: reputation and price effects,” Journal of Industrial Business [21] W.F. Wong, and C.Y.J. Cheah, “Issues of contractual chain and
and Marketing, 28(1), pp. 60-71, 2013. subcontracting in the construction industry,” In proceedings of the 20th
doi:10.1108/08858621311285723 Annual ARCOM Conferenc, 2004. Available http://www.arcom.ac.uk/-
[10] P.E. Eriksson, M. Dickinson, and M.M.A. Khalfan, “The influence of docs/proceedings/ar2004-0671-0680_Wong_and_Cheah.pdf
partnering and procurement on subcontractor involvement and [22] P. Kennedy, A. Morrison, & D.O. Milne, “Resolution of disputes arising
innovation,” Facilities, 25(5), pp. 203-214, 2007. from set-off clauses between main contractors and subcontractors,”
doi:10.1108/02632770710742174 Construction Management and Economics, 15(6), pp. 527-537, 1997.
[11] T. Ganesharajah, “Factors affecting subcontractors’ bidding decisions in 10.1080/014461997372737
Sri Lanka,” unpublished. [23] J. Sharkey, M. Bell, W. Jocic, and R. Marginean, “Standard Forms of
[12] K. Bandara, “Issues on management of nominated subcontractors in Sri Contract in the Australian Construction Industry” (Report No. 1, 1-60).
Lanka,” unpublished. Australia: University of Melbourne, 2014. Available
http://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/staff/events/files/Research%20report%2
[13] N. Costantino, R. Pietroforte, and P. Hamill, “Subcontracting in 0-
commercial and residential construction: an empirical investigation,” %20Standard%20Forms%20of%20Contract%20in%20the%20Australia
Construction Management and Economics, 19(4), pp. 439-447, 2001. n%20Construction%20Industry.pdf
doi:10.1080/01446190010020390
[24] W.H. Loh, and G. Ofori, “Effect of registration on performance of
[14] J. Mbachu, “Conceptual framework for the assessment of construction subcontractors in Singapore. Engineering,” Construction
subcontractors’ eligibility and performance in the construction industry,” and Architectural Management, 7(1), pp. 29-40, 2000.
Construction Management and Economics, 26(5), pp. 471-484, 2008. doi:10.1108/eb021130
doi:10.1080/01446190801918730
[25] D. Greenwood, ‘Subcontract procurement: are relationships changing?,”
[15] H. Abbasianjahromi, H. Rajaie, and E. Shakeri, “A framework for Construction Management and Economics, 19(1), pp. 5-7, 2010. doi:
subcontractor selection in the construction industry,” Journal of Civil 10.1080/01446190010003380
Engineering and Management, 19(2), pp. 158-168, 2013. doi:
10.3846/13923730.2012.743922 [26] Construction Industry Council. (2013). Subcontractor Registration
Scheme 2013. [online] Available:
[16] K. Artto, K. Eloranta, and J. Kujala, “Subcontractors’ business https://www.hkcic.org/eng/services/srs/index.aspx?langType=1033
relationships as risk sources in project networks,” International Journal
of Managing Projects in Business, 5(4), pp. 578-594, 2008. [27] Government of South Australia. (2015). Government of South Australia
doi:10.1108/17538370810846432 2015. [online] Available: https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/business-
industry-and-trade/licensing-and-
[17] A. Enshassi, F.M. Arain, and B. Tayeh, “Subcontractor prequalification regulation/licensing/construction/building-work-contractor-s-licence
practices in Palestine,” International Journal of Construction
Management, 10(4), pp. 45-74, 2010. [28] Queensland Government (2014). Queensland Building and Construction
doi:10.1080/15623599.2010.10773154 Commission 2014. [online] Available:
https://www.qbcc.qld.gov.au/contractors/apply-licence/apply-trade-
contractor-licence

215

View publication stats