Module: 1

Introduction to Various Farm

Machineries and Equipment
Why machines and equipment
important in farming?
1. Increases work efficiency
• Efficiency means more work
done in lesser time and
manpower
• Greater coverage
• Lesser time
• Faster pace
• Costs/Expenses

More output from less input

Outcome: Increase profitability
Why machines and equipment
important in farming?
2. Makes the job easier in
labor-intensive operations
Why machines and equipment
important in farming?
3. Ensure timely completion
of farm activities
Why machines and equipment
important in farming?
4. Resolve scarce labor
during peak periods
Why machines and equipment
important in farming?
5. Allows more precise
application in inputs
Why machines and equipment
important in farming?
6. Reduces losses

Losses: 15-20% Losses: 2-3%

Why machines and equipment
important in farming?

7. Maintain product quality

Bigger fiber strand Finer fiber strand

State of Philippine Agricultural
Mechanization (Dela Cruz and Malanon 2017)
• Very low mechanization levels
• Slow-adoption rate
• Status of agricultural mechanization (1968-1990) according to
RNAM
➢Rodulfo et al. (1998) posted 1.68 hp per hectare (covered
rice and maize farms)
➢0.322 hp per hectare (PCARRD, 2002 and 2009)
➢Philippines ranked 9th out of 12 Asian countries
➢ Japan 7.00 hp per hectare
➢ S. Korea 4.11 hp per hectare
➢ Dela Cruz and Bobier (2016) recorded 2.31 hp per hectare
Government’s Mandate Re:
Agricultural Mechanization
1. Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act
(AFMA) of 1997
2. Agricultural and Fisheries Mechanization (AFMech)
Law of 2012

“The country needs to accelerate agricultural

mechanization as a means to increase farm income
and modernize agriculture”
“The mechanization of agriculture is a vital element
in agricultural development and is considered a
prerequisite for industrialization.”
Mechanization contributed
significantly in the
industrialization of the more
developed countries (Kishida, 2006)
Negative Consequences of Farm
Mechanization
1. Labor displacement
2. Problem on capital investments
3. Sustainability of government subsidies
Type of Agricultural Operation
Agricultural operation is grouped into:
1. Tractive- the machine is mobile
• Tillage or cultivation
• Harvesting
• Seedbed preparation
• Spraying
• Transplanting
• Planting/Drilling
• Fertilizer application
Type of Agricultural Operation
Agricultural operation is grouped into:
2. Stationary- the operation is done in a fixed place; the
machine is unmoving.
• Threshing
• Shelling
• Sorting
• Feed grinding
• Milking
• Silage cutting
Sources of Farm Power
1. Human
2. Animal
3. Engine- mechanical
4. Electric motor – electrical
5. Solar
6. Water
7. Wind
8. Steam
Quiz #1 (Feb 2. 2024) (F032)

1. True or False. Using machines is not

always a guarantee that crop yield will
increase…(3 pts)
Quiz #1
2. What is the most powerful and probable strategy for
a country in order to create and implement
programs related to agricultural mechanization?
(Write only the letter)
(3 pts)
a. Production statistics
b. Government Policy
c. History
d. Economic condition
e. Weather
Quiz #1
3. Explain why using machines can reduce postharvest
losses.. (4 pts)
 Lesson 1.1

Machines Used in Crop

Production
Learning Outcomes

1. Explain the salient features and applications of pre-

and postharvest machines used in crop production
Tillage Machines and Equipment
Objectives of Tillage
1. To obtain deep seedbed, suitable for different types
of crops
2. To control or to remove unwanted crop plants
3. To manage plant residues
4. To minimize soil erosion in hilly areas
5. To establish specific surface configuration
6. To incorporate and mix fertilizers, pesticides or soil
amendments
7. To accomplish segregation
 Tillage equipment
• Plow, till or cultivate the
soil
• Slices, cuts or breaks the
soil
• Uproot and crushed weeds Sourcehttps://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-981-15-6525-0_10

and existing vegetation

• Level the land
• Create dikes and canals

Source: https://www.farmcollector.com/farm-life/tractor-plowing-zm0z17marzhur
Classification of Tillage

1. Primary tillage- is performed to:

• Open up any cultivable land
• Prepare a seedbed
• Break or loosen compact soil
• Equipment used: moldboard plow, disc plow
Classification of Tillage

2. Secondary tillage- is performed:

• Break soil clods into finer soil particles
• Crushed weeds and other vegetation
• Improve soil tilth and granulation
Classification of Tillage

3. Inter-row cultivation- is performed:

• When crops are planted and established
• Control weed in between the rows of crops
 Plowing patterns
1. Circuitous
Plowing begins at the
edge of the field and
works toward the center
of the field always
throwing the soil towards
the outside of the field. It
is the most commonly
used system for
ploughing in Asia. It is
commonly used with
moldboards, discs
Plowing patterns
2. Headland (One-way)
• is plowed in runs parallel to
each other. It starts at one
boundary of the field and ends
at the opposite with turns
being made on the headlands.
• This system is used for bigger
pieces of land and can only be
used for tined implements,
rotovators, harrows and
reversible ploughs.
• Most field efficient system
Plowing patterns
2. Headland (Gathering)
• ploughing to begin in the
center of the field and works
out to the edges.
• It requires some
measurement of the field to
establish the center point and
if done correctly leaves a level
field with drainage channels
on the edges.
• Furrow slices are turned to the
center of the field.
• This system can be used with
all types of ploughs.
Plowing patterns
2. Headland (Casting)
• Requires plowing to begin
at the edges.
• Furrow slices are turned to
the edges of the field.
• This system can also be
used with all types of
ploughs.
Tillage Equipment
1. Primary Tillage (Ex. Plowing)

Carabao-drawn Moldboard Plow

Tillage Equipment
1. Primary Tillage

Source: https://www.farmcollector.com/farm-life/tractor-plowing-zm0z17marzhur

Tractor-mounted Moldboard Plow

Tillage Equipment
1. Primary Tillage

Source: https://www.advance-africa.com/types-of-disc-ploughs.html

Tractor-mounted Disc Plow

 Tillage Equipment

2. Secondary Tillage under Upland Condition (Ex. Harrowing)

Source: https://www.amazon.in/GOBIND-DISC-Harrow/dp/B075ZZ6CS3

Disc harrow
 Basic Parts of the Disc Harrow

1. Disc- is the circular concave

revolving steel plate used for
cutting the soil clods. Disc is
made of a high class heat-
treated hardened steel.
2. Gang- Each set of discs that are
mounted on a common shaft Source: https://www.amazon.in/GOBIND-DISC-Harrow/dp/B075ZZ6CS3

3. Gang bolt- a square headed bolt

from the other end, a set of
discs are mounted on the gang
bolt
Classes of Disc Harrow

1. Single action- two gangs

placed end to end.
Classes of Disc Harrow

2. Double action- consist

of two or more gangs.
A set of two or more
gangs follow behind
the set of the other
one or two. The gang
throw the soil in
opposite direction
 Types of Double Action Disc Harrow

1. Tandem disc harrow-

comprise of two or four
gangs angled in opposite
direction
 Types of Double Action Disc Harrow

2. Off-set disc harrow- two

gangs in tandem
Tillage Equipment

B. Secondary Tillage under Upland Condition (Ex. Rotavator)

Source: https://www.fieldking.com/product-portfolio/rotary-tiller/mini-rotary-tiller/

Rotavator
 Tillage Equipment

2. Secondary Tillage in Lowland Rice Production (Ex. Puddling)

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/pre-planting/land-
preparation
Tillage Equipment

3. For Inter-row Cultivation

Source: https://www.tractorjunction.com/implement/universal/medium-duty-rigid-cultivator

Tine Crop cultivator

Tillage Equipment

Disc Cultivator
Planting/Seeding/Sowing Machines
and Equipment
Planting/Seeding/Sowing
• Is a method of placing the seeds in the soil for
germination
• Sowing methods:
➢ Broadcasting- random scattering of the seeds on the
surface of the seedbed or field
➢ Dibbling- placing the seeds in holes made on the seedbed
or field
➢ Drilling- dropping the seeds in furrows in a continuous
flow and covering them with soil
➢ Transplanting- planting of seedlings in prepared field
Planting/Seeding/Sowing

Broadcasting
Broadcasting seed equipment

Drum seeder
Broadcasting seed equipment

Drone seeder
Planting/Seeding/Sowing

Dibbling
Corn planter

Source: PhilMech Leaflet

Corn planter
Planting/Seeding/Sowing

Drilling
Drilling seed Equipment
Manual transplanting
Seeding and Planting Equipment
Planter

Source: https://kubota.com.ph/products/transplanter/

Walk-behind rice transplanter

Seeding and Planting Equipment
Planter

Riding type rice transplanter

Seeding and Planting Equipment

Drill

Source: PhilMech Leaflet

Onion seeder
Considerations When Using
Seeding Equipment

1. Correct amount of seed per unit area

2. Correct depth when seeds are placed in the soil
3. Correct plant spacing between rows

Thus, calibrating the machine is very important

before planting.
Crop Protection Equipment
Application equipment
Equipment and
machines used to
apply liquid chemicals
on plants to control
pest and diseases, and
used to disinfect
animal housing
establishments Source: https://sevillatrading.weebly.com/other-products.html
Source: https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/2019

Knapsack sprayer, manual type (left), motor-driven (right)

 How sprayers operate?
Mechanism?
• Break the solutions to fine
droplets
• Apply the solution uniformly
• Apply the solution with pressure
to improve range
• Regulate the amount sprayed to
avoid excessive application
 Tips of Proper Mixing and
Application
1. Wear gloves and
mask before
mixing
2. Make sure that the
equipment is
clean, functional
free from oil,
grease or residue
3. Follow the
recommended
mixture or dosage
 Tips of Proper Mixing and
Application
4. Fill ¼ of the tank
with water first
5. Add the
chemicals in W-
A-L-E sequence
6. Empty and clean
the sprayer after
using.
7. Wear PPE during
spraying
Tips of Proper Mixing and
Application
5. Spray when the wind is
calm (< 8 kph) and the
weather is fine
6. Apply uniformly as possible
7. Dispose the left over
chemicals properly and
wash the equipment
thoroughly after spraying
 Basic Parts of the Sprayer

Nozzle- Regulates the spray

pattern and mists
Spray boom- Spray lance
and nozzle
Pressure gauge- shows the
pressure reading

Parts of the Knapsack Sprayer

Types of Sprayer: Output capacity
1. High volume sprayer (> 400 L/ha)
2. Low volume sprayer (5-400 L/ha)
3. Ultra low sprayer (< 5 L/ha)
Types of Nozzle

1. Hollow cone- finer droplets than

solid cone.
Types of Nozzle

2. Solid cone- ideal when pesticides

are applied sideward or upward
Types of Nozzle

2.1 Standard Flat Fan- suitable for

low growing crops, weeds and soil
especially when using herbicide
Types of Nozzle

2.2. Even Flat Fan-

Types of Sprayers: Tank capacity

1. Hand held sprayer- 0.5-3.0 L capacity

2. Hand compression sprayer
Types of Sprayer: Tank capacity

3. Knapsack hand compression

sprayer

4. Power sprayers: Battery

operated or small engine
operated
Tractor mounted power sprayer/duster
Application equipment

Source: https://gregsonclark.com/products/85-gallon-3-point-hitch-sprayer

Tractor mounted power sprayer

Application equipment

Crop duster
Application equipment

Drone
 Lesson 1.2

Common Machines and Equipment

Used in Animal Production
Learning Outcomes

1. Explain the salient features and applications of

machines and equipment used in animal production
Automatic Chicken Feeder
Automatic Pig Feeder
Automatic Chicken Waterer
Automatic Pig Waterer
Hay Bale Forklift
Forage Chopper/Shredder
Egg Incubator
Manual Milking
Automatic Milking Machines

End C030-
Automatic Milking Machines
End C030-
Mash Feed Mill
Pellet Feed Mill
 Announcement

1. You can now work on the Learning Tasks 1.2 and

Assessment 1.2.
Quiz #2: Do not forget to write your
seat column number
1. What part of the knapsack sprayer that breaks the
solution into mist for even distribution (1 pt)

2. For odd columns: Enumerate one important

consideration in proper mixing of spray solution (2
pts)

2. For even columns: Enumerate one consideration in

proper application of spray solution (2 pts)
Quiz #2
3. For odd
columns:
Identify this
type of sprayer
(2 pts)

3. For even
columns:
Identify this
type of sprayer
(2 pts)
Quiz #2
5. Identify this type of sprayer (3 pts)
6. What are the risks and disadvantages of spraying
when the wind velocity is strong (> 8 kph)? (2 pts)