Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III
Division of Nueva Ecija
Bartolome Sangalang National High School
Guimba, Nueva Ecija

Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay) Extracts

as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii)

An Investigatory Project Proposal Presented to:

The Panel of Oral Examiners
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Research II

by

Reia Mae Tacdol

Princess Ann De Ocampo
Karl Ruzzel Leigh Badua
Researchers

Arjanne J. Villamarzo
Research Adviser

December 2021
 Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay)
Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii)

RESEARCH PLAN/PROJECT SUMMARY

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Rationale

Nowadays, organic backyard farming is a trend in answer to the growing population and the
global COVID-19 pandemic. People use their vacant spaces in their backyards to plant vegetables and
other crops such as lettuce. Some put-up their own hydroponics farm or greenhouse. They use their
harvests for their daily needs. In relation to this, one of the many problems faced by the farmers is how to
eradicate leaf miners. Found in greenhouses, home gardens and landscaped areas across the country, leaf
miners are the larval (maggot) stage of an insect family called Agromyzidae that feeds between the upper
and lower surfaces of leaves. On heavily infested plants it is not uncommon to find 6 or more maggots per
leaf. Although damage can restrict plant growth, resulting in reduced yields and loss of vigor, healthy
plants can tolerate considerable injury. Host plants include beans, blackberries, cabbage, lettuce, peppers,
and a variety of ornamental flowers, citrus trees and shrubs. (planetnatural, n.d)

According to (Gritsanapan & Mangmeesri, 2009), Senna alata (acapulco plant) is a medicinal
plant of which the leaves have long been used as a laxative and antifungal drug. The leaves have both
aglycone and glycoside forms. The content of anthraquinones in the leaves are varied mainly according to
cultivating locations and harvesting period. It is necessary to control the quantity of anthraquinones in the
leaves and leaf extracts of this plant for good quality of laxative and antifungal raw materials.
Several studies stated that the methanolic, ethanolic, and petroleum ether extracts of S. alata leaves were
examined for its antibacterial, phytochemical, and antifungal activities. The results showed that out of the
three (3) crude extracts, the methanolic extract showed the highest activity than the ethanolic and
petroleum ether extracts. (Owoyale, J A; Olatunji, G A; O, Oguntoye S, 2005) This statement proves that
the S. alata extract is capable of exterminating the presence of leaf miners on plants because of its
methanolic property. Methanol extracts showed potent insecticidal properties with LC and LC values of
50 90

2.94 and 18.12 ppm, respectively. (Goodarzi, 2019)

 Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay)
Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii)

Meanwhile, Tinospora rumphii Boerl (makabuhay plant) belongs to the family of

Menispermaceae that can grow or climb up to fifteen meters long. The Makabuhay plant (T. rumphii
Boerl) is believed to be antimicrobial and parasitical due to its bitter sap. It is used to control
diamondback moths, aphids, mites, ants, and other insect pests. Insects lose their appetites and suffer
toxicity. The T. rumphii Boerl plant can be propagated by planting its stem. The stem contains fixed oil,
33%; with triolein 87.7%, tripalmitin 8.41%, tristearin 3.89%, a glycoside and samaderin. There are also
traces of 2.22% columbine, picroretine, berberine and an alkaloid that can kill insects. (Baluco, 2015)

Based on the stated data, the researcher came up with an idea of combining the two extracts.
Thus, this research entitled Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl
(Makabuhay) Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii) is being proposed. This study
aims to formulate a solution that will help farmers to control leaf miners (Liriomyza trifolii) using Senna
alata and Tinospora rumphii Boerl extracts.
 Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay)
Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii)

B. HYPOTHESES/RESEARCH QUESTIONS/GOALS/EXPECTED OUTCOMES

B. 1 Hypotheses

The researcher formulated the following alternative hypotheses;

1. The Senna alata (Acapulco) extract will exterminate leaf miners.

2. The solution of Senna alata and Tinospora rumphii Boerl extracts will eradicate the presence of leaf
miners.

3. The Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay) extract will exterminate leaf miners.

4. There is a significant difference between the effects of the three pesticide solutions in eradicating leaf
miners.

B. 2 Questions being addressed

This study primarily aims to formulate a solution Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl
(Makabuhay) Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners to control or eradicate leafminers on crops.

Specifically, answers to the following questions:

1. What is the effect of the Senna alata (Acapulco) extract as a leaf miner repellant on crops?

2. What is the effect of a solution containing 50% of Senna alata (Acapulco) extract and another 50% of
Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay) extract?

3. What is the effect of the Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay) extract as a leaf miner repellant on
crops?

4. Is there a significant difference between the effects of the three pesticide solutions in eradicating leaf
miners?

B. 3 Engineering Goals

This study aims to determine the Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora
rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay) Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii). The findings of
this study will benefit the agricultural industry, farmers, agriculturists, businessmen, teachers, students,
and consumers since they discovered a natural, safe, and cost effective way to eradicate leaf miners. This
study will also benefit future researchers as it establishes a standard and will serve as a foundation for
proposing related studies in the same field that incorporate other variables. This study can help educate
 Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay)
Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii)

people about Senna alata and Tinospora rumphii Boerl and their ramifications on the presence of
Liriomyza trifolii (leaf miner).

B. 4 Expected Outcomes

The Senna alata and Tinospora rumphii Boerl Extracts will exterminate the presence of
Liriomyza trifolii (leaf miner) on crops. The success of the study will provide new knowledge to the
community which can contribute for further studies.
 Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay)
Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii)

CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY

Source of Senna alata and Tinospora rhumpii Boerl

The Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay) can be sourced at
Guimba, Nueva Ecija.

Preparation of the Extract

Senna alata leaves will be gathered and diced. It will be soaked in room temperature water
overnight. Meanwhile, the Tinospora rumphii Boerl extract will be obtained through the decoction of its
leaves and stem. Twenty Gumamela flower buds will be minced and the extract will be used as a binding
agent.

Preparing of Habitats

Nine disposable cups will be used as containers of the samples. Three to five leaves of lettuce that
are infected by leaf miners will be planted in each cup. After replanting, the samples will be placed inside
a greenhouse wherein the study will be conducted.

Preparation of the Solution

Three different solutions will be prepared. For the first solution, 1kg of Acapulco extract will be
mixed with 1Li of water. For the second solution, combine ½ kg of Acapulco extract and ½ kg of
Makabuhay extract to 1Li of water. And for the third solution, 1kg of Makabuhay extract will be mixed
with 1Li of water.

Preparation of Spray Solution

In preparing the spray solution, ½ Li of leaf extract from solutions 1, 2, or 3 mixed to 8Li of
water (5% concentration of organic pesticide) will be mixed with 1Li of hydrogen peroxide and ½ Li of
red Gumamela flower extract. This will provide three different spray solutions.

Application of the Spray Solution

The samples will be treated with three different spray solutions. Each set of samples will contain
three cups of lettuce. The first set will be treated with spray solution 1 (with Acapulco extract). The
second set will be treated with solution 2 (with a mixture of Acapulco and Makabuhay extract). The last
 Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay)
Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii)

set will be treated with solution 3 (with Makabuhay extract). The spray solution will be applied twice a
day for 7 days to exterminate the presence of leaf miners.

Observation and Analysis

The data will be analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 5% level of significance using
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay)
Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii)

METHODOLOGY

Source of Senna alata and Tinospora rhumpii Boerl

Preparation of the Extract

Preparing of Habitats

Preparation of the Solution

Preparation of Spray Solution

Application of Spray Solution

Observation and Analysis

Figure 1. Methodology Flow Chart

 Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay)
Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii)

Bibliography

Baluco. (2015). EFFECTIVENESS OF MAKABUHAY (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) STEM EXTRACT IN

ELIMINATING AMERICAN COCKROACH (Periplanta Americana).

G, S. (2019). Philippine Medicinal Plants: Makabuhay.

Galia ML, G. J. (2016). Antiangiogenic Activity of Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay) Leaf and Stem
Extracts. Int Res J Biological Sci 5(1), 54-59.

Goodarzi, S. T. (2019). Strong insecticidal potential of methanol extract of Ferulago trifida fruits against
Anopheles stephensi as malaria vector.

Gritsanapan & Mangmeesri. (2009). Standardized Senna Alata Leaf Extract.

Hanthanong S, C. S. (2021). Two new rearranged clerodane diterpenes from Thai Tinospora baenzigeri. J
Nat Med 75, 201-206.

Owoyale, J A; Olatunji, G A; O, Oguntoye S. (2005). Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities of an Alcoholic

Extract of Senna alata Leaves.

planetnatural. (n.d). Leaf Miner Control.

 Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay)
Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii)

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Rationale

Nowadays, organic backyard farming is a trend in answer to the growing population and the
global COVID-19 pandemic. People use their vacant spaces in their backyards to plant vegetables and
other crops such as lettuce. Some put-up their own hydroponics farm or greenhouse. They use their
harvests for their daily needs. In relation to this, one of the many problems faced by the farmers is how to
eradicate leaf miners. Found in greenhouses, home gardens and landscaped areas across the country, leaf
miners are the larval (maggot) stage of an insect family called Agromyzidae that feeds between the upper
and lower surfaces of leaves. On heavily infested plants it is not uncommon to find 6 or more maggots per
leaf. Although damage can restrict plant growth, resulting in reduced yields and loss of vigor, healthy
plants can tolerate considerable injury. Host plants include beans, blackberries, cabbage, lettuce, peppers,
and a variety of ornamental flowers, citrus trees and shrubs. (planetnatural, n.d)

According to (Gritsanapan & Mangmeesri, 2009), Senna alata (acapulco plant) is a medicinal
plant of which the leaves have long been used as a laxative and antifungal drug. The leaves have both
aglycone and glycoside forms. The content of anthraquinones in the leaves are varied mainly according to
cultivating locations and harvesting period. It is necessary to control the quantity of anthraquinones in the
leaves and leaf extracts of this plant for good quality of laxative and antifungal raw materials.
Several studies stated that the methanolic, ethanolic, and petroleum ether extracts of S. alata leaves were
examined for its antibacterial, phytochemical, and antifungal activities. The results showed that out of the
three (3) crude extracts, the methanolic extract showed the highest activity than the ethanolic and
petroleum ether extracts. (Owoyale, J A; Olatunji, G A; O, Oguntoye S, 2005) This statement proves that
the S. alata extract is capable of exterminating the presence of leaf miners on plants because of its
methanolic property. Methanol extracts showed potent insecticidal properties with LC and LC values of
50 90

2.94 and 18.12 ppm, respectively. (Goodarzi, 2019)

Meanwhile, Tinospora rumphii Boerl (makabuhay plant) belongs to the family of

Menispermaceae that can grow or climb up to fifteen meters long. The Makabuhay plant (T. rumphii
Boerl) is believed to be antimicrobial and parasitical due to its bitter sap. It is used to control
diamondback moths, aphids, mites, ants, and other insect pests. Insects lose their appetites and suffer
toxicity. The T. rumphii Boerl plant can be propagated by planting its stem. The stem contains fixed oil,
 Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay)
Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii)

33%; with triolein 87.7%, tripalmitin 8.41%, tristearin 3.89%, a glycoside and samaderin. There are also
traces of 2.22% columbine, picroretine, berberine and an alkaloid that can kill insects. (Baluco, 2015)

Based on the stated data, the researcher came up with an idea of combining the two extracts.
Thus, this research entitled Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl
(Makabuhay) Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii) is being proposed. This study
aims to formulate a solution that will help farmers to control leaf miners (Liriomyza trifolii) using Senna
alata and Tinospora rumphii Boerl extracts.
 Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay)
Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii)

CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY

Source of Senna alata and Tinospora rhumpii Boerl

The Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay) can be sourced at
Guimba, Nueva Ecija.

Preparation of the Extract

Senna alata leaves will be gathered and diced. It will be soaked in room temperature water
overnight. Meanwhile, the Tinospora rumphii Boerl extract will be obtained through the decoction of its
leaves and stem. Twenty Gumamela flower buds will be minced and the extract will be used as a binding
agent.

Preparing of Habitats

Nine disposable cups will be used as containers of the samples. Three to five leaves of lettuce that
are infected by leaf miners will be planted in each cup. After replanting, the samples will be placed inside
a greenhouse wherein the study will be conducted.

Preparation of the Solution

Three different solutions will be prepared. For the first solution, 1kg of Acapulco extract will be
mixed with 1Li of water. For the second solution, combine ½ kg of Acapulco extract and ½ kg of
Makabuhay extract to 1Li of water. And for the third solution, 1kg of Makabuhay extract will be mixed
with 1Li of water.

Preparation of Spray Solution

In preparing the spray solution, ½ Li of leaf extract from solutions 1, 2, or 3 mixed to 8Li of
water (5% concentration of organic pesticide) will be mixed with 1Li of hydrogen peroxide and ½ Li of
red Gumamela flower extract. This will provide three different spray solutions.

Application of the Spray Solution

The samples will be treated with three different spray solutions. Each set of samples will contain
three cups of lettuce. The first set will be treated with spray solution 1 (with Acapulco extract). The
second set will be treated with solution 2 (with a mixture of Acapulco and Makabuhay extract). The last
 Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay)
Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii)

set will be treated with solution 3 (with Makabuhay extract). The spray solution will be applied twice a
day for 7 days to exterminate the presence of leaf miners.

Observation and Analysis

The data will be analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 5% level of significance using
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Pesticidal Effect of Senna alata (Acapulco) and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay)
Extracts as a Repellent on Leaf Miners (Liriomyza trifolii)

METHODOLOGY

Source of Senna alata and Tinospora rhumpii Boerl

Preparation of the Extract

Preparing of Habitats

Preparation of the Solution

Preparation of Spray Solution

Application of Spray Solution

Observation and Analysis

Figure 1. Methodology Flow Chart