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José E. Romero Martínez

Dr. Sarah Singer

ENG 6261

December 7, 2023

A Literature Review of Queer Technologies and Communication

Introduction

Queer theory presents a formidable challenge to the present-day heteronormative, patriar-

chal, and even sex-negative expressions present in our social institutions. It is as an inclusive and

interdisciplinary alternative that deconstructs the nature of sexual identity as fluid and dynamic

forms of expression that should be harnessed to its fullest extent instead of suppressed, repressed,

or ignored. Even the word “queer,” which has historically used as a slur, has been reclaimed by

the gay liberation movement “as an act of defiance,” resilience and courage during adversity

(them 2018). Nash and Browne (2016) argue that the word “queer […] can and should be rede-

ployed, fucked with and used in resistant and transgressive ways, even if those ways are resisting

what could” (9); because of this, arguments, experiments, and methodologies are ripe for ques-

tioning, deconstruction, and reconstruction, especially if this leads to the positive development of

opportunities towards social justice.

This discussion of theory can also be extended towards its applications in technical docu-

mentation. However, the effects of them can be nuanced and their interpretation dependent on its

beholder. For example, is including only two genders on official forms—male or female—too

heteronormative and exclusionary, or should respondents apply with the gender they identify as

and not necessarily the one assigned at birth? What is the most efficient way for doctors to ac-

commodate care for non-binary patients? Queering heteronormativity (and ultimately disman-
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tling it) involves questioning the accepted normality of institutional practices that are ultimately

exclusionary for queer citizens beyond sex (Cox and Farris 191; Cline 2023). This questioning

can be applied to either physical or digital communications that encompass a wide variety of vi-

sions, from medical forms to geolocative dating apps to Internet forums. In these cases, either the

platform unintentionally becomes an avenue for expressing queerness, or queer users migrate

into new platforms that cater to their social and/or sexual interests, with varying results.

Annotated bibliographies and literature reviews regarding queer applications in technical

and professional communication (TPC) have proliferated in the past decade. However, not much

emphasis has been placed on reconciling the public, private, and digital aspects of queer commu-

nication in a single review, nor has been reviewed against a distant, heteronormative lens. This is

a wanting perspective researchers Matthew B. Cox and Michael J. Farris reviewed while re-

searching for their annotated bibliography: “Rhetoric studies seemed incredibly straight. And, in

many ways, it does. Graduate students are oftentimes encouraged to study heteronormative the-

ory and, we might say, are trained to identify with it” (2015). I encountered a similar issue faced

during research for this literature review, as it was imperative to consider the authors’ diverse po-

sitionalities, privileges, and biases inherent in academia. In addition, queer approaches are im-

plied or intimated during discourse, which complicated the distinction between genuine acknowl-

edgement of queer values or an alternative interpretation of the text.

For this reason, this annotated bibliography reviews the major research venues highlight-

ing the spatial and rhetorical connections between queer theory and technical communication,

with an emphasis on queer spaces and social media. A cursory analysis of queer theory reveals

that definitions of queerness are contrasted and deconstructed with and against heteronormativ-

ity, and it must respect the constraints of geography and culture. Regarding workplace media in-
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teractions, the researchers agree that presentations of sexuality and identity are heterogeneous

and disparate within each social media site. Relating to professional writing contexts, “working

closets” assessments provide an articulation of queer values technical communicators must con-

sider before expressing or communicating their identity in a working environment. Using quali-

tative data through a thematic framework, the reviewer provides the flexibility and experience of

engaging how focused, disruptive, and entertained within the context of the beholder. The re-

searchers also address, directly or indirectly, the value of acknowledging queerness as a marker

of strength and value in a diverse, interconnected world.

Research Methodology

An extensive research process was conducted between August and October 2023. During

this three-month period, searches were conducted using exclusively online resources, such as the

University of Florida Libraries website, Google Scholar, and selected coursework from ENC

6261: Technical Writing, Theory, and Practice by Dr. Sarah Singer. The researchers were con-

ducted using the following criteria:

 The article must be dated between 2014 and 2023.

 Sources must be written in English or Spanish. Upon final review, only Córdova Quero

(2020) were included as a Spanish-language article.

 The articles had to review a specific aspect of technical communication, LGBTQ+/queer

culture, and/or social justice.

 No more than five (5) articles could come from coursework from the ENC 6261 course.

Moeggenberg et al. (2019); Ramler (2021); and West-Puckett and Moeggenberg (2022)

satisfy this requirement.

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As research progressed, social justice was slowly de-emphasized in the review, even though the

articles continue to reference technical communication in contextual circumstances. This also

doubled as opportunities to familiarize oneself with the literature for an annotated bibliography,

where twenty (20) selected sources were reviewed regarding the suitability of the articles to the

research goals. Journal articles, book chapters, peer-reviewed reference documents, and confer-

ence proceedings were evaluated as part of the research. As a result, three (3) main themes could

be identified during the research (Romero 2-3):

 Defining Queer Theory, which reviewed the main concepts of queer theory and estab-

lished its connections within the wide spectrum of technical documentation;

 Applications of Queer Theory Within Social and Digital Media, which discussed how

queer theory paves the way for the transformation of digital and social media as “queer

spaces” through intentional usability testing and user empowerment;

 Applying Queer Theory within Workplace Communication, which analyzed the im-

pact of queer theory in workplace interactions alongside LGBTQ+ workers through the

development of “working closets” and the like.

How do we define queerness?

Before reconciling the major elements of queer communication, it is important to review

and reconcile the main terms for difference groups and descriptions of the larger LGBTQIA+

community. Córdova Quero (2020) defines the term queer beyond the “strange” and reveals

queer theory as a philosophical and sociopolitical school of thought that attempts to undermine

the hetero-patriarchy, which dictates what should be considered “normal,” “natural,” or “human”

(97-98, translation mine). The author also uses the term heterosexism in its role as a form of sex-

ual colonialism that attempts to conform, genre, sexuality, identity, and orientation into an im-
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posed standard, more so when standards coming from North America and Europe are imposed

into the Global South (96). Jones (2016) views this imposition as a two-fold form of oppression

through a lack of power or challenge and a devaluation of other’s experiences (347-48).

Moeggenberg et al. extends the discussion of oppression to encompass rhetorical violence

through documentation that enforces rigid sexual binaries, promotes microaggressions, and “un-

wittingly reflects dominant ideologies through supporting neoliberal agendas” that encourage the

official erasure of alternative identities (407). Applying this criterion, an example would be

marking gender when the only options provided are male (M) or female (F) in a medical form. It

is heteropatriarchal to recognize only two “normal” genders; heterosexist because it does not

consider the user’s cultural values and/or nuances to responding the “correct” gender depending

on the services the user attempts to gain access from; oppressive because it erases other trans and

non-binary identities; and queer to deconstruct and reformulate the question to consider other

gender identities, such as nonbinary status.

To this end, Córdova Quero (2020) defines and explores several terms in queer theory,

such as sexual orientation, gender roles, cisgender, and homosexuality, in particular contrasting

the nuanced attitudes in the North against the Global South. However, a significant point of dis-

cussion involves the definition and usage of the term transgender, particularly the supposed vio-

lation (and subsequent normalization) of the male/female binary. Building upon removing trans

oppression through official documentation, Córdova Quero provides an example of a 2013 Ar-

gentine law that allows citizens to obtain official birth certificate ad identity cards without a

court order or gender confirmation surgery (107). Moeggenberg et al. (2022) contrasts this top-

down view of government legislation with the unwitting oppression of federally mandated Equal

Employment Opportunity (EEO) statements on employee advertising information. Even if a

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company acknowledges its diversity, its data collection practices may still enforce a rigid and

convoluted definition of race, gender identity and ethnicity, making this look like “a complex,

black-boxed human-nonhuman assemblage shot through with ethical concerns and power” (417).

Edenfield et al. (2019) note that although access to gender-affirming care has improved, trans

people have struggled to access it due to institutional barriers that can become traumatizing and

exclusionary, forcing many to look elsewhere for care (178).

Rawson and Williams (2014) define the value of transgender as a queer term; unlike Cór-

dova Quero’s description that straddles between both sides oft the gender spectrum (106), the au-

thors assert the term as an “umbrella” that occupies the spectrum from drag queens and kings to

transexual, transfemme and two-spirit peoples. This is also relevant towards the inclusion of

“queer texts on transgender issues” that become part of the rhetorical scholarship, as related by

Villanueva and Moeggenberg (45). The integration of queer texts has allowed students to de-

velop their writing in service of the destabilizing nature of queer theory. In addition, Favors

(2016) reconciles the role of intersectional rhetoric by analyzing the value of Laverne Cox as a

rhetorical agent through multiple “discursive methods” like speech, embodiment, and/or image

that goes beyond the performative nature of gender to visually communicate pleasure and per-

sonality (17-18).

Unger and Sánchez (2015) identified the geographical constraints of scholarship and de-

velopments surrounding queer theory. Mapping queer rhetorics on Google Maps using a bibliog-

raphy and a ProQuest database, the authors reviewed the clusters of information within regions,

such as the bibliography on the Mid-West and Southeast, and dissertations in the Midwest and

Northeast. To this end, the geographic spaces where knowledge is disseminated are transformed

into rhetorical spaces where users are free to “negotiate, resist, and act” in the benefit of social
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justice, more so when such knowledge attempts to restore the users’ agency (Jones 347). In the

same fashion, Moeggenberg reconciles the values between geographical space and rhetorical

agency through academic experience: first, as a “lesbian in a Catholic college” who eventually

completed her MFA in a Midwestern college, but faced herself as an outsider, at the same time

teaching students inclusive writing skills (Villanueva and Moeggenberg 39-41).

How is queer theory present in digital/social media interactions?

A shared queer identity has both emerged and fragmented through the massive changes

triggered by the Internet and social media, more so during the COVID-19 pandemic. That queer-

ness and digitalization have grown is an understatement. For this reason, Kays (2022) notes that

queer digital rhetoric can be defined as “rhetoric in non-analog spaces,” of which this queerness

becomes “omnipresent” through user interactions with digital and social media (432-33). The ap-

plication of queer theory through the manifestation of queer digital “safe spaces” provide both

subversion and empowerment to its users, particularly when digital sites were not originally con-

ceived as queer spaces. On the other hand, Ramler (2021) argues that queer usability is an impor-

tant experience that allows the expenses of othered and marginalized users to provide input to-

wards the implementation of its inclusive policies that benefit the site’s development. The author

is not explicit regarding the security implications of digital safe spaces; however, she highlights

the values of “emphatic reach” and “ethical vision” that promote a more inclusive digital envi-

ronment (346-47). Unlike Kays’ approach, Ramler’s implications augment the idea that proper

usability practices encourage a safe space for free expression through collaboration.

The authors’ evaluation of social media sites differed depending on the digital medium

studied, the intent of research and its value as a “safe space” for queer communication, so no

consensus could be reached. For instance, Ramler (2021) compared two social media sites, Tum-
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blr and Thurst, and evaluated their commitment to queer usability. Whereas Tumblr eliminated

all Not Safe for Work (NSFW) posts against protests from queer users and sex workers in 2018,

undermining trust in the company’s commitment, Thurst served as a queer-inclusive dating app

that prioritized privacy, allowed users to identify with any gender they wish, and had a zero-tol-

erance policy against any form of harassment. On the other hand, Green (2021) discussed the

rhetoric of unruliness over the user’s disclosure of HIV status on Grindr—whereas the intention

is to destigmatize living with the condition, it does not consider the complexity and nuance of

risk communication, more so with the advent of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and U=U (un-

detectable equals untrasmittable). Otherwise, Kays points at TikTok as an example of uninten-

tional digital rhetoric as, despite not being intended as a “queer” social media site, its usage has

fostered an inclusive environment that also links several “queer” communities unto itself. Re-

gardless of the digital medium, these examples describe what Pascar et al. (2022) notes as piv-

otal elements of queer safe spaces: resistance and subversion; spatial and cultural formulation;

in-group boundaries; and temporality (4).

The authors’ views of queer theory’s applications on social media communications also

diverged regarding in the opportunities queer users’ interactions engage with sexual content.

Green (2021) argued that queer unruliness in sexual practices empowers users to navigate risk

communication in their own terms (274-75); this allows for a normalization of HIV status as a

sexual experience in theory, although users interviewed on discourse practices reported stigma

and vulnerability (278). On the other hand, Pascar et al. (2022) note that online queer spaces in

social media since the COVID-19 pandemic transformed themselves into “the new gayborhoods

and gay bars for youth” (7); as such, these have paved the way towards transnational queer iden-

tification, collectivization, and a controlled environment for sexual exploration. Cheded and
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Skandalis (2021) add that touch and contact need not be sexual; rather, “queer creativity” is an

important element to challenge conventional notions of sexuality (342). They note that queer dat-

ing apps such as Grindr or Scruff have “gamified” the opportunity to engage in sexual connec-

tions, first online and then in the physical word, when possible (343). A Tumblr survey of 1,304

Australian teenagers and young adults regarding their social media usage revealed that the site

became a place for people to be heard and form a like-minded community, although this runs the

risk of social atomization and an unhealthy intensity of engagement. Still, as Miles (2018) notes,

online queer social media rhetoric risks reproducing the racial and social prejudiced discourse

that exists in real life if not carefully monitored (3). Thus, there is no present consensus regard-

ing the acceptance of sexuality and identity within the social media space.

How does queer theory affect the applications of workplace communication?

A major element of queer theory that has overlapped into professional aspects of commu-

nication is the role of working closets. Cox (2019) describes the term as “a complicated, layered,

and unorthodox space comprising a set of networked reactions and interactions […] in between

the LGBT individual and all life contacts” (4-5). This can also be seen as a form of compartmen-

talization, where LGBTQ+ professionals negotiate their level of outness within different con-

texts, despite acceptance or levels of inclusivity within the company culture. They are, in fact,

willing to adapt and overcome heteronormative suppression, on occasion subverting it. Cox also

describes the working closet as intersectional because the multiple discourses surrounding items

like race, gender, and sexual orientation are reflected in the discourse. Through the qualitative

analysis of five (5) interviews with LGBTQ+ employees at a Midwestern company vaunted for

its diversity, the employees express the nuances of one’s working closets, such as erasure of sex-
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ual preferences, public displays of affection, and the compartmentalization of personal feelings

over company loyalty and professionalism.

West-Puckett and Moeggenberg (2022) reflect the role of failure as an important value

for the queer community. Failure can be considered a “queer tactic” as it allows technical com-

municators to deconstruct the typical expectations of success and provide new ways of building

new paths to center marginalized in a collaboration towards expansion and refinement (106).

This could be applied with the contrasting queer usability actions between Tumblr and Thurst as

analyzed by Ramler: Where the former failed to consider its users’ experiences before banning

Not Safe for Work (NSFW) content, the latter considered the failures experienced by its target

users and attempted to develop a more inclusive online space. Likewise, Edenfield et al. (2019)

note that the usage of Reddit forums for trans users considering hormone replacement therapy

(HRT) outside of institutionalized medical settings provides cordiality, information, and infor-

mality away from the sterile and oftentimes impersonal (or even hostile) experiences of the doc-

tor’s office. This provides an opportunity for medical practitioners and administrators to advo-

cate for inclusive healthcare practices, including their privilege to advocate as allies for the trans

community (Moeggenberg et al. 427).

Moeggenberg and Walton (2019) used Cox’s definition of working closets alongside

queering time, or the displacement and disruption of typical—sometimes linear—narrative mark-

ers of heteronormative success, like marriage or childbirth; and queering space, or institutions

and disruptions of power in a specific moment in time. The authors expand on Cox’s theory by

asserting that for LGBTQ+ professionals, the working closet al. lows people to “listen more and

engage multiple perspectives” (3); at the same time, this positional practice allows designers and

writers to scaffold their experiences into opportunities for greater user empathy and definition (3-
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4). Edenfield et al. reconciles the “queering” of sexual content messaging through the affordance

of intersectional and nuanced discourse that make consent “dialogic and flexible” instead of

“sable and binary”—and, to an extent, woefully heteronormative (52). The zine-like structure of

the publications studied by Edenfield apply the concepts of Moeggenberg and Walton’s concepts

of design thinking: working closets is applied when the articles are distributed in (mostly urban)

public health setting where users from marginalized communities may attempt to reach services;

queering time is observed with the atypical, almost guerrilla-like distribution of the zines and

media; and queering space disrupts the balance of sexual power by querying consent in a spec-

trum as part of healthy sexual pleasure instead of relying on negative reinforcement. Such dis-

cussions extend West-Puckett and Moeggenberg’s point of queering failure, as new forms of out-

reach involve understanding how failure can determine the extent of the collaboration needed in

the creation of such zines. However, Moeggenberg and Walton only focused on printed consent

zines, not digital avenues, such as Reddit posts and forums as in Edenfield et al. ’s report. His af-

fords a new opportunity for further analysis and study.

Tomasev et al. (2021) analyze the value of “queer fairness” in algorithm design, their role

in perpetuating bias and institutional discrimination. The authors acknowledge the lack of studies

regarding “unobserved characteristics” of algorithm design, such as sexual orientation and gen-

der identity. For instance, algorithms must consider the users’ privacy against “outing” (or

forcibly revealing someone’s sexuality in public), victimization, and “heteronormative cultural

attitudes” (254). Regarding the latter, Córdova Quero (2020) argue that “gender, sexuality, and

the notions of family are firmly rooted in culture” instead of the culture and buoyed by capital-

ism (105, translation mine). Thus, the authors attempt to reconcile the advances of items such as

employment, language, abuse, and physical and mental health, along with risks if such informa-
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tion is mishandled. In this fashion, the authors propose further studies in “queer fairness” must

account over technological equality; however, more studies must also be done considering the

role of ethics in queer algorithms and their implications in professional algorithmic design.

Conclusion

This literature review is not exhaustive of the applications of queer theory in social and

professional settings. Rather, it attempts to frame queer theory and its role in technical communi-

cation as an organic extension on the field’s commitment to social justice and equality. These

topics are relevant because they will have an impact on researching the practical applications of

the queer experience and harness its power to provide greater influence and accessibility to oth-

ers in the future. In addition, a major goal of this research is to address any gaps that should be

incentives towards further study. A few findings have been parsed below:

 Queer theory is collaborative. Eighteen (18) sources—more than half of the references

analyzed—involved more than one author. Out of these sources, four (4) had more than

three (3) authors collaborating on the journal articles or books. Scholarly collaborations

saliently provide that the future of technical and professional collaboration (TPC) is em-

bedded in the technological values of conscious design and cooperation.

 Queer theory is interdisciplinary. During the research phase, it was important to con-

sider how “theory is philosophy;” this means that theory is a result of philosophical appli-

cations into general principles. Studying scholars like Butler, Foucault, Anzaldúa or Bur-

sani is important to understand the underpinnings of queer theory. However, it is impor-

tant to acknowledge how theory is created through our conscious (and unconscious)

choices in the same way we use philosophy as a critical method to search for finding

meaning and fulfillment.

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 Queer theory is evolving. As words like “transgender” can evolve its usage based on de-

scriptive historical standards, queer theory acknowledges linguistic change and accom-

modates the changing notions of sexuality and identity. Authors, users, and collaborators

are incentivized to define, collaborate, and direct people to engage in self-expression.

Each author has provided insights towards the development of inclusive and adaptable oppor-

tunities for sexual and gender minorities while overcoming barriers to greater societal inclu-

sion. Streamlining gender on health records or including no-tolerance harassment policies

may be deceptively simple measures, but it provides an opportunity to make amends and

change the negative rhetorical narratives against LGBTQ+ users. Through this survey has

reconciled major trends in communication scholarship, several research questions remain to

be explored:

 How can we improve the development of inclusive documentation on trans peo-

ple? Out of the referenced sources, four (4) specifically focus on trans identity and

communication: Edenfield (2019); Moeggenberg et al. (2022); Patterson and Spencer

(2020); and Rawson and Williams (2014). While the issues surrounding trans people

and effective and inclusive documentation were briefly discussed in this review, more

research is needed in order to determine what improvements are needed along with

the necessary cultural changes to achieve these goals. For example, Moeggenberg et

al. (2022) provide an important framework to review government and medical docu-

mentation and its potential for accommodation (or lack thereof) to trans people, and

future researchers should evaluate any textual or design modifications in service of a

common framework.
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 How can we apply Cox’s “working closets” theory beyond the workplace? Cox’s

theory is a versatile resource integrating the complexities of sexual orientation and

public identity alongside the individual’s public expressions of such (or lack thereof).

LGBTQ+ individuals face numerous daily choices regarding the revelation of their

identity, and future research should expand Cox’s theory and analyze its integration

in further environments.

 How should technical writers rewrite technical documents to accommodate the

specific nuances of the LGBTQ+ community? Though Edenfield (2019),

Moeggenberg et al. (2022), Ramler (2022) and Tomasev et al. (2021) address spe-

cific examples that portray a clearer view of inclusive document design, the scope of

this review did not contemplate any practical applications. Elements like preferred

pronouns, increasing spaces for different gender expressions, or providing enforce-

ment mechanisms for EEO-compliant documentation are samples of items that should

be considered for future research.

 How do we account for the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the develop-

ment of digital queer spaces? Cheded and Skandalis (2021) reviewed how touch be-

came digitalized in the context of the pandemic and reprised the value of “queer inter-

activity” while maintaining contact with a globalized community. Future research

should address how lockdowns and quarantine affected queer users and the rhetoric

displayed in social media and dating sites. For instance, has communication become

more truncated or stunted since the pandemic? How has disclosure of serostatus oc-

curred within the confined and embodied spaces of pandemic confinement?

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In sum, queer theory’s impact on digital and professional communication should not be over-

stated. These research gaps serve as means of discussion and provide further considerations to

reconcile existing research with new ones in the field. They intend to be speculative and open-

ended, with the intention for readers and researchers to scaffold their research and further its

commitments to social justice and inclusivity in communication.

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