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Chapter (2)

lec3: 2.10.1 Cloud Computing Infrastructure Components

Different components of cloud infrastructure support the computing requirements of a cloud
computing model. Cloud infrastructure has number of key components but not limited to only
server, software, network and storage devices.

Figure 2. 8 Cloud Infrastructural Components

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Hypervisor
Hypervisor is a firmware or low-level program that acts as a Virtual Machine
Manager. It allows sharing the single physical instance of cloud resources between
several tenants.

Management Software
It helps to maintain and configure the infrastructure.

Deployment Software
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It helps to deploy and integrate the application on the cloud.

Network
It is the key component of cloud infrastructure. It allows connecting cloud services
over the Internet. It is also possible to deliver network as a utility over the Internet,
which means, the customer can customize the network route and protocol.

Server
The server helps to compute the resource sharing and offers other services such as
resource allocation and de-allocation, monitoring the resources, providing security
etc.

Storage
Cloud keeps multiple replicas of storage. If one of the storage resources fails, then it can
be extracted from another one, which makes cloud computing more reliable.

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2.10.2 Cloud Computing Infrastructure Constraints

Fundamental constraints that cloud infrastructure should implement are shown in the
following diagram:

Figure 2. 9 Cloud Computing Infrastructure Constraints

Transparency
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Virtualization is the key to share resources in cloud environment. But it is not possible
to satisfy the demand with single resource or server. Therefore, there must be
transparency in resources, load balancing and application, so that we can scale them
on demand.

Scalability
Scaling up an application delivery solution is not that easy as scaling up an
application because it involves configuration overhead or even re-architecting the
network. So, application delivery solution is needed to be scalable which will require
the virtual infrastructure such that resource can be provisioned and de-provisioned
easily.
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Intelligent Monitoring
To achieve transparency and scalability, application solution delivery will need to be
capable of intelligent monitoring.

Security
The mega data center in the cloud should be securely architected. Also the control node,
an entry point in mega data center, also needs to be secure.

Along with this, virtualization is also considered as one of important component of cloud
infrastructure. Because it abstracts the available data storage and computing power away
from the actual hardware and the users interact with their cloud infrastructure through GUI
(Graphical User Interface).

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2.11 Advantages of Cloud Computing:

 Scalability:
o One of the best advantages of cloud computing is scalability.
know names only Maintaining a business, organization, or another element is trying in
ideal circumstances. Especially amid the stresses of downturn,
expansion, pandemic, war, work putting together, and store network
disturbances. Cloud Computing provides the opportunity to scale at
your own speed. Organizations are savvy to have their significant
developments plotted out three to five years ahead of time; however,
the world can be unpredictable. Whether you need to develop
forcefully or carefully or downsize decisively during seasons of unrest,
cloud computing is a business resource you pay for just as and when
you want it.
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 Security:
o According to certain reports, small private companies are multiple
times more likely to suffer a cyber-attack than large organizations.
That most likely shocks numerous owners of companies. The reasons
are obvious, but — only 33% of organizations with four or fewer
representatives register hacks as a danger. The year 2021 reported
52,974 cybercrime, whereas the year 2020 reported 50,035 cases in
India. Migrating business to the cloud implies approaching industry-
standard information data protection/assurance, firewalls, and
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robotized all-day, everyday
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network observing. Few2023/2024
out of every odd
organization can bear to hold that sort of IT ability and foundation in-
house.

 Accessible to modern technology:

o Cloud computing is far more than an internet-based storage service for
data. Organizations worldwide currently use cutting-edge technologies
they need to get done with their responsibilities and run their business
over the web utilizing the cloud. Some technology available on a cloud
platform includes Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Data
Analytics, Data Visualization, Containerization, etc. The Public Cloud
Market Set to Surpass US $500 BN by 2023. The opportunity to build
powerful AI applications and machine learning models without buying
actual physical servers is a strong motivation.

 Cheaper:
o The cloud computing model is based on the ‘pay-as-you-go’ principle
and offers a possibly less expensive way for organizations to remain
coordinated and online. Albeit the costs for hard drives, strong state
drives, servers, and other fundamental things have fallen lately, cloud
computing proves to be the best regarding cost expenses. It’s still more

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Overview of Cloud Computing

affordable much of the time to pay a continuous membership expense

for cloud computing access than to buy and afterward keep an in-house
data-processing or warehousing contraption. Organizations don’t have
to look at, search for, and buy actual physical infrastructure when they
have a dependable cloud computing partner.

 Mobility: anywhere
o One of the main advantages of cloud computing is mobility.
Employees have the option to compute heavy tasks from anywhere.
Work-life balance and working from home on everyone’s brains
nowadays, information and workflow through the cloud introduces
itself as a sensible investment.
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 Easy Collaboration:
o A benefit of distributed computing firmly connected with mobility is
simple collaboration. It’s one thing to take your platform,
administration, and information mobile. It’s one more challenge to
gather all the data gathered by your company’s agents, organize it, and
ensure there are no errors or duplicates. Cloud services mean less
complex and less mistake-inclined coordination between organizations,
departments, clients, customers, etc. There’s less time expected to
exchange information and reach a significant conclusion from it, and
everyone works from a similar single source of truth.
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 Prediction ability:
o Data analytics deserves more consideration. Cloud computing has
accomplished more powerful predictive analytics than other
technologies. In any event, when you don’t have the machines you
really want under your rooftop, someone on the opposite side of the
globe has a processing limit accessible for you to access for a lower
charge.

2.12 Ways to Manage Computing Capacity:

 Find patterns in historical and current data.
 Make predictions about the market, competitors, and other businesses.
 Reproduce the logical impacts of the business choices you’re thinking about.
 Automate essential fundamental but low-value processes.
 Have gear and resources screen their condition and trade machine telemetry.
 Concentrate on client behavior, feeling, and purchasing behaviors to make
more marketing-promoting efforts or item procedures.

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There’s practically no restriction to the abilities of advanced big-data analytics. You’re just
restricted by your imagination and how much computing capacity is accessible to you.

2.13 Cloud Computing Evolution

The paradigm of Cloud Computing has contribution of many technologies such as parallel
computing, grid computing, utility computing, virtualization, autonomic computing,
ubiquitous computing, software as a service, web 2.0 and distributed computing.
We will explain some of the technologies which related to Cloud Computing.
 Distributed Systems
all ◦ It is a collection of multiple independent systems but all of them are depicted
as a single entity to the users.
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◦ The purpose of distributed systems is to share resources and also use them
effectively and efficiently.
◦ Distributed systems possess characteristics such as scalability, concurrency,
continuous availability, heterogeneity, and independence in failures.
◦ But the main problem with this system was that all the systems were required
to be present at the same geographical location.
◦ Thus to solve this problem, distributed computing led to three more types of
computing and they were:
 Mainframe computing,
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 Grid computing.

 Mainframe Computing
◦ Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are highly powerful and
reliable computing machines.
◦ These are responsible for handling large data such as massive input-output
operations.
◦ Even today these are used for bulk processing tasks such as online
transactions etc.
◦ These systems have almost no downtime with high fault tolerance, and
increase the processing capabilities of the system.
◦ But these were very expensive.
 To reduce this cost, cluster computing came as an alternative to
mainframe technology.

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 Cluster Computing
◦ In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe computing.
◦ Each machine in the cluster was connected to each other by a network with
high bandwidth.
◦ These were way cheaper than those mainframe systems.
◦ These were equally capable of high computations.
◦ Also, new nodes could easily be added to the cluster if it was required.
◦ Thus, the problem of the cost was solved to some extent but the problem
related to geographical restrictions still pertained.
◦ To solve this, the concept of grid computing was introduced.
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 Grid Computing
◦ It solved large problems with parallel computing
◦ It made mainstream by Globus Alliance.
◦ It is used to shift the workload to the place which requires the computing
resources that are remote and immediately available to be used.
◦ It is split the one main task into many subtasks to be executed in parallel.
◦ Applications are also required by the grid to verify grid software interfaces.

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 Parallel Computing
◦ It is to divide the computing problem into many small tasks, and run them at
the same time on a parallel computer.
◦ It is used whenever need of high computing performance, such as in the
field of energy exploration, military, medicine, and biotechnology.
◦ It is a set of many homogeneous processing units, which are able to solve
large computational problems faster through collaboration and
communication.

 Virtualization
◦ It was introduced nearly 40 years back.
◦ It refers to the process of creating a virtual layer over the hardware which
allows the user to run multiple instances simultaneously on the hardware.
◦ It is a key technology used in cloud computing.
◦ It is the base on which major cloud computing services such as Amazon EC2,
VMware vCloud, etc work on.
◦ Hardware virtualization is still one of the most common types of
virtualization.

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 Web 2.0 first start of cloud

◦ It is the interface through which the cloud computing services interact with
the clients.
◦ It is because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and dynamic web pages.
◦ It also increases flexibility among web pages.
◦ Popular examples of web 2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter, etc.
◦ Needless to say, social media is possible because of this technology only.
◦ It gained major popularity in 2004.

 Service Orientation
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◦ It acts as a reference model for cloud computing.

◦ It supports low-cost, flexible, and evolvable applications.
◦ Two important concepts were introduced in this computing model.
 Quality of Service (QoS) which also includes
 the SLA (Service Level Agreement)
 Software as a Service (SaaS).

 Software as a Service
2023/2024 ◦ It gained momentum in 2001.2023/2024 2023/2024

◦ It is a network-based subscription to applications.

◦ It is a web-based software application which is providing software to
subscribers;
◦ SaaS is a model of software attribution in which the applications have
designed to be delivered through the network.

 Utility Computing
◦ Introduced in late 1990’s.
◦ It offered computing resources as a metered service.
◦ It provides the resources based on the client’s demand and charging them
according to the usage.
◦ It uses a fully utility-based pricing scheme for making reasonable charges to
clients.
◦ With the ability of providing the resources on-demand and fully based pricing
scheme, the utility computing maximizes the use of resources and minimizes
the cost of providing resources.

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Figure 2. 10 Cloud Computing Evaluation

2.14 Cloud Computing Technologies

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There are certain technologies working behind the cloud computing platforms making cloud
computing flexible, reliable, and usable.
These technologies are listed below:
 Virtualization
 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
 Grid Computing
 Utility Computing

2.14.1 Virtualization
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Virtualization is a technique, which allows sharing single physical instance of an application
or resource among multiple organizations or tenants (customers).
It does this by:
 Assigning a logical name to a physical resource and
 Providing a pointer to that physical resource when demanded.
The Multitenant architecture offers virtual isolation among the multiple tenants. Hence, the
organizations can use and customize their application as though they each have their
instances running.

Figure 2. 11 Virtualization of Cloud

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2.14.2 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

Service-Oriented Architecture helps to use applications as a service for other applications
regardless the type of vendor, product or technology. Therefore, it is possible to exchange the
data between applications of different vendors without additional programming or making
changes to services.
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Figure 2. 12 Service-Oriented Architecture

2.14.3 Grid Computing

Grid Computing refers to distributed computing, in which a group of computers from
multiple locations are connected with each other to achieve a common objective. These
computer resources are heterogeneous and geographically dispersed.
Grid Computing breaks complex task into smaller
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reside within the grid.

Figure 2. 13 Grid Computing

2.14.4 Utility Computing pay as you go

Utility computing is based on Pay-per-Use model. It offers computational resources on
demand as a metered service. Cloud computing, grid computing, and managed IT services
are based on the concept of utility computing.

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Overview of Cloud Computing
(application:expamles name)
2.15 Cloud Computing Applications
Cloud service providers provide various applications in the field of art, business, data storage
and backup services, education, entertainment, management, social networking, etc.
The most widely used cloud computing applications are given below
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Figure 2. 14 Cloud Computing Applications

2.15.1 Art Applications

Cloud computing offers various art applications for quickly and easily design attractive
cards, booklets, and images. Some most commonly used cloud art applications are given
below:
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 Moo
Moo is one of the best cloud art applications. It is used for designing and printing business
cards, postcards, and mini cards.
 Vistaprint
Vistaprint allows us to easily design various printed marketing products such as business
cards, Postcards, Booklets, and wedding invitations cards.
 Adobe Creative Cloud
Adobe creative cloud is made for designers, artists, filmmakers, and other creative
professionals. It is a suite of apps which includes PhotoShop image editing programming,
Illustrator, InDesign, TypeKit, Dreamweaver, XD, and Audition.

2.15.2 Business Applications

Business applications are based on cloud service providers. Today, every organization
requires the cloud business application to grow their business. It also ensures that business
applications are 24*7 available to users.

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There are the following business applications of cloud computing:

 MailChimp
MailChimp is an email publishing platform which provides various options to design, send,
and save templates for emails.
 Salesforce
Salesforce platform provides tools for sales, service, marketing, e-commerce, and more. It
also provides a cloud development platform.
 Chatter
Chatter helps us to share important information about the organization in real time.
 Bitrix24
Bitrix24 is a collaboration platform which provides communication, management, and social
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collaboration tools.
 Paypal
Paypal offers the simplest and easiest online payment mode using a secure internet account.
Paypal accepts the payment through debit cards, credit cards, and also from Paypal account
holders.
 Slack
Slack stands for Searchable Log of all Conversation and Knowledge. It provides a user-
friendly interface that helps us to create public and private channels for communication.
 Quickbooks
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Quickbooks works on the terminology "Run Enterprise anytime, anywhere, on any device." It
provides online accounting solutions for the business. It allows more than 20 users to work
simultaneously on the same system.

2.15.3 Data Storage and Backup Applications

Cloud computing allows us to store information (data, files, images, audios, and videos) on
the cloud and access this information using an internet connection. As the cloud provider is
responsible for providing security, so they offer various backup recovery application for
retrieving the lost data.
A list of data storage and backup applications in the cloud are given below:
 Box.com
Box provides an online environment for secure content management, workflow, and
collaboration. It allows us to store different files such as Excel, Word, PDF, and images on
the cloud. The main advantage of using box is that it provides drag & drop service for files
and easily integrates with Office 365, G Suite, Salesforce, and more than 1400 tools.
 Mozy
Mozy provides powerful online backup solutions for our personal and business data. It
schedules automatically back up for each day at a specific time.

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 Joukuu
Joukuu provides the simplest way to share and track cloud-based backup files. Many users
use joukuu to search files, folders, and collaborate on documents.
 Google G Suite
Google G Suite is one of the best cloud storage and backup application. It includes Google
Calendar, Docs, Forms, Google+, Hangouts, as well as cloud storage and tools for managing
cloud apps. The most popular app in the Google G Suite is Gmail. Gmail offers free email
services to users.

2.15.4 Education Applications

Cloud computing in the education sector becomes very popular. It offers various online
‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﺪﻳﺮ‬

distance learning platforms and student information portals to the students. The advantage of
using cloud in the field of education is that it offers strong virtual classroom environments,
Ease of accessibility, secure data storage, scalability, greater reach for the students, and
minimal hardware requirements for the applications.
There are the following education applications offered by the cloud:
 Google Apps for Education
Google Apps for Education is the most widely used platform for free web-based email,
calendar, documents, and collaborative study.
 Chromebooks for Education
Chromebook for Education is one of the most important Google's projects. It is designed for
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purpose that it enhances education innovation. 2023/2024

 Tablets with Google Play for Education

It allows educators to quickly implement the latest technology solutions into the classroom
and make it available to their students.
 AWS in Education
AWS cloud provides an education-friendly environment to universities, community colleges,
and schools.

2.15.5 Entertainment Applications

Entertainment industries use a multi-cloud strategy to interact with the target audience. Cloud
computing offers various entertainment applications such as online games and video
conferencing.
 Online games
Today, cloud gaming becomes one of the most important entertainment media. It offers
various online games that run remotely from the cloud. The best cloud gaming services are
Shaow, GeForce Now, Vortex, Project xCloud, and PlayStation Now.

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 Video Conferencing Apps

Video conferencing apps provide a simple and instant connected experience. It allows us to
communicate with our business partners, friends, and relatives using a cloud-based video
conferencing. The benefits of using video conferencing are that it reduces cost, increases
efficiency, and removes interoperability.

2.15.6 Management Applications

Cloud computing offers various cloud management tools which help admins to manage all
types of cloud activities, such as resource deployment, data integration, and disaster recovery.
These management tools also provide administrative control over the platforms, applications,
and infrastructure.
Some important management applications are:
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 Toggl
Toggl helps users to track allocated time period for a particular project.
 Evernote
Evernote allows you to sync and save your recorded notes, typed notes, and other notes in
one convenient place. It is available for both free as well as a paid version.
It uses platforms like Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Browser, and Unix.
 Outright
Outright is used by management users for the purpose of accounts. It helps to track income,
expenses,
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profits, and losses in real-time environment.
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 GoToMeeting
GoToMeeting provides Video Conferencing and online meeting apps, which allows you to
start a meeting with your business partners from anytime, anywhere using mobile phones or
tablets. Using GoToMeeting app, you can perform the tasks related to the management such
as join meetings in seconds, view presentations on the shared screen, get alerts for upcoming
meetings, etc.

2.15.7 Social Applications

Social cloud applications allow a large number of users to connect with each other using
social networking applications such as Facebook, Twitter, Linkedln, etc.
There are the following cloud based social applications:
 Facebook
Facebook is a social networking website which allows active users to share files, photos,
videos, status, more to their friends, relatives, and business partners using the cloud storage
system. On Facebook, we will always get notifications when our friends like and comment on
the posts.

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 Twitter
Twitter is a social networking site. It is a microblogging system. It allows users to follow
high profile celebrities, friends, relatives, and receive news. It sends and receives short posts
called tweets.
 Yammer
Yammer is the best team collaboration tool that allows a team of employees to chat, share
images, documents, and videos.
 LinkedIn
LinkedIn is a social network for students, freshers, and professionals.

2.16 Summary
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Cloud computing brought about a 360-degree shift for IT. The future of cloud will bring
better ways to build products and services, serve customers, and make discoveries. Business
leaders who embrace the potential of cloud computing are sure to gain a competitive edge in
this changing landscape – in the tools and software they choose, the cultures they create, or
the business strategies they execute.

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