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Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 403–412

4th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing

4th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing

An
An approach
approach towards
towards Zero
Zero Defect
Defect Manufacturing
Manufacturing by
by combining
combining
IIoT
IIoT data
data with
with Industrial
Industrial Social
Social Networking
Networking
Kosmas
Kosmas Alexopoulos
Alexopoulosa,*,
a,
*, Thodoris
Thodoris Tsoukaladelis
Tsoukaladelis a, Chrysa Dimitrakopouloua, Nikolaos
a
, Chrysa
a
Dimitrakopoulou , Nikolaos
Nikolakisa,, Amit
Nikolakis a
Amit Eytan
Eytanb
b

a
Laboratoryfor Manufacturing Systems & Automation (LMS), University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
a
Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems & Automation (LMS), University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
b
We Plus S.p.A. (WEP), Strada Torino 43, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy
b
We Plus S.p.A. (WEP), Strada Torino 43, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy

Abstract
Abstract
Zero Defect Manufacturing (ZDM) is intrinsically a multi-disciplinary approach. Recently a lot of attention has
Zero Defect Manufacturing (ZDM) is intrinsically a multi-disciplinary approach. Recently a lot of attention has
been given towards implementing data analytics using machine learning approaches upon timeseries data collected
been given towards implementing data analytics using machine learning approaches upon timeseries data collected
by Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems during production. However, other types of data, such as text, that
by Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems during production. However, other types of data, such as text, that
capture the human knowledge and experience from people working in manufacturing can be useful for ZDM. In this
capture the human knowledge and experience from people working in manufacturing can be useful for ZDM. In this
context, Industrial Social Network (ISN) solutions can be very efficient for serving communication needs in a
context, Industrial Social Network (ISN) solutions can be very efficient for serving communication needs in a
manufacturing setting and can be used for capturing such informal knowledge, also facilitating sharing of know-how
manufacturing setting and can be used for capturing such informal knowledge, also facilitating sharing of know-how
among employees. This work presents a method implemented in software prototype combining IIoT with textual
among employees. This work presents a method implemented in software prototype combining IIoT with textual
data available in ISN into a knowledge base towards enabling ZDM. A dashboard for informal discussions of
data available in ISN into a knowledge base towards enabling ZDM. A dashboard for informal discussions of
employees on the shopfloor status as depicted through IIoT data has been conceived and implemented within ISN.
employees on the shopfloor status as depicted through IIoT data has been conceived and implemented within ISN.
An ontology has been designed and implemented in semantic repository for linking IIoT information with textual
An ontology has been designed and implemented in semantic repository for linking IIoT information with textual
information shared through the dashboard. The proposed system has been validated with a set of simulated IIoT data
information shared through the dashboard. The proposed system has been validated with a set of simulated IIoT data
and textual information stored in ISN.
and textual information stored in ISN.
© 2022The
© 2022 TheAuthors.
Authors. Published
Published by ELSEVIER
by Elsevier B.V. B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2022
This is anThe
openAuthors. Published
access article under by
theELSEVIER
CC BY-NC-ND B.V. This is an
license open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under
Peer-review underresponsibility
responsibilityofof
thethe scientific
scientific committee
committee of 4th
of the the International
4th International Conference
Conference on Industry
on Industry 4.0 and4.0 and Smart
Smart
Peer-review
Manufacturing
Manufacturingunder responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart
Manufacturing
Keywords: Industry 4.0; Digital Manufacturing; Zero Defect Manufacturing; Ontologies; Semantic repository
Keywords: Industry 4.0; Digital Manufacturing; Zero Defect Manufacturing; Ontologies; Semantic repository

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +30-2610-910160.

* E-mail
Corresponding
address:author. Tel.: +30-2610-910160.
alexokos@lms.mech.upatras.gr
E-mail address: alexokos@lms.mech.upatras.gr

1877-0509 © 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
1877-0509 © 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing
1877-0509 © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart
Manufacturing
10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.236
404 Kosmas Alexopoulos et al. / Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 403–412
2 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

1. Introduction

Digitization of manufacturing systems can benefit from the use of Industry4.0 features to improve performance in
manufacturing. However, the enormous amount of information generated and gathered by manufacturing
information systems as well as Internet of Things (IoT) devices installed on the factory floor, remains underutilized,
usually stored in data silos without exploiting the benefits of integrated data practices. New methods and models are
needed that can create benefits through the widespread use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
and through it improve production processes [1]. One such promising application is related to production quality
improvements and waste reduction.
In particular, Zero Defect Manufacturing (ZDM) is intrinsically a multi-disciplinary approach. It requires parallel
progress of different technological pillars, including sensors, industrial informatics, data analytics and knowledge
management. Recently a lot of attention has been given towards implementing data analytics methods, such as
Machine Learning, upon timeseries data collected during production processes’ execution. However, other types of
data, such as text, that captures the knowledge and experience of people working and solving quality issues in
manufacturing can be very useful for ZDM. Furthermore, Industrial Social Networks (ISNs) can be efficient for
serving communication needs in a manufacturing setting as they allow for informal communication, that is more
appealing to the users, regarding formal incidents and events, occurring in a workplace as well as the exchange of
best practices. Consequently, the use of ISN solutions for capturing informal knowledge sharing among employees
in the shopfloor combined with Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) data coming from IIoT platforms and the
analysis of textual unstructured data can prove very valuable in servicing ZDM objectives.
This paper presents a method implemented into a software prototype that combines IIoT data with textual data
available in ISN tools into a knowledge base for supporting ZDM. The paper is structured as follows: Section 1
includes a brief introduction in the problem discussed in this paper along with its main contribution. Section 2
presents the relevant background literature of ZDM, ISN and knowledge-based systems. Section 3 presents a
motivating use case and the proposed method with the key details. Section 4 shows the implemented solution with
technical implementation details. Finally, Section 5 provides the concluding remarks and future work.

2. State of the art

2.1. Zero Defect Manufacturing

ZDM approaches target zero defects in a production environment [2]. At the same time, Industry 4.0 is
transforming the manufacturing industry towards more digitalized and intelligent manufacturing, with the inclusion
of technologies, such as IIoT [3], Digital Twin (DT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) [4]. ZDM is aiming at going
beyond traditional lean management and six-sigma approaches by introducing artificial intelligence, IoT and Big
Data solutions in production systems for reaching the new quality paradigm into the Industry4.0 era of Cyber-
Physical Production Systems (CPPSs) [5]. The most beneficial way for future zero-defect practices to be applied is
through integration of value chains in the product/production lifecycle with feedback and feedforward loops. From
the process point of view ZDM lays within the predictive maintenance concept by estimating the degradation level
of the manufacturing assets, also evaluating how it affects the product quality [6], [7]. On the other hand, and from
the product point of view, ZDM attempts to identify and eliminate the defects on the products being produced [8]. In
[9] the PREFAB framework is presented which is based on AI, machine learning and IoT applied to wood-based
panels industry to ensure better product quality and higher production efficiency. A web-based quality diagnosis
platform has been developed in [10] addressing the lack of unified tools that are able to receive, process, and share
quality data as it integrates a unified feature extraction, quality prediction, and decision-making algorithm by
visualizing crucial aspects of laser processes that enable the operator’s feedback to a laser welding system. In a
similar manner, [11] presents the architecture, design, practical implementation, and evaluation of an end-to-end
platform that addresses Predictive maintenance, quality management, and zero-defect manufacturing, by the means
for collecting, managing, and routing data streams from heterogeneous CPPSs. On the models’ development side for
ZDM, an initial model using a cost function where the operation and condition of a production process are reflected,
 Kosmas Alexopoulos et al. / Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 403–412 405
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 3

and the quality of the output/product and the production process (as well as safety aspects) are considered has been
developed based on concepts from system theory of dynamic systems [12].

2.2. Industrial Social Network (ISN)

Lately social networks are expanding. In the last years, numerous sites of social networks have been launched with
both professional (e.g., LinkedIn) and non-professional (e.g., Facebook, Twitter) orientations. Scientific research
indicates that an increasing number of industries use social media applications for encouraging collaboration,
improving knowledge sharing and management and thus increasing their overall productivity [13]. Social media is
an easy-to-implement and inexpensive method that can positively affect company’s productivity [14]. Industrial
Social Networks are social networks applied within an organization to provide useful information such as business
value or how to improve knowledge creation and sharing and to make more effective employees. Social network
data analysis element is important for extracting knowledge from social networks. The users and their profiles are
the network nodes, while the relations between them can be perceived as the connections of the network. The
analysis of data communicated via the social network can visualize or extract meaningful results from the network,
especially when combined with statistical analysis and/or machine learning [15]. A social analytics approach for
creating new channels of knowledge distribution has been developed in [16] accompanied by knowledge transfer
functions. ISN can contribute to ZDM both by enhancing the communication and knowledge sharing capabilities
within a manufacturing environment as well as by inferencing ZDM knowledge ‘hidden’ within textual information
exchanged among people in the manufacturing environment.

2.3. Knowledge based manufacturing

Knowledge management refers to a range of practices and techniques used by organizations to identify, represent,
and distribute information, knowledge, know-how, expertise and other forms of knowledge for leverage, utilization,
reuse and transfer of knowledge across the enterprise [17]. The advent of the semantic technology has led to the
development of knowledge management systems leveraging ontological approaches for the knowledge
representation, and reuse. Moreover, semantic repositories and inference engines allowed for the efficient storage of
manufacturing and facilitated a more efficient reasoning on semantic data is presented in [18]. Ontologies have been
employed to develop knowledge-based and collaborative spaces to support the development and operation of
Product-Service-Systems (PPS) [19]. A knowledge-based System for Predictive Maintenance in Industry 4.0 has
been developed based on a hybrid approach that leverages both statistical AI technologies such as machine learning
and symbolic AI technologies such as ontology reasoning [20]. Ontologies can play a major role in the successful
implementation of ZDM strategies and there have been several ZDM industrial cases that have demonstrated the
potential of ontologies for this type of applications [21].

3. Method description

3.1. Method for combining IIoT with ISN data for ZDM

The problem this work aims is combining ZDM knowledge captured by IIoT data (e.g., quality events, process
data, analytics on top of ‘raw data’ and more) with tacit knowledge of people in the manufacturing floor (e.g.,
engineers, machine operators, maintenance technicians and quality experts). In many cases, information coming
from these different sources, IIoT devices and people, is not integrated in meaningful manner that adds value to
ZDM practices. They are usually isolated in data silos managed by different ICT systems. This work presents an
approach for overcoming this barrier by introducing how the ISN and knowledge base paradigm could be utilized to
bridge different sources of valuable information for ZDM purposes.
In Figure 1 below the main components of the proposed approach are presented. A 3-tier architecture is applied
in order to apply the principle of separation of concerns [22]. In the edge-tier machine and IIoT data are collected
by edge and gateway devices installed on the shop floor. These data provide information into the status of the
products, processes and resources on the shopfloor. In the platform-tier data are managed by an IIoT platform that
406 Kosmas Alexopoulos et al. / Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 403–412
4 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

manages, stores, and allows controllable access to the data by other applications. In the Enterprise tier an enterprise,
web based ISN application has been deployed that provides access to the factory users. It has typical social
networking features such as chatroom, shared boards, comments, likes etc. The ISN application also provides
dashboards for visualizing IIoT data and IIoT based KPIs by retrieving these values from the IIoT platform. ISN
users have the option to comment, share practices, rate others’ comments based on the IIoT data available on the
dashboard, etc. In the enterprise layer also lies the Knowledge Base module, that retrieves textual data from the ISN
dashboard and extracts knowledge that can be linked afterwards to IIoT data. For this purpose, an ontology has been
developed. The classes and individuals of the ontology turn into structural knowledge the unstructured textual
information of the ISN. Then this knowledge can be used for annotating IIoT data presented in the ISN dashboard.
Text and user interactions (e.g., likes in one’s posts) are turned into structured knowledge with the aim of
inferencing about the status of quality performance in the manufacturing floor. A “Knowledge Miner” module is
required to turn text into knowledge by extracting relation triplets from raw text. The “Knowledge Miner” extract
entities (e.g., machine or parts), which are going to be the nodes of the knowledge graph, and relations between the
entities (e.g., DefectPeriod for a machine) which are going to be the edges of the knowledge graph.

Figure 1: Reference Architecture

In Figure 2 the developed ontology is illustrated. By the time the knowledge graph is constructed and updated
with new data from the ISN solution, the knowledge can be visualized into a Knowledge Base GUI that allows for
querying and viewing the DB.

Figure 2: Ontology graph

 Kosmas Alexopoulos et al. / Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 403–412 407
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 5

3.2. Use case description

The use case outlined in this paragraph is directly connected to the technologies discussed in chapter 3.1. In this
scenario Alice works as a production engineer in a manufacturing company with several metal processing
equipment (press brakes, cutting machines, welding, punching, drilling etc.) that acts as tier-2 supplier of large
OEM. Alice has an account in the ISN software tool of the manufacturing company. The ISN tool provides the
opportunity to Alice to share knowledge, experience and know-how with colleagues. The ISN software has access to
the machine and process data generated in the manufacturing floor through the IIoT platform integration. Alice is
responsible for the WorkCentre of the press brake machines. The company has three (3) press brakes which are, for
historical reasons, from three different equipment providers. Alice using the ZDM Dashboard functionality of the
ISN software has created a dashboard that presents the data for these three machines. Then she provided access to
her dashboard to the operators of the machines as well as the maintenance team. In the discussion area the team
members discuss on the performance of the WorkCentre, comparing machines and suggesting solutions to several
quality issues. Other team members may reply or react to several comments following social networking practices.
Alice has the possibility to directly retrieve information regarding the work by reading the post, chat, etc., of her
colleagues that could help her improve the quality of the WorkCentre. Moreover, Alice may use the ZDM-KBUI to
search for colleagues’ comments and suggestions to past events to help her address current or predicted events. It
was for the first time in her work career that she had the capability to correlate her own and colleagues’ knowledge
and understanding of a situation, with machine and IIoT data.

4. Implementation and validation

4.1. Prototype implementation

The method presented in chapter 3.1 has been implemented into a software prototype, with the name “ISN4ZDM
– Industrial Social Network for Zero Defects Manufacturing” for testing and validation purposes. In Figure 3 the
overall architecture of the system is presented and discussed in this chapter. ISN4ZDM solution consists of the ISN
solution RAPpID, the ZDM-DBoard, ZDM-KBUI, ZDM-KB, KM and ZDMP Connector. The IIoT platform
selected for retrieving and managing IoT and machine data is the one provided by the ZDMP H2020 project [23].

Figure 3: ISN4ZDM architecture

 Data acquisition and Service and Message Bus have been provided by the ZDMP project. As a prerequisite for
data access, exchange, and analytics the Data Acquisition component implements a framework for the handling
of data from IoT sensors and other sources. The Service and Message Bus provides applications and external
platforms with a message bus – a standardized communication interface to exchange messages, events, and
408 Kosmas Alexopoulos et al. / Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 403–412
6 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

data. This component is used by ISN4ZDM for ‘listening’ to data updates and communicating them to
ISN4ZDM users.
 ZDMP connector listens to specific topics in order to store data in RAPpID internal MongoDB database and
eventually provide these data to ISN4ZDM end-users through the ZDM-DBoard.
 RAPpID (see Figure 4) is the ISN platform from which the ZDM-DBoard and ZDM-KBUI can be accessed.
RAPpID is a solution which is used by working personnel involved in the manufacturing process (engineers,
line operating levels, maintenance personnel, etc.), allowing knowledge sharing of past and new best practices
for line operations, sharing of recent lessons learnt as well as improving the connectivity and socializing among
employees and line operators working in the production area, and engineers/other experts working in other parts
of the manufacturing plant, or even outside (e.g., suppliers, other colleagues in other facilities of the company,
etc.), in order to raise immediate problems, seeking to solve them, and hence reducing downtime, improving
quality and reducing production losses.

Figure 4: RAPpID home page screenshot

 ZDM-DBoard (Dashboard) is the module where dashboards are created, managed and viewed (Figure 5). Users
are first asked to create a dashboard, in which they must choose which machines and measurements to include,
as well as other users / groups within the company who should be allowed accessing to the dashboard, and
whether the dashboard is a ‘Live’ or a ‘Historical’ one. ‘Live’ dashboards generate and display data from the
machine in real-time, while ‘Historical’ ones only display older machine readings from the database. Users with
access to the dashboard can also comment on it, sharing their knowledge of past issues that appeared and have
since been fixed (‘Lessons Learnt’) or reporting newfound problems with the machine, something that can also
be visible on the live data arriving to the dashboard. These comments are vital to the ZDM-KB’s function, as
can be seen later (see Figure 6).
 ZDM-KB is the Knowledge Base module. It contains a database of data received from RAPpID and filtered
through the KM, All SPARQL queries sent from the UI as well as the data modelling for the graphical
representation of this data is handled by this module. The KB is built in Java and uses the Apache Jena
framework to process and work with the data inside the database, while the database itself is based on a
Semantic Web ontology (Figure 2) that’s used as a model for the relational data coming from the KM. The
Spring framework is used to implement the API and communicate with the ZDM-KBUI.
 AuthorAlexopoulos
Kosmas name / Procedia
et al.Computer
/ ProcediaScience 00 (2019)
Computer Science000–000
217 (2023) 403–412 4097

(a)

(b)

Figure 5: a) ZDM-DBoard (Dashboard) view, b) Dashboards’ management

 KM is the Knowledge Miner that takes as input data from the dashboard this data includes the Dashboard ID,
which is then used to determine the Machines it contains as well as the content of the dashboard's Comments,
410 Kosmas Alexopoulos et al. / Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 403–412
8 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

which are then individually processed in search for occurrences of defective products, hints on when those
occurrences were first observed, and when the issues causing the defects were resolved. Once acknowledged,
this data is stored in the Knowledge Base where it can be displayed or visualized upon user request
 ZDM-KBUI is the user-interface on top of the ZDM-KB module, accessible through RAPpID. The UI
communicates with the ZDM-KB through REST API requests. A user can search the ZDM-KB by querying it
in one of two ways; by using SPARQL (Figure 6a) or by selecting from a drop-down list of machines.
dashboards, or users (Figure 6b). The results of this search are displayed at the bottom of the page, where a user
may also open a graphical representation of the data requested through the ‘Open Viewer’ button (Figure 6c),
The UI is written using the AngularJS framework, and is deployed using a Docker image.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 6: KB-UI a) SPARQL Query search, b) Advanced Search and c) Graph viewer

4.2. Prototype validation

In order to validate the system a testing and validation environment has been setup. The solution has been
installed in a PC with Docker virtualization software installed. The ISN4ZDM components described in the previous
chapter have been configured as Docker images and installed in the Docker environment. As for the testing purposes
there was no connection to actual machines, therefore a “Process Data Simulator - PDS” component has been
developed that generates machine data which are loaded to the IIoT platform components via the Data Acquisition
module. Through the PDS the data for three different virtual machines are generated. In Figure 7 the JSON file
describing the information generated and communicated though the IIoT data pipeline is shown.
{
"Machines":[{
"Machine":"Machine01_ISN4ZDM",
"pressure":[{"dataTime":"2022-05-2717:21:28.187713","unit":"Pa","value":59.2},{"dataTime":"2022-05-2717:21:58.187718","unit":"Pa","value":67.1}],
"temperature":[{"dataTime":"2022-05-2717:21:28.187731","unit":"C","value":232.3},{"dataTime":"2022-05-
2717:21:58.187738","unit":"C","value":225.5}],
"velocity":[{"dataTime":"2022-05-2717:21:28.187758","unit":"m/s","value":3.3},{"dataTime":"2022-05-2717:21:58.187762","unit":"m/s","value":2.8}],
"vibration":[{"dataTime":"2022-05-2717:21:28.187775","unit":"Hz","value":10},{"dataTime":"2022-05-27 17:21:58.187783","unit":"Hz","value":11}]
}]
}

Figure 7: JSON file sample with machine simulation data

In RAPpID a new dashboard is created for the three machines that displays the information for the machines. A
number of users consisting of members of the development team have been granted access to the dashboard. The
users access the dashboard and provide comments based on the dashboard IoT data visualizations. For example, one
user has commented that “MachineA was working yesterday in the morning shift with higher pressure and lower
temperature. I think that’s why we had DefectTypeA for ProductX”. The Knowledge Miner by processing the
comment has populated the knowledge graph with the following triples:
 Kosmas Alexopoulos et al. / Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 403–412 411
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 9

<MachineA, hasCausedDefectAt, DefectPeriodN>,

<DefectPeriodN, hasStartDate, 12-Apr-2022-07:00>,
<DefectPeriodN, hasEndDate, 12-Apr-2022-15:00>,
<DefectPeriodN, isRelatedTo, DefectTypeA>,
<CommentY, Type, Comment>,
<CommentY, hasContent, “MachineA was working yesterday in the morning shift with higher pressure and
lower temperature. I think that’s why we had DefectTypeA for ProductX”>
Then the graphical representation of this data is achieved with the use of the KB-GUI. Using the query form a
user may, for example, view all the defect types for MachineA from StartDateX to EndDateY through the SPARQL
query:
“SELECT ?defect WHERE {
?machine rdf:type <http://www.semanticweb.org/isn4zdm/knowledgebase#Machine_A> .
?defectperiod <http://www.semanticweb.org/isn4zdm/knowledgebase#isRelatedTo> ?defect .
?defectperiod <http://www.semanticweb.org/isn4zdm/knowledgebase#hasStartDate> ?start .
?defectperiod <http://www.semanticweb.org/isn4zdm/knowledgebase#hasEndDate> ?end .
FILTER ( ?start > '2022-05-11T11:00:00+05:30'^^xsd:dateTime && ?end < '2022-05-
14T11:00:00+00:00'^^xsd:dateTime )
}”.
This information can be used to annotate the IoT data of MachineA available through the dashboard for the given
period.
The validation of the proposed system has proved its technical feasibility. The data generated by the “Process
Data Simulator” goes though the IIoT and ISN pipeline to a dashboard created to display and comment on these
data. The comments and interactions of the users in the dashboard are available through the API to the KM and the
ontology graph is updated with new knowledge (new RDF triples). The users may access the knowledge base data in
the KB-UI application. However, although the technical validation of the solution has demonstrated the potential of
the concept, a validation in an actual industrial setting should be performed so as to demonstrate its value in actual
and operational manufacturing environments.

5. Discussion and Conclusions

This work presents a method and a software implementation that combine IIoT data with tacit knowledge of
people in the manufacturing floor captured as textual data in ISN into a knowledge base for the purposes of ZDM.
For this purpose, a dashboard for informal discussions of employees on ZDM issues has been conceived and
implemented in ISN. For structuring the knowledge collected in the dashboards an ontology has been designed and
implemented in a semantic repository. The validation of the developed solution has demonstrated that the concept
can be used for linking IIoT information with tacit knowledge of employees shared and extracted through the
dashboard. The proposed approach can be used to serve two purposes in a single way. First, the ZDM-DBoard can
be used for capturing experts’ feedback, utilizing ISN practices, for events occurring in the shopfloor and captured
by IIoT data. Secondly, collected textual data can be linked to IIoT data and new knowledge can be inferred and
stored in the knowledge base. Consequently, this approach can serve ZDM as it enables knowledge building, for
example linking quality issues with potential causes that can be verified or further investigated by IIoT data.
The results presented in this work can be extended further. The Knowledge Miner component will be enhanced
so as to extract knowledge for additional entities and relations (e.g., by extracting products’ information, machine
failure modes, tools and machine’s setup). Moreover, annotation of IIoT and machine data could explicitly take
place in the knowledge base. Although this concept has been applied to ZDM it could be extended to other areas of
interested in manufacturing, such as production optimization and control and logistics management.

Acknowledgments

This work has been partially funded by the project ISN4ZDM “Industrial Social Network for ZDM” that has been
412 Kosmas Alexopoulos et al. / Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 403–412
10 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

funded by H2020 project ZDMP “Zero Defects Manufacturing Platform” funded by the European Commission
(Grant agreement ID: 825631).

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