Por tug al ·· Sco tlan d

''-{. ·.: _·~~> Ab:s._. ·. . Spa in

Fra n~ .
~<: ·_ : ,' ·.:,' ,. (: · Sam uel de Cha mpl ain · . Ferdinand Ma gell an
.: ··,.' .· · · : '. · \Lo uis Ant ony da Bou gain vill ea
• •; 'r • .:

Bartholomew Dia s
i / Vasco da Gama [__ __ _M
_u_n_g_o _P_ar_k_-- -,-- _]

i) Eur ope an Cru sad es. . . · · . ·· . -. · ·

s~ (i) ·. , The ·two cities of Jeru sale m and Beth
lehe m con side red holy by the Jew st Christia
· · · · Muslims were und er the Islamic rule ns and
in the 11th cen tury .
· · (il) -· ·~ o f Europe ~an ted to rega
in hold ove r thes e citie s and foug ht seve ral
·as 'Crusaders'. war s known : .
·
... ; · (iii) :The ~inmon people in Europe were high
ly insp ired to be par t of suc h relig ious war
., . .(iv) : Wh~n-the. Pope ann otin ~ that the sins of thos e who
.took par t. in suc h war s would be ; ·.
s.
: , ·.

.
C'. forgiven and would immediately go'to Hea ven
common people in the crusaders. .
. ther e was spo ntan eou s part icip atio n by the , .
. . . .. .
.~
':.\ .::-:;(Y::t< : -. (v) . ~d ; ~a i ani poli tical circ~mstanc
&~ ~
~mperors
! :.
.. . . . .. . . Syri~ ~d Asia Minor und er thei es;
r control. ·- · . · · · ·
the wer ~-also
: . . : -' .
trying to bring _:, .
~:;' ,-/. :::\:~' ,;_ < ;.<vi) :·: Mo~~~r, rich m~~han_tti in Genova t~e ~d Ve~ce-~
· ;;_
!, -·-• ,,_ • ·. · , ·
..::,-.~-:,::.·. • .~, ,, ,-...2 ·.:: , . :. • ·.... marAe
• _.. . 1 - ts to· establi h th . t d ., •. .
s ell' ra e . .·.. ••>·.. ·. · .·..,.. .... • . • :".·. "...
'Ital y ~er e l~king for Cen trai Asian i;:-
·>~_.-·.:.::...:.:>.~L:.\ ··~· .. ~. ·...-5 -~-. ~: ·.' l • · · ..... , .. . · :.· .• .• , . . · .• •. ,.· ,,., ....
_
:\._ :;,.,.....>-. - _ ·. -:.
;1 • ••
~ .
_· 1:- (. (vii ) The first crus ade star
1~..-.· •:::. {• .-, ~.-.- - ,,"".,-
' ' • •. .. • ·.•

ted m. 1096 C.E.

•, :· • ........ . _.... . ".-::- 1,:,;-. ......__
!~ --~ ., .. ., . . . .·,.
',··' ·- .,._ . ' . .. ,. . ... ._...... . . . . . •, · . , , · . . , •••
•.•••

~\/)t ·./\ ·\;\ .. . : -.

(~i ~ ~ sec:o~d call for the ~ d e _w as· give
. .
n 'by' Pop e '
~ ': . -~" _·,·, , : . ..-, .:
Eugenius Ill:
~ -, . ... ·_. •. . . .. " . · /'.. ...
\l_:.}:t~--·'
-.7:,}f ::,•/j_'.'. ~en~~--~ -~ui ~ ~ -~d ~e Ge!ni~ _Kin wli~.sou ght help fro~ ' tbe '.:,(
-~~~~~:.fi.-(\'}<(L_·(ix) :_: ~ ~sa den ~f3re ~tmutt.ely .defea , Conrad Ill/ ..: ,· .'.( ,: , ./ .. ,.. . :'. ·_:. \ ,_: ., . . :_ : . -\:/
ted by.the-~ auid in 1187 CE. S~l~din. 'the sultan Y\
~~t~i~1~\ij,;~~>;\{J~ ~le9~;zue;zfaithtt..rift:t~:~i~~.~~•~ ·~·~·~l
,:.~l-i~t,t~tr)·'.·\~i-'ri:,-\/.·:e•
European rulers common peop!E; losing between'the Po .. and the E ~ king 5

;~0~~g~~~i~i:ti}~~1~,~;~;{\~,~A·:~:if)~~~i}~f!2.t.iti~~i~tii ¢}'.i }j~~fi,~;(\,;1<;,~~'i?~)ji\I;,:&:i

'./:
 -·7." ~-.:·'t;_ -~ .:.~:::::-:.·_:<,;,~:0
-;·

I ' .

Hliitori ~XII::;:-.>, : ·, . '

• ~ , . . ; . . . . _• • .,,,,;._• ~ ~ . ... .... . . _ ~ ,.,.._ ~ ... - ~ ..... .,Oji, ~ • ........,,_.,_. _ _ _ _ _ ,._~ ......... , . _ _ _ _ ~ - - .:....... . . . . . . _ . . ........... . , _ _..,. . ..... ~ .-"'.,._~# .......,"Jllft- ,,.,,.....-.,,... ........ _i.._, ,

.
. :, (.2) . Jn\'~11tio1tS and l>hi~ovor ic:-4 during the Rt•naiAsar.u.•~ pl'tiod.
Au~. · (I) · in 1543 C.E,, Nicolaus Copemicu~ told the w~rld that the ce~tre of our planetary ay~tem is
· · . . ·· · the 'Sun• and not the 'Earth'. .
' ..(Ii) In 1609, Galil('o prepared a sophisticated telescope which supported the the~ries propoundt;J·
•.· .by CoJ>('rnicus and Kepler, . . ·
· · · · (ill) Thia facilitated research in physical sciences .
. (1~{ l~.v~ntions of gunpowdr.r and printing brought about changes in the techniques of warfare
· and dissemination of knowledge.
(v) In the world of printing, the first printing press was started by Johannes Gutenberg in 1440
and the first printing press started in Italy in 1451. •
(3) R-omno Ch ur('h .
.Ant,, (l) : In the pre-renaissance period, the Roman church not only controlled the religious life of the
· · · people but also the individual life.
(ll) It exploited the common people in the following ways-
(a) By issuing mandates for payments of foes.
(b) Put restrictions on froe thinking and its circulation.
(c) Anyone who dart?d to interpret Bible was sentenced to death.
The humanist philosophy was instrumental in making a ground for resistance against the
powt•rful t:hurch.
*( O Mctulhugy in g uropc.•.
Am,. · (l) ~:ngland had a number of iron mines.
(II) Therefore, it was necessary to advance the kchnique of smelting iron to acquire purified iron
from it.
(lll) Thtt fuel for iron furnaces WH replaced from wood to coal.
(lv) Special machines were made to keep the furnaces at a set temperature and to maintain its
aeration.
(v) In 1865, tho proct-s& of producing stC<'l from molten iron was invented and the nature of the
iron industry undorwent major transformation .
. ·. . (vl) At about the same time, a m~thod was adopted to pour the molten metal into casts for making
. iron ban (for e.g. rails).
(5) ·tbn Rilt\tt n.
Ans• . (I) . He wa• a t1ailor and famous medieval traveller.
_·, :·•.; _(li) lbn Datuta visited ~,-eral countries like Indi~ Maldives, Sumatra, China,. Spain, Sardinia,
·, . . .- .·, · · Eaat and WHt Africa. ·· · · · ·

.. (ti) . AlMrunt , - ,
:,-\ nii {l) :.accompanied Sultan Mahmud of Gbazni during hia visit to India. . .
. _..: :.Ol) ~toeatimatethediameterofthen:rth. · · · · ·
',> -: ·~· (Ui)detenn.ined.the latitudee and longitudes accurately. _ :
· · :/: <·, · o~> ~ ~·map or the.earth indicating i~-~ ab.ape._ .... , .
. . )_ :.;:.·~· ·(•) ~idered aa the fatber ·o t•Hydta~•~ .,., ·: . __._. . ... ·/·._J ." "_; _. . ·

::-f )~:· :_ ;-_ >·:. .-::-:--•··• ·-•,_·~-;-•;· ;._:-__..._". _,.

[;~:~~filf.{C~
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...

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. :. ;y' ( ~ju)' ~•vJ~J~;'° t.~-~-,-~~H.<~~i~•~l'tAt~,~•t••i~~ with !.!'i:~~u~•. :. : ',' .. :·· ' '. ' . •'' ·_:·' ·tr, n;fJl ka ~Uth;··
~or '.rt,if ,~ur,,i1(11IO.. ·lftmnf1it~lilt{* \f~ IH1t>f1Mt d to littvo 'l'Ntch<!d H:.1 1 N'l ilb tn t.lu: 15•~-lq",
('Mtl.U~ ~mt,· . . .
.. : · /\ ni,, O) 'l'j;., l~Ul'UJ1N1U tt1unlH1omN~ lwJ(iot ln tlu, 14°' ctmt.ury C. It
lli'h firttl 10'" Ct1t1turif'ft,
(II) . It r••nd,tlld Hl!I ~isnlth hi 'flu~ ' .
(Ill) . 'J'htilf~ tltr4"i' vttuturh,, _
lnld th~ (c,tmdut.iotifl of ft culturo b,u:md on rnt1onuhsm anti Rcil!nce.
ov·) 1'h11tlll,{~ MnVtf I\ MW dlrtir.tlt,n l,(I hurnnn intolloct geniU8 nnd WIIY (Jf Hle. '
(v) l'N'IJ11~ -.t nrt11d wrllittf 11oett)', dr1utu1 1u1cJ fktion. · ·
(vi) Novtil 4,kpMllmmt.11 Wl1r~ conduvtt•d ln tho field tJf sdonm,.
(vll) In thti 1Jr'-1•f'1"rtllllllinct fl{trl0tt, th~ thool(ht nbout the existence of tho univerRe revolved
. · nrou,,d 'Ood'i
(viii) fn tihort, ltt t hill fH.~rlod 118winv{mtlon1, mnohincrie1, art, drumo, litoraturll, nnd geograpbicaJ
dli.<·ovurl~11 hnvu t11k,~n plucu.
j (7.J 'f'h;\ 'f udttut.l'iul m~v,11utlun• iir1:1t bt·gnu h1 Euglonrl.
Anil, 'lnrlu11trl1tl lfovolutlon' Jndk11t.t•1 tha tromdtion from mnnunl production to mechanised production.
(I) In 1,:nf,(lnn1I, thu almo11phoru wn• 11uit11ble for industrial rovolution.
(II)
l,nr(Co nmounl11 of Iron Me oncl r.onl wero available.
'rho humid clhnnt.u ,,r ~!nglnn<l wut1 rmitnble for producing yarn.
· (Ill)
(Iv)
'rhn8o condition• Jlrowd to l,o fnv<,urablo for tho textile industry in England.
(v)
J.!nslnnd hnd ol"'> f'tttnhlitih(ld " lnrgff numher of colonies hy then so E~ngland could obtain :
raw mat.t,rial at clu,ap rnto, from th<11m colonies.
· (vi) li!nvland could al!IO export tho proceHod goods and sell it in their colonies with large profit
mar,cin• u•ing thoir navy.
· (vii) AvaiJ,d,ility or chN1p Jabour made it l)01'1ible for them to maintain optimum level of costs.
. (viii) Thd41 (actor, pNparod ground for industrial revolution in England thus giving a boost to
it• economy.
· · · •·•, DtcauH of above rea,ona Industrial revolution first began in England.
(:t) Rh1e of ~J.<~,~(Jnom1c·Nutl,m.ul1•un· Wflr. an out<'omc of industrial .rcvolutjon.
_,..\it/ii, (I) .·· ~••ting tho erowth of rivat"·nation, along with pursuing the growth of one's own nation
became i.mportant.
(IJ) . Putting ocono~ic rt1triction1 ~n rival nati~n• by devising ways.
(UI) For O,I, Prohibitin1 the import-export transactions of other countries, levying heavy toll
.. . ·: · dutie, on thw 1ood1, establiahing colonie1 mainly in Asia and Africa and fighting with the
.. , native, were part of the economic nationaliam.
. ·: .. , ·: ·(Iv) Thui~ econoinic_.nationaliem Jed to im,Periali1m.
, . , . . .. (4) : 'fh,e numb~r.<,f ~~r~peau col<>ni~s l~ the African continent increased .
>: i·:.>~\n_!iJ. (IJ .Th~·conti ~twurich bi·di~;gottt'and coppe~.· . ·. . _
·.·.::..,· \, :. · (11)-Jtwu altorichin fertilelan d,timbera ndt~.-- :·. _.:-'.--··· .· ·
':. · ·;··--·:.·'· ·. 0J•>La~th•Pori_u ~t11,tui: edtbem·~ .1c1thei nai
'.' ... •. • • j ~

..-:. · ~-. · ,.. (Iv) ~~huma n Jabour~u~needoltbe Eu~~ .:·.-_, '.

...··:·•·/,··. ·:·· · (v) Thi, ~ued t!ie demand tor African alavea and helped
. . • -. • . ..
.~v~·,_ :.- ·.· ·..-.·,. l •'

·>: .·., · ·..· .·

~m to expand the 1lave trade.
! ~ • • • •

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•

j
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 History;:. XII ·, 15
{5) . Galileo is k nown as the 'Fath el' ofEmpidcal Sciences'.
Ans. ·(i) · . Galileo established the rational method of empirical observation and forming a theory
- · . based on those observations.
(ii) He proved that the speed of objects of different weight falling down is equal by carrying out
.. actual demonstrations from the heights of the tower of Pisa in Italy. ·
(iii) He triggered a revolution with his modified telescope which benefited the seafarers to a
.. large extent.
(iv) . With his telescope he discovered four major satellites of the planet Jupiter.
(v) . . He ·proved that there are mountains and valleys on the moon and the light emitted from it
are actually the rays of the sun.
(vi) He also calculated that the sun takes 27 days to complete one cycle around itself.
(vii) He was also the first scientist to observe spots on the sun.
(~iii) Henc~, Galileo is known as the 'Father of Empirical Sciences'.

~Q.5.:~-~~ifyo~-r~op_i~ion.: .·_ .. .·_.·: .

*(1) The European natural scient ists of th e 17th century laid t h e foundations of modern
science.
Ans. The scientists of the 17th century emphasised on the following things :
(i) To prove that scientific principles established by empirical experiments are true despite time
and space.
(ii) To convert the emergent scientific rules into scientific formulae.
(iii) To create new scientific parlance and so on.
These efforts helped the progress of science.
*(2) The economy based on surplus production supporte d economi c n a t iona lism and also
. imperialism.
Ans. · (i) Economic nationalism began the vicious circle of continuously capturing new market places,
searching for sources of cheap supply of raw material, to maintain an unbroken chain supply
of raw material, to attract more and more investors, to safeguard their investments. This
resulted in limitless exploitation of the colonies.
(ii) Extreme nationalism, industrialisation, concepts of racial superiority, aggressive colonial
policies further supported the growth of imperialism.
(iii) The result was the immense expanse of the empires like England, France, Belgium, Germany
- ... .· ·. etc. -
. ·(3) Scientific inventions in various fields.
~s. '_(i) Co~pass, barometer,.telescope and thermometer_·were invented during this period.
. · (il) Mkroscopes ·w~re invented to observe various types of micro-orga~isms. _ .
; ·.·_(iii)Robert Boyle, an alchemist discovered that that the absolute pressure and the volume of a
-:--: ,•. __ .·. · ·. gas ar~ inversely proportional. . · _- . · . · .. . . ·. _ _.,-- . · ·
.. · , .:"·.-.-.-(i~) The re~e~h in physics· was more focused on heat and sound. · · ··
r . ·. : ' :· ·,- (v) . fu ~logy, a methodology known as 'Taxonomy' was developed to classify animals. , · .' .-_ : . • •·:'
,_-_.: ;_,- :: __::_-, (vi) Benjamin Franklin's research was on light~in_g and electricity. He coined many ~hn~~a1.-· _, ,· _.·
·: :·_-·c-~-\ ..,'.:;. · terms which ·a re used in science even today, ·.·: .·__ · •. ·· ·· ·

,,:J:ii11iCt;\(,fti)/I,·,:-,: .. . ...
 7
'.
16 Reliable Seri
· ~~ {1"; G"'~I~ 13 kr~wn ~ th(: 'Fa_thu_ofEmpiric al Sciences'.
,-,.--- - -·-- --, ~

An:;. llu-ftr
.
Q.4 (B- SJ} '
,..~) ln.t··ne. pre-rl,n.u
· . .. :'-'.1ance
.. peri~dr tbe Romat1
. Church
. . controlled both the religiou,; a ... ...,. <:·II
.7 .

' . · as the indhidual life of the people. .

· Ans. {lufuQ.4 (A-3)/ _
:~~~-:~ ~~~-ei'~~~-,o~~~~i•.qu_e·s~io~~i.~.-~~t#_u;::~. \'. , -
•tn E.x:pbb th1: (.- au~t3 aod effeds of European crusades.
·.,-ins. [For carua plea. ~er Q.4 (A - 1) for the anawer.J
The crusades had far reaching effects :
(i) · Ac:tt,nting to some historians the crusades led to the end of feudalism in Europe.
(ii) The faith in the Pope began to decline.
(iii) The contact with the regions in Central Asia led to the increased trade and new venues
were opened for cities in Italy and Germany.
(iv) It led t.o the rise of a new class of traders.
(v) The European warfare went through many changes for e.g. they acquired expertise in
building forts, managing the forts as military outposts, building bridges etc.
(vi) 'nle European kings levied new taxes which were added to the royal treasury.
(vii) The European8 were introduced to newer types of plants, fruits, perfumes etc.
(viii) The Europeans came in contact with the Arabs and adopted many Arabic words in Alchemy, i
Music and Commerce. 1

*(2J . Gh,·(:: detailed informatio n of the developm ent of science and scientific inventions ,
. during the renais.san~,! period.
1
Ans. {Refer Q.S ( 1) and (3)/
. '
\Vrit~ a detailed note on industrial revolution in England.
[&fer Q.4 (B- ZJJ
.. . ' .
·• .., ..,,.1!3-•''f'";':+··'·· ···~., ~,..-.............;a.,,_ •..,,.,.... ":' .. \
_,~"".- :--~ - ,~"=~· ' . •' •· ..~ ~•.,...
~~~ ..~ ! t.~ - - ~ g que~~ '!.i~)~ _he_lp .~( gi~en points: ··:.: :: : : · :;J5.mar.~~_each)
...- - . .. ,.,J . , -;,, 1 • •·· ... - 'I, .... .. : ., .. . ,,.

· ·(i) ·D!~-ss th~.:~~~ti fic.im-~entions that took pl~ce i~ the.following fields.

. ' ·. (a) Te~ile lrtdtt!t"trj~ . (h) Metall~g y . ,. t - .
. . . . ' . .
An11,_ (a) .,T utile industry:
··· .: ·: - ·,'. ·. ·(0.· 'in the JeaJ," _1738; ~ohn Kay made and patented th~ 'flying shuttle' ~hich increased the
·· , · · .. · ... epeedofweaving. .. ·. • .
' " ' I '. r• ' ,. • ' , • .., ( .' •, ' • :, • ' • •• • ' , • • : ' , , . • • •

. _ ., · '.. ·. (i_l)_;: Tbe ~spuming jenny, a spinning frame with_multiple spindles ~S:S made by James
,·.-"- ' ·.: ·. . ::. :-: :~. ': H~~ bl_Englaml ~~ reduced_the amount of labour and time of production.
-:·::·,;: ';':'.. ,:::_< ,_':- .<~ J.n the )'ear_17,~,Ric:hardArkwright made amore ~dvanced'spinning frame. It could
\ >: ·{·;·=::. ;i;,,;_·_/ ,;_ ,,'.· .-JR')Ci'8.~ m1,1Ch~/.:-.,('i:: ·:: : ·:.:_: ·.. -': :· <.-.' "l - .. .. · ·. . ,. : . ., . '
!-.:·..<-::·'::.:/ .. ;---:;; (iv) .Samuel Clompton invented the 'si>~ -~ule' hl.1779 c· E. This.machine increased
 25
(') m;arkfl mwbl
•(l) Natur e of Colon ialism.
Ans. (i) Col?nialism is th~ a~t of a developed nation occupying the land of a Iese develop
ed, distan t
nation a~d esta~h sh_m g their rule on the occupied country. Europe ans travell
ed all over th<.!
world with variou s intenti ons such as the urge for advent ures, to earn name,
to diHcovt:r
unknow n lands, to search for gold mines etc.
(ii) The E~~pe ans e_stablis hed colonies wherever they went and in doing so
there was a
cor~petlt~on to g~m economic, social and political supremacy among the nations
. Extreme
natlon ahsm, feehng of racial superiority, industr ialisati on, aggressive approa
ch etc., arc
the factors that led to the growth of colonialism.
(iii) Thus, Europe ans went to America, Austra lia and New Zealand. The Europeans
ah1ocoloniaed
Asia. However, the climate of Asia did not favour them. Favourable or unfavo
urable,
Europe ans disposed the indigenous people in their own lands.
(iv) The Europe ans saw these colonies as potential marketplaces to sell their
surplu s goods
, which were accum ulated as a result of mass production. The Europe ans
also needed
additio nal source s that would provide ample raw material.
(v) In the latter half of the 19th century, England built a flourishing trade as a reault
of industr ial
revolution.
(2) The Stamp Act (1765) .
Ans,· (i) The Stamp Act was passed in the Y.ear 1765. This act made obligatory
to purcha se special
· stamps for import ant documents.
(ii) British colonies in America like Virginia, Massac husetts put up resista
nce agains t the Stamp
Act and also other restric tions on the colonies.
(3) The Bosto n Tea Party (1773) .
\

Ans. (i) The British Parliam ent had grante d monopoly to the East India Compa
ny to import and sell
1
tea to the colonies.
(ii) People in the colonies were deman ded removal ofrestr ictions imposed on
them and autonomy .
.. , . The British Govern ment refused to yield to the deman ds of the colonies and
in retalia tion
' .
Americ a decide d to boycot t British goods.
(iii) In 1773, as an act of resista nce the local residen ts of Boston dumpe d
the boxes of tea in the
... ·-.
sea belonging to the East India Company. This event is known as the 'Boston Tea Party.'
•Decla ration of Indep enden ce' (1774).
-· ·Ans: Thirteen colonies in Americ a came togethe r and declared independence from Great
Britain .
· ·· : On 4t.1a July in the meetin g known as the 'Second Contin ental Congress' a docum
ent known as
·. . · .. 'Declar ation of Indepe ndence ' was adopted. This document was drafted
by Thoma s Jeffers
<-/ :·._The crucial part of this docum ent announ ced that the 13 American colonies were indepe on.
ndent
·. ~ / _: · sovereign states. The key point of this document is the statem ent about three basic
human rights
·. -"•,'r-'·; namely 'Life, Liberty and Pursui t of Happiness'. It was stated that these three are the
natura l
:·: ./ -.:,·: ~ghtt, o~ all human s which nobody can be deprived of.
·._ ·. ,.-'!1'(5) ."~erl can War of Indep enden ce. ·
· •· ~ .The-colonies got into severa l battles with the British army even after
gaining indepe ndence . The
. :.:-' ·.-:t· ·· colonies finally at Saratoga got
a decisive victory over the British army .. This ~ctory_prove~ to
·i;_{}\::,:_; be a turning point for the colonies as the French agreed to suppor t them m thell' conflic
t agains t
.·,;tf'.i}.·.·•.· . . . . .
 . . _.·- 26 Reliable Se'i
'•· . ·. ..
~
·
·
· - - - - - -- -·- ---- ---- ---~--..
.
,._,.,._-
the British. ~~vontually Spain nlso joined tho conflicts . ~ e1
in their struggle for independence. o
- - - - -- - - - -

.:· : · '1"'. Octobt-r,·1780 Georgo Wtishil,gton defeated the Britis~ army. On l9'" Octobe~, The Britis~
· . General Lord Cornwallis surrendered and Amcricn boc_affi;e mdep~ ndent. The American revolt r
01
\ud~tlCndenco is nlso known as the 'American Rcvolut10~ • America prov~d to the world that the
'
\.
. : ,•
subjl'Cts have a right to fight th(lir rulers who deny them their natural rights.
~ Q.~{J~ttx.,i~fo -~~~:1,11.~¼i_
i~'i s'ta)e~~~:is. -~~jh_-~~11~0!1_~. . :".:,\·~\.:: ::;\~\~:.:~: _._;:,.'. _.;.:{a inarks ~U<'h)
*(1) The l~dustrinl r~\·olution gave n momtmtum to t•.oloniulism.
Colouialism.. was a result of industrial revolution. Produc~ion increased enormously becaltse
of · the new niachines. However, the rate of local consumption was much less compared to the
. surplus rate of production. Henc<', the immediate need of the Europeans was to find new markets
for selling their products. It was also necessary that these markets be dependable and easy to
· · doininaU'. , ·
*(2) Euro1H~ltll nRtions 41stablisbed colonies in America.
Ans. The stro~~ Europea~·nations dominated the weaker countries by establishing colonies there
and pushed them to subjection. The lands of the original inhabitants in America were seized
by the Europeans and were also massacred. The original inhabitants were forced into slavery.
The Europeans discovered gold mines and the Spanish colonisers brought African slaves to work
in sugarcane and tobacco fields. Farming and mining earned them enormous wealth. Essential
raw materials were exported to Spain and the finished goods used to be imported for sale in the
local markets for the colonies. The trade of gold and silver also earned huge profits for the king.
Witnessing Spain's prosperity England, Holland and France also began to establish colonies in
America.
(3) Sudan wns important for England.
Ans. Sudan was a vassal state of England. Sudan was important for England because the Nile which
was the lifeline of Egypt originates in Sudan. England without paying heed to local opposition
·established its supremacy over Sudan. To facilitate the moving of British army in Sudan, the
:Sritish began to build a railway track from Uganda to Sudan.

1) ~~ Boston Tea party took place in 1773.

'! '>

Ans. ./Re/er.Q.4 (A- 3)} ·

. . (2) 'Declaration of independe nce' was adopted .
An~. /Re~r ·q .i (A - 4Jj ·
·. . (3) : The B~i~h h~prlso~ed ~ing Thibaw of ~Iyanmar.
A.ns.· .King Thibaw of Myan~~-.t ri~ to ~trike a pact with Italy and Germany. These rea~ons were
• a enough for the British to feel alarmed. They declared a war' against King Thibaw when he levied
I '

: ··.:._ . . : .;_fine _on the·~mbay-~ m~ Trad~g Corporation; ~ British company. This led to a war being
. . ,. _ :_ ... d ~ agam~ Burma. Kin~ Thiba~ surrendered and was imprisoned by the British to ensure
' . _truit he:~ou]d ~ot be able to nse agau.is_t the_Btjtis~ Oi' have any contact with his subjects.
.. : .· : : :. (-O_-~~ First· ~gl;Bun nese _War was fough~ . ··':° . - ,, . . . . .
An~-. ~urma was 'ri~h ~ 'n a~ wealth ~d w~ a~ 8 °pote~~l ;~ark~t.' The ro;ai d~~ty had
. _·: successfully COWK.)lidated _the country under their rule. It conque~ Manipur in 1813 and in
· :· ·.· 1822 _they attack~ Assam. The British were alarmed by these attacks. Hence, Lord Amherst, the
• : • i •• .: ·.. ' ·.' • ., ~ \. • '. • • i ~ , • • ' • ., • .' • • ,, •. ·• • • • .
. . ,. ·•. ; .-.:' ,. ;. •, ··: ·· , . :, :: · .. ·,.' . '.:.·, .- . :i· . :_·..·. . ..;.- .:
 - - ·~
-H;.tor,~Xll ...-....,....

Go\"t'fflOt ~neral of India

___________ _________________
,_ .....,. , __
.,.. ~ _ ____~-·- -
__,.,_...

dt-c-lart'd "nr AJ:ninf-t ~hirnmar. The war conlimwd for tw,> y,!arR. This
27

was the Fir~t .c\n.j!lo- Uurmt"$(' War. Th" llnti"h n~,;y «1nqu~rt.•d the port c,CUnni,tnon (Yuniron) in
this Wflr. Thit Wftl' t•nd(-d with ft trNily lx-tw~~n tht? Brit.itlb nnd th•' Hurmct1t.1 king.
,:Q~~/..:~--tt·\h~ follo~n~ l}Ut i::t io,~ in ~lN'JHl.. ·.... , . . . :.
...
(l) Wfic~ n. n o h" N1 F.n~lrmd·i. H,1,~ i n ,\ \1 ... 1.rnh:1.

Art;;. (i) England first rolonit-t'tl Au~trnlia in th..- 1~' 11 <'«-'nlury wht•n the flr11t col,my <1C pri11t)Ut•n, wert!
deported Crom En~land.
(Ii) Lat~r in thP 1~ rt•ntury ot h l.'r ~gion3 in Australia were colonised.
(iii) The Brit.ish ali:\O est~hlh1h<'d their rolonie8 in the bila nd of TRmpanin And New Zt.•aland.
(iv) In the year 1900, the island of Tasmania and the Ju•public of Australia wa,i crt>ated M a.n
inte,gra) nation of the Briti:.h Empire.
(v) A bicameral parliament was established and a Governor-Gl'nt1ral wns e ppointt'd in Austruli,1
by the British king as the viceregal representative.
(vi) Only European immigrants were allowed to enter Australia.
(2) E.-splain Britain•s in tere st in <-o nqueri ng TihN.
Ans. (i) Tibet \\·as under the influence of the Dalai Lama.
(li) The British wanted to gain control over Tibet for arresting Russian advances and increase
their own trade.
(iii) The British military had reached Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.
(iv) In 1907 as per the treaty between England and Russia, China's political rule in Tibt:t was
acknowledged.
(v) It gave a leeway to China to claim Tibet as an integral part of China.
(3) Discuss the consequences of Colonialism.
Ans. The people in Asia and Africa were economically exploited by the Europeans. People in the colonies
lost theit' independence. Their economic exploitation pushed them into poverty. A new awareness
emerged in the political, social, economic and educational fields. Common people became conscious
of democratic systems and its inherent modern values like liberty, equality and fraternity. People
, were introduced to principles like administration based on a fundamental legal system, judicial
' system, availability of education to all.

;:.ij.r~:\~~,r~~-~~be'fo~-~~n,«~que'stion _wit~--~be help.':l.f gi".en:points.~'. .·.:.: ·:->:/. t5. 'marks~achr

. (1) Explain the ca uses for the l'ise of Coloninlism.
· · , . (a) Industr ial Consequences (b) Requil'Nncnts of llnw Mllt ~rinl
.--;_: (~r Sour~es of Minerals (d) Fc~liug or Rn<'ial Supl'riority
:Ana ·'. (a) Industrial Consequences: Colonialism was a result of industrial revolution. Production
... ·: · . . :. · increaaed enormously because of the new machines. Howovur, tho rate oflocl\l consumption
· · · ; :_ ·, ' · :wae much less compared to the surplus rate of production. lfonce. the imm~diate need of
., :' • /· ·• · ' the Europeans was to find riew markets for selling lhc.iir products. It was also noc-essary th_a t
. .-.·, :·: '., --~./ . ;:" these markets be.dependable and easy to dominat_o: · . . .. , , . •· · : . _ ·
Requlre1r1ent~
·._, :~··_\::' _(b)- ~f Raw Material: The dosire to create monopoly in the market and the ·
.-.:i•/ ·,i . ~-_ need to p~ure raw material at cheaper ratoa were two major factors which mad~ European ·
.: · : ,,:_· ,:.':'-:-;,_-: _.; : :.nationi compete with one another for cloar Supremacy, . ·

' ;l{ff)} ;_ :i,()·: ~ >' .'. ' :_ '.' -~ .

 . . . .- .' ~

Ch aul
.;..'.-~-?~,.:· i.' ·.~·. -~<' ·. -_.-_.______, p~ e• e .~dlf?niea 011..
'·· ·· ... ; . .. --the W~ Coa~ ol I11d~•
...
. ....
.. -· . • 1 •• • . -•••

'~ :--. ~. ' . ...

Diu, Dam an
· :·=· .. .-. ·- . Ans. .\ .- \ •:~ ·, ·.·..
.•. II
. ' 1 , • , ,, f

,Portuguese Col onies .~ the · . . Ch aul

... :
.:· Goa · · · West.Coa
. -·..
st of India •
•, -. . .

' Ga ngo tri

~
. .- 1

~
. , ·, ·:._ \.' _:.

., ,. . · ' .. - · · .
.. ,
: ·. ~·~•~ ·.·
·· ' · ··,. · · (2_-ma rks eac h)
· . .. "·.·, .ua :·.:~.:/i.lil~
..) .~.• .~ ·
~.... -
·
~··· • ·
·.,2 At•a... - ·' - ·
•'.:,'lft..a ·~-.
~ '. ···:
. ,·
·• , ';..1·• .... :;. ..: -~-,.,,..... _..,,......_ .., A.· ...... :. -..._ • -~ •. •- --~•-
.
..,. '• ,.·,.. - . ·. . ,•· ._ ... ..
LQ 4• ·. ~~J ~~~~~...
~
on t?r
Car taz.was a li~e n~e issu ed by the Por tug ues e ~ the Ind ian rul ers for sai~ing
*(1 ) Ca rta ; ; Th~ car ried deta1L
con trol on the Ind ian Oce an .. It usu ally
Ind ian Ocean when they esta blis hed firm re ani
the cap tain of the shi p, por t of dep artu
Jike the nam e of the vessel (ship), the nam e of .
·•· . ., . load ed for the pur pos e of self -de fen ce etc
. arri val , the list of weaponry on the ship
t wit h Vasc1
..... •:
~se Tra de: The kin g of Cali .cu" t wro te to the Kin g of Por tug al in a lett er sen 1
. . . . (2) · P ort ugu , bla ck pep per and pre cio us sto nes. W
te is rich in spic es like clov es, gin ger
. ·: :. ' : ·-' . da Gam a ..Ou r sta als in exc hange for our spi ces and pre cio us ston es"
. Vase,
you to pay us in gold , silv er, cor
: ·:. ·; · · '. · ·:· · ·. · exp ect cou ld ear n a hug,
Gam a sold the com mod itie s in Por tugaJ, which he car ried fro m Ind ia. He
:__; ' ·_._:--._-'. ..,.: · da
whi ch was sixt y tim es mo re tha n the mo ney he spe nt for his returr
\~ ··t ~ ·:::;: ·.: · .-. am oun t of mo ney in tha t trad ~
. .· .: · · · ·.: ·.- · · · · . ··
.::::·.,·; / , -< ·, jou•:~rne• y•• to Por tug al. • •, I •. • • •

plo.tt
ia. For this the y use d to acq uir e larg e
•

·:
• ~: _t•..;
'.: • •I •• • •
Ind
._,

esta blis hed fact orie ~ in

~<~ (3>. _- Fac tory· : The B~ tish offices. The man
of lan ds...The se plo ts wer e use d to bui ld warehouses, res ide ntia l qua rte rs and tors'
·.,.~·~·,. / .:·~: .::
fact ory car ried the 'Un ion Jac k'. The sta ff of the se fac tori es we re cal led •Fac
:· ·, :.· ·::_-:,i. : ·. ·bu ildi ng of the rice, Kh.ichadi of pul ses and rice , pickle,
.~.~: :j )_\, \ · ri.~ ·pi:ovide d t.o m~
the .sta ll
bea
incl u_d
u.tifuJ
ed bre
gar
ad,
den
me a~
s tor.the ben efit ol the sta ff at Sur at,
Karwat
.:r, ::~/::\:etc~hilij Th • ~:D, lP8D Y
>4f..n4lJ.i. Peta
~ad cre
:pul. i, Che
ate d
nna i and Mu mb ai: .· ·~. ; .. ... ..·. ·-,.. .
:i _.,: / :; ..·. ···:' "< .,)fac
~ . ,. . . ·, :,
'· • .
.- - . '
~

at .~ hil ipa tna m. This port city caro81 co~y

-·

1
i::\/1~·;-f~!•-·· ~~ ~~ tn.~ : :fhe
~ .

Du tch esta blis hed the ir fir~t

,t~~ ·~ .ce 1:1 ~ B.C .E. I~i s also me ntio ned in 'Pe rip lus ' of the Ery thr ean Sea
:·}<:,,~;=.·:_·,...mto., ~~

,;2:;:.i?.:T41· J-~'!;z 'l 'X //:> >: <-::, ;;: .

-•,-.', ,
--,- · :,' -
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-:
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-"'== :.
),: ,. . . :. :.:-. :·.-· , · ' ·~ ·, . ·, ..'·,· -·, _i -~ ,' •:· \~ -~
j .
• • .. _ !. • •• . ~ .. ;
◄
 ·J
.H,-1'1 ~ XII
~ ~-
..---"'."""":""- .. ----~---
·
----~-- .
....,......- ~
_,
.... -..-:--,- : .........
:~:\ flt.I' ~ jlain,th<' folltwdng 1itntt•1tt(•1it" "'h h_rf'u&o~:
_____---··-··-....,_
.. :.<
. .. ...._.._,,,,__..
' ·. ··: · · .. ·1a.rnark~ ,,uch> ~
~ti) ~Th<- lndl,,n •·ul(•t'~ hod to ohtnirt C'attuz .
._,\n-.: (Re~r Q.4 (A .. l)}
~(i ) Jcdiun rull' r~ found it diffi\"nlt tn H~ht tho Portugu e1-1c.
Atl!t. . The Portugue se t>st~blisht•d a strong nnvy . Thoy U Kl.!d to launch s ud<lfln attacks on their ene my's
. territory from th_<- sea nnd wr<..-.'k it com11leh •ly. The Inclian rul,~re could not match the Portugue se
C: in their war tacttcs. Later when they t>stnblisht•d their firm control on the Indian Ocean it hecame
necessary for the Indians to ~ct a lict' M (' from t ht•m for sailing on the Indian Ocean.
(J) The British built ~Fudot'i(•H' in India .
Ans. .The British us<>d to acquire large plots of land for thl•ir factories . Theso plots were used to build
· warehouses, residenti al quarters and offices . The British needed a pc•rmnne nt place to store the
· goods at low prices. It was required of them to stay in India for a period of 9 to 13 months to carry
out trading transacti ons. Hence they decided to build 'Factorie s' or 'e mporium s' in India. The staff
of these factories were called 'factors'.
· _' (4) The 'Carnati c 'Wars' were fought b('tween the Briti.'lh and tl1e F'rencb.
· Ans. Pondiche rry which was the main centre of French operation s was ruled by the Nawab of Karnatak
a.
The members of the Nawab's family were fighting amongst themselv es for the throne . The British
and the French started interven ing in the matter which resulted in three battles between the
British and the French from 1744 to 1763 C.E. known as the 'Carnatic Wars'.

:.~:::_~ i~~- ~eiy.i_~J.!· -...

(1) Charles Il leased Mumba i to the East India Compan y.
Ans. Charles II who had received the islands of Mumbai as a gift from the King of Portugal on his
·engagem ent to Princess Braganz a of Portugal . He found it difficult to maintain the islands as the
II
expendit ure incurred on its maintena nce exceeded the income earned from it. So, he leased it
to
i
the East India Company . i
(2) : In 1602, several Dutch co mpanie s got togeth er to fo1·m 'Unit ed East India\
· Ans. . The Dutch Governm ent issued a license to the company to conduct trading with the eastern
· . . countries. The same license permitte d them to appoint staff, to establish factories, build forts,
·· ·. engage in battles against the eastern countries and also sign treaties with them. Accordin gly. the
... ·. _·. company appointe d a Governo r-Genera l to take care of Indian affairs.

.~ ~}be.f.o_llow·ing_question~in d e tails~ '. ·;,. ·'.. --:. :.... ~~- .': ... :t ' :: .· ;: ;·-'.-:' '_(ff marke_·e.:~~H
'(. ·.. . .
. *(l) Wbi~b a.re the places where the Por tugttese establis hed t heir eolonies ?
By·
Au;:- 1608 · the Portugue se had establish ed their colonies on the western coast of India at Diu.
·:-/•·_:·, Daman, 'chaul, Goa (includin g Sashti and Bardesh) , Honnava r, Gangoli, Basrur, Mangalo re,
...\ -:.· _. Kannur, Kodunga llur, Cochi and Kollam. Similarly, on the easte_r~ coast they ha~ trade~ colonies
. :.-!/: ·; at Nagpatti nam, Mylapor e or Sao Tome/Sa n Thom a_nd Hugli m Bengal. T~1s stretch ~f the .·
·)._.,':<-!:: ·P.ortugue se empire had its capital at Goa.
.t~,'~.•

were .the rights given to_United E ast India Co_mpuny by the Dutrh_go':e~nment?.... ·
1 ," I I .• ; · , , : , • , • ,

-~ ~~ Wba~
, 1 •

-~:-'!t~j!Ji~erQ:5.(2)}.· ·:·.· ..... ·: · · .· •.. : . ·...· · ·. --< ... _.·. . . -: .. ' ·. · ,

;a~¥£{?::<: ~ : . . .,- . -
' . 44 ..
___,_..,._
:'
~""'..........__ ......,_.__~ - - - -- - - -- .... ...,_____ _ luliol)/t 1-w
..._-. ,. . ...,,.--.-l'fV ~.. _._ _____............-....,..........._. ,t.,..;I
~ l ....,_ ., • • "I• " , ..- ~•• .... \ ._ , ~.. • •• \ •1 ~. ~ •• ~, I• .. ., .•,; ,'/. •.,,, l..·,•-;•Ae , ' .•,t, 1 .t ,: t·-C J ••'

· ·. · .',~.~:;_·t'1JWr1te.sh;9.~.n~~·~·-:· .::., ·,_,.::,..-.:, ,-:.·, _·.> .:

•- ...._"" ·- •

1 ~ .-- : . : .... . ,.:·,.·.i:..,•. ·:.-.,'-: - ·: . , ..:,.. tt_,;r-,n, ..,.

'· : {1) . Vide..de Celcbr~ Sevagy : A book w,ritten "by Cosme da Guarda, a Portugu,~~ hi>.t<:r~ n. i~ ..
· . _important source of t~e ~istory ofMaharaahtra. Thia book iJ entit~ Vid~ de ~ldne ~ ~)'::?; ; :,
. · of the Celebrated Sh1va11). He was the first European author to wnte a J11cY.;raphy ,;f CtbP.4.r,-, .
.. :. Shivaji Maharaj. . . . . 1
...,,,
.. . . . . '

··. : ._· .·. (2) ·Dutch a~d the Maratha }ij~pire : The Dutch establi&hed a 6lciory at V€ngurla in lf5•1'1. 1':,""
·· . · ·: trade flourished there. However, their trade was severely afl'.ecred when Ch}1::4.tr8p:iti ~:.:,;_1_'
Maharaj attacked Kudal. In 1665, the Mughal subedar of Surat asked for h€lp for di::;,,tt,,,.,:
the Maratha naval force. However, the Dutch offered no help. Chhatrapati Shi.,·aji Mar..:,n{::~,
allowed them to build a factory at Dabhol. The ~litical relations b€tw~n th,: Dut<:h ttr.<! t~
Marathas kept changing to suit the need of the t11~1e. The Marathas did not h.arm t,};1: lh...,:,
factory at Surat'. Also, during the Karnataka campa1gn, the Marathas ensured the 1:.af::-ty ,,;{ ~~
Dutch factory and also issued them trading permits. For these favours the Dutch pa.id trihut%•,
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. The Dutch factories at Porto Novo/Parangipettai and Tegr...ap;,i•..::::
· : Devanapattinam were unharmed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. ...
:,<i.:4F'(BJ).~~l~in'~he}~li~w.i~g-·st,at~~ents'_w,ftli i~a~on·~t ·,·., i_ · ··.·, .; : ·· ~>marks f'.~Jj,
. (1) . Cbhatrapa ti Shivaji Maharaj adopted a strong poUcy against th e European oolon:-t,~
.Ans.·. Chh~t~apati Shivaji Maharaj had foreseen the ulterior motives of the foreigners and their Wei~
· · of infiltration. He built strategies to arrest their advances in India. He took immediate mr:asu~
· by creating a strong naval force. He levied octroi on British trade salt as a measure to prct.y;
local salt trade. Thus, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj adopted a strong policy against the Eur0pt~ '
colonisers.
(2) Another Anglo-Mar atha War took place in 1803. I
Ans. The relations between Holkar and Peshwa Bajirao II turned bitter. As a result, Yash1o·antra,j 1

Holkar attacked Pune. Bajirao Peshwa II panicked and sought asylum from the British. A tr<:aty
was signed by the British and the Peshwa known as the 'Treaty of Vasai'. However, this trea!y
was not acceptable to Shinde and Holkar. Hence, there was another Anglo-Maratha War in l &/3.

·.".:\ . .' *(.1) Chhatrapa ti Sbivaji Maharaj built nav~lforce• .

·\·./.\ ~s. /ReferQ.4 .(B-1)}
: · . •!,.; ,i.... • •

-: \; . ·-: .*(2) ,. Mniatha policies were anti-colonial. · .. . . ·.·. · . · .

,'' ,_.·, >Ans;:
~ 'Chha~pati Shivaji Maharaj had foreseen the ulterior_motives of the Europeans and their ways ~
··.': :.. . ·. {.~.. ·. infiltration. So, he built strategies to arrest their advances in India. Chhatrapati Shivaji Mabaral
::~-\-\··:-:· ·:. ~~opted a .very strong policy against the European oo~rs by levying octroi on British sal!
·\ : : '.. .C.:: . •.~:; trade ~ '.fh~ Marathas were the only Indian rulen io 'adopt a policy of resistance against tl;e
{::.::·,_".(~)::<.; ~~--~l~se~. ·.·.. . . . . ·<'·., ........ '.° ·.·'..:<.:./·.:, .c. ' ·. , . • •
(·· i..:· )·, _; (3) '. : lhrahiin .Khan Garcii was hired by the Marathas. '.· ,·: :. .. , .: ) · :,,, ; · ·. ,
_::'. !;_\·<~ ~:~ -~~ :~ar~(;~ a_me~nary w~o had trai~ '.J!Ddert~.Fre~h. &
,';/t :'\\/,~·:/~..'~ ~ u-¥w a~ the ~hi~ of ~11lery. ~ the Tbitd ~le of,Paru~a MahadJ1 Sh~dt
was ~e~:
··: ·:::<·•\.\,: \~ > ;hacl -~ Ibrahim Khan's skills. Inspired by 1t, he built a trained army WJ.th the help 0 7
:'.,;:\ ::: :.::,:: ;::>- ~-Frerich·~ tmner and also established a weil~ped artillery, ·. .·. ·.

~f:t:;%Jt~r~J1*f M\fi?Ht~t~i:~{t;iJ:i?Jt; · ~-~:' ;::·.TYs~;;>:~".<'. :::: i;:i\LJ

'.-if
 4r,
_·:' ~ -- - - - - - - ---
.-9!~:~.:~he follo whlJ( ·questionH in df•tt.til. . (Ii uw...-11. euch) .
'. -\ ~f W,rit~ ab~u t Ch hafrA p nti Shivaji Mahai·uj'Mpolicic1, regarding ilrn E.u1·opcan tra.d,•r.,; n,q
.: . seen Jn h is Adn ya patro.
·..: . _._ .Th~ strategy of Chhatrap ati Shivaji Maharaj against the Iforopcan s is clearly seen in Adnyapat ra.
~ -· The following were his policies :
\·_:; (i) · They should be kept at bay maintaini ng only husincss relations.
:. :~·:;<_ 1 (ii) _ Not allotting them any space near the entrance of o. cn~ek or a sea fort.
·':'.· _:__ ··: · (ill) Their establishm ents should not be a nuisance.
·_:·,-'. ·;,< ,... (Iv) They should not be allowed to flaunt their military strength.
. <. : (v) .. Not allow them to construct any permanen t buildings.
_' · <••_:. '(~i) They must accept these conditions otherwise they are of no use.
:: .-;: .·· ·( vii) He also said that a fine should be collected if any foreign traders were found in the ene my
. , land during expedition s.
~ ,··:-_ ·. (viii) After they pay the fine, they should be sent back to their factory or the place from whe re
· · they had arrived.
'.·,: : :·_:·· .. (ix) They should not be treated in the same manner as the enemy is treated.
,· ,. . '

<•(2) Ex.plain Chhatrap ati Shivaji Maharaj' s resolute policy of safeguar ding Maratha
_·,:" :·· ·: sovereign ty .
. ·-·-~ ~ .•C lihatr~pat i Shivaji Maharaj took several steps to safeguard the Maratha empire.
·: _,· _.;_: ·· (i) · Chhatrap ati Shivaji Maharaj created a strong naval force and constructe d forts for e.g., Hill
.. · . / . ·. _· . forts, Sea forts and Land forts.
:-_._. '.; ·. (ii) Henry Oxenden, a British agent who was present at the coronation of Chhatrap ati Shivaji
. _· • :· •\ · Maharaj sought permissio n to open a factory at Rajapur.
. · / . ·.1. (iii) ·He also levied 2.5% octroi on British goods.
'\· . .
· .. ):·.? · (i'V) An agreemen t was signed between the British and the Marathas on 12th June 1674.
·..':/.t:\ (v) According to this agreemen t, the Marathas issued permissio n to open factories at Rajapur,
··:-:?·· \. :-' · '. Dabhol, Chaul and Kalyan. He also prohibited the usage of British coinage.
/:. _<.'.::\ (vi) He also refuted some of the conditions put by the British such as the British goods found
·:'.:_.:'"f'-t·.:.:.·_ afloat from the wrecked ships should be returned to them and the Marathas should enter a
1- • ' ... '(. ' • ' .
/•:.:/·\ : . : ·treaty with the Siddis of Janjira.
({~;~:_,,:i.<vit)This clearly reveals his resolute policy of safeguard ing Maratha sovereign ty.
·-;·)~~ :-~ ·y·d~d the stro:i-igest Marath:a rule come to an e nd?
. ~~--:·,Then were several reasons for the downfall of the Maratha empire:
·• '.!!(~,\J'i,'., ·.• .· .
_'.:j)r~~~.:,(l)., Internal weaknes s of the Maratha Empire : The empire of the Marathas was not well
:-~=~~\ ·.,<·;:: knit.It was a·confedera cy of the Maratha chiefs who were in conflict with one another. The
:..- :·.,.__}?. <nominal
unity of the Marathas remained only up to the period of the rule of Madhav Rao I.
ju)':,'tack of Political Fo~~sigh t: The Marathas lacked wisdo~ and farsighted ness. They failed _
_
:~~{_: to achieve political unity of India and therefore failed to utilise the resources of the country
-~{..:!(«eithe r for the
benefit of the·people or for meeting the challenge of a foreign foe. ·. . .
•. :. . ·lu.ea~bl~ -~aders hip: All capable Marat~ chiefs died by ·the end of the eigh~nt h · .
~~:..;\·,:century. After that the leadership of the Maratha~ was taken over by Bajirao II,. Daulatra o · _·. : . :
-~::: $cindia, Yashwan t rao Holkar and Nana ~adna~ - The MaJ-a,thas ~us lacked leaderahi p.: :.'.
;1J;f?i:< . · , ::::: ·•·· . . -~ .. _;, ', •.·•; ·:· ,. : ;:·
 :& liab le Series
, -~--.--::~;-~· 46 · , · - · -'·
nlilit arily weak _. j,ar ed to the
·-:·:. . _-: :_~: ·>: _-.. _·-~- ,~··_·(iv).·Mili tary wea knes s of the Mar atha s : The Mara thas were
illa warfa re and a ~ Europear.
1·::'·:·.:.· :--~:; : ·:·,-::. .· .- .< ::-· .. Engl ish as they had left their tradi tiona l meth od of guerr _ ::} :::··:-/ ·;
_ ; _:/ ··.. _.:: ::·: t- ·.,.-·. m ~ whic h they faile d to perfe ct. ••
theJit~tatbas.
J :
than The
-··:--:·:·,..- >-'· -:-)\ - _· .-.- (vl_ Dipl oma cy of the Eng lish : The Engl ish were more diplomatic the Engl ish to ~ --~ dvan tage.
· · ·:·' ·' · ; , : quar rels amon g the Mara thas prov ided a good oppo rtuni ty for
Besides~ the Engl ish had their eyes on the politics of entir e India . . :·:!\~?<·.(~< .. >
l,:,· : . " .. ij°£!#~4.~rn~,:~ ~ii 8'.cfU,-,iji(l~:;,1t.li.ih; -heip Of gi~-~ ~· po1,;1.s:. - -.: ; :·;:;,.,·'·':.·'·:•·';:,-: :-,·_ _.,. -~-:~·:,.-,·-\ ~ac_hJ
_· ._ [No te: Thu type of ques tion will not be aske d from
this chap ter] ,_;:~-~~;f)if~\J.'.' ,~
· .:.':.: _.:'_ .::-- >
-. ~:;,-_.-.,._.___ _~ --- - -- -:____· · -_·-·-~:}}._ .... -• :;:•· ~._
. ."··-· :"·i... • ~r
~~i{Jt-!-\~il.\\t1·:ti-'
· ..·:: ·_._!·: .. - ··---:-.__:.~:/: : 'i;_:::~.~ ,-:-,. ·~~-,.·--.
;·::./···:::·::; -·-·.<t:)"'.'-:j:;·;::r.r:r\: ··--~-~~..-·:·-~,,~,•UES TIONS ,,_~_ .....- ,
~-·,· ,• · -J.• · - ··.·• · .,.. . _ .. - ... . . ~-----· ---. INTB XTQ
11
~ · •· ' -~ - -~,.-.'"' ,.. , • - ;. ·" .
... •.• • -.-~,--·· , __ ._.,_,,.. _,.-~- - -~--• •• ·- • -·
,, _;;._'- _• •
. . • .. , 1,f,__,.-:,!.1r.i-:"'".;.-::-• ....r : ·-.f..._-..,- ,_,! "c!.-~ .. ; ..... _,; ,•., _; .,...-:..,,t -:., _ _ _ ,!. :.,.,_ .,. .•·__._,.,,.. - •-...;.· • • : !' ·.' ,. " -- • •: · •,. ."· · - • -, - • ·• • - •-'• - ~
-:•. r '. ' ,
'Con struc tio ~~ ;,•• from
;.;:.::.:·.-;. ·· / •' ~·•. (~) Make a note of Chh atra pati Shiv aji Mah ~raj 's thou ghts on · ·
c.·_.- / .;_·:-,,- :. . : _the book enti tled , 'Adn yapa tra'. (Tex tboo k Page No. 25) .
\ :?-> :~-:~.- ·,.- .Ans:..istudents can find thls info rma tion .~~.the lnte~net.J .
1111d
.)\-c\ ::• ~2) _. A fe\V trea ties were sign< ;d bet\.V~.en. '?.ll~lltrapa~i SlliV aji Muluu~l!
.t (Tex tboo k Pa~,- ~
Vll,~ nia I
•-/ :. ~;/. ';' \ ': ,_•·. pow ers•. Coll ect informa~1~1 W i i f t
~~..:-~·.1-e:~"'" t{t<~- · .
b.'·--tri( . t,J · . . . .
·
·. . • - ' .
··1:: l
-'·: '. . . :._ J . _; ' . . ·.
· _.. --,.:·
: ;: .- ··.·_: · ,
tud~ ~~ c,;,q., ;.,~·
•.
t':. ., :-i/? -~-:-~ ,.:-_/S
•· ···•-- ~/ ; -• . · :~.-{,::;r·;••,.......
,. ;. ! ·--·· •·- ·.-::' ';•
· . ::·: __·-_? ·;·~;:~/:·.t::~: ·
t~_.:•_;\_/t _; } ,'.: \ _:;,:::-·i :_ . <. . ?)\~; ..;/ '.;. :·:.:..... ' ' '.·:.'. : ~·- ..... ';..
'~~/~-- /r- .(4) -~.Tarabai Shitide·.
. - - . . . . . . : .- - - - - -- -- - - ~- -- - - - - - ·- . -- - _.., ~ ..,.._
--~.... _. t

. :·. :" :_ ·. - .. · _ ... , · .- ·,

;>: .:··. : ~- Aus.-.·_,. (Refer Q.1 (2) sub-poi~t .(b)/ . • ~ : • : . • •
.
, .
.
' .
•'
, •• ' _ ~ ••
.
..;.,. •.-~-- ·"T l- ._,. ,..,_~1.,•: ••-.•• ,.
•:,'•:: . . ; _'.,; •• - •. ' '

';'._::<~/;·~-~~4>!-f.J~[~i~~~ttf~-f9.l~_:!~~~-~~t,~-- ~i~·:t=~~~~1:'-~;~::•. .,.:,~.~-'~.:;_g,~.j?_~;-~;1'L..(3 .rtl1it:k!t 1

CUc}i~ ;

i :;:. :_,_.··.'.··~-(1) · Th~·British wanted to bring probrress in Indian societ y.

0

.
;·.:·::_. _-:Ans. ·: The progress of Indian -society was stun~d because 'of superstitions, orthodox way of lifE:, ,;~~,...
_·:_:< ~:.. ·:_ :: ..··.· ··discriminations · false social notions, lack of curiosity and rationality that pre\'ailed on a 1{1r~.,_ 1

•;•\ ii;·,·.-'.:. 1 •:_'. •. scale.The Briti~h felt the need to create a new society which were based on the values of 'Frt ,:d,,~
1
.·--~ ~- . . :·- · :-: .. ·· ·. Equality. Fraternity and Humanism'. · · · 1

\ ~:·:·-. ;· (2) · Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the first Indian to oppose t he .custom o f S ati. ,
· · : . .·. Ans•. Raja Ram Mohan Roy witnessed his brother's wife commit Sati and this disturbed him dt:~J.tl>
:, .·.·.. · .· .. He pointed out that none of the religious texts mentioned the practice of Sati as a preS<:ril~
/ ,· ·,.: ·:· ·;·· .:· .. · , . religiou~ obligation. It is because of his efforts that a law was passed by the Governor G E!r~;,
:· ·~ ,_' . ~ · ·..... · _. · Lord William Bentinck abolishing the practice of Sati in 1829.
/; >·/·._:-· _: (~)·Pr~ B~~a~ahe~ Ambedkar used the print media to cre a.te public awareness.
.: :,,.-~·;,_ ~- Ans·_- . B. Dr. R:
Ambedkar knew the importance of print media. For him it was the best instrumE!nt ti1
) l.:\.!_:.._.· :_-., ..-. create awareness and to build the movement for social equality. Therefore, he began to p uhli;~
=-~:.,_ '( ': ·'i , ··? ·/ · .·:. ' · his own newspapers namely 'Mooknayak', 'Bahishkrut Bharat', 'Janata' and 'Samata•.
=\?\> ·: ·;:t:f~-:.~~Y.~!:.OPi~-~~~.'.~:;~::·::--.::<t,:\).·\·..·:..~~~-~:-.<.'.' :_ -!:'. ~- .- . ~< ·; .;: ·_-.:·:·.~-~·_.:· (3._rilar~ ~ -~ac·h)
t - • .

Tarahai S hinde was the first Indian woman to challenge the p atrjarc hal s ystem..
. Tarabai Shinde was of the opinion that religious systems suppress women, because religi,;r.:i
systems are created by men. Therefore, she took a brave step in expressing her thoughts in a bra,1
manner in her essay on women's rights. In this essay, she not only discussed about reforms Jji!
widow remarriage, women's education, abolition of Sati but demanded greater gender equality.
(2) Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875.
Ans. /Refer Q. 7 (1) sub-point (c)/ . .

:~·~:-"~:-~-,:· .-: i:·:-~.;·:~,,~··,;·.:·..- :;·:~·~·-~ ~{~-,~a~ks e&cb}

,".: .. r'!:.1. 17:~,ivii}h~..fod~~Ing q·~~~tions. !~~~·~tails~~:,;_;:~
;,;__'·~ :: ; ~(1) -~at were the social reforms on whi_c h Raja Ram Mohan Roy p~t a great emph asis?
:·~ / ·.:, _Ans: Contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy :
/ '. :: · . · ..·· ;: ~ ·. _; . (i) ·. Raja R~m Mohan Roy was born in Bengal.
\i~ ·.·: ~. :. ·._,-_, ,·
, • · ..
(if) ; Translated Sanskrit Upanishads into Beng~i.
• • • .,• 1. • • ' '

'>><.· ·:-;__:•:_ ··,.:,·_(iii) : He.was a _witness to his brother's wife immolating herself on her husband's funeral pyl'
~_.:::,:-·· .· ..__· :·,.:.-, ... ,, · .. · and this incident made him raise his voice against this evil social custom which accordw
-_:{/,} ·.-: -, ,:.-·: .'..'•_i_ · _-_- .· .. ~ h:i.~ is not mentioned in any of the religious scriptures _
a s a prescribed social obligatiO!l
-.,: ·:.: 'i\_'.:_-:~ <-·. (iv) ._.. It" was. due to the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy that a law was passed by the Governo
_.._:_:"· ·. · . :: _'.·:·/.·.,~:-:.. ··. General of Bengal Lord William Bentinck abolishing Sati in 1829- ··
/ ':j\ <°'-=\._. :"':. -.~ (v) :. '. . H~ was ·8:i~o ·oppo~d to child marriage and p ~-ope~ ~ English medium sch~
-·:· :·_ ·;'.\. ·. ·, ::: ·. ·_ ,· ·. { launched.the first periodical in Bengali and also another publication in Persian.
}<.<,\: : :..: ('1) H~--~ ~ -◄~tmiya Sa~ha', a philosophical discussfun ch-cle,;Brahmo Samaj in 1828.
:>
?/·.'.:: :,'. •. :·. (vii) ',: He spoke in sup.port of the anti-colonial movements in Spanish coionies in'South Amend
.<<·-· ' . -\. : '·'.- (v_~li) Ra~ Mohan &.i ]aid the 'roundation of modernity in India. ' ~- : . ' . : ' : ' ' .
: ~\~; ....,;,•.: .. ~ • •,,4 • ; \ ~ > • • '••1. ~ .-.. ~ I:
' · .-;
-
•• .' : • -. ~. 1
. .
•• : • • ~; •• ,. • '.••, \ •
' . .. . . .: .. •• ' • • • • • • ·_. ' '

-~-·:) <··_. --~.:.~ 1',:·~~;; .'~::.... .

......:i • I•:-- ~
. -~-/·:·: .·_~·:\ ==• •.....,_ •
 11~;, ;.xi t·.:: -· 5:)
_:·'•:~~> .. Org~ sa~i ons like Manavdhanna Sabha, Parmabamsa Sabh a ar.td-Dnya-- -~- -
~ -
...
..· • . ·· . were msp1r~d by his work. npnu ar SaMla
' ·\ .,w
• .
*(2)··•\Vrite ab~ut -t h e cont ribu tion s of Ranikrish
:r...a Mission ..·
An~.' ~fe r Q.1 (1) sub- poin t (d)J
• (S) ·writ e abou t t he cont ribu tion s of Sir Sayy ad
Ahm ad .Khan.
Alli· fR!fer Q.7 (2) sub- poin t (a)J
*(4) · Desc ribe the contribu tion of Ram aswa my .Kaik
ar.
Ans; /Refe r Q. 1 (2) sub- poin t (e)J
. '

Jl~.l;t~~l!~~ tbe) oU~win°g ques tion_· wit h _the help of give n p oi~tz..
(1) Disc uss the r ole play ed by Reli giou s Refo
rm Orga nisa tions in the field
. . awak enin g. of relig ious-
-
(a) Prar than a Sam aj (b) Saty asho dhak Sam aj
(c) · Arya Sam aj (d) Ram krish na Miss ion
Ans. (a) Prar tban a Samaj :
(i) Had its origi ns in Para mham sa Sabh a.
(ii) Foun ded by Dado ba Pand uran g Tark hadk ar.
(iii) Foun ding mem bers like Dr. Atma ram Pand urang , Justi
ce ll G. Rana de, Dr. R. G.
' Bhan dark ar oppo sed idol wors hip and emph asise d on
mono theis ~
' · (i~) Open ed schoo ls for girls, orphana.ges and night schools
for work ers.
(v) Focu ssed on gend er equa lity, wipin g out caste discr
imina tions and appre ciatin g the
value s of mun dane life.
(b) Saty asbo dbak Sam aj :
(i) . Foun ded in 1873 by Mah atma Jotir ao Phul e in
Pune.
(ii) Crac ked a whip on the social custo ms and pract
ices whic h push ed the India n mass es
. .'·
into a mise rable state .
(iii) Show ed a new path to artis ans, work ers and othe
r down trodd en people.
·(i~) Char acter istics of Saty asho dhak Sama j inclu
ded mon othe is~ rejec tion of the autho rity
. . ofVe das and Pura nas, acceptance of ratio nalit y, oppo
J'. sition to dominance of pries ts and
. . .. . · · . idol wors hip etc.
.
- . · :·_: ,··. (v) ·. Mah atma Phul e and his wife Savit ribai Phul
e started a school for girls.
·. . :: . ·. :·: • (vi) His work was Cf:?ntinued by Gopa lbaba W alang
kar who critic ised untou
chab ility in bis _
. ·.:,. ·: .:·.- ,.": :. book 'Vital Vidh wam san•·.
·
·, · ·./ ':".1 , : (vii) Shiv ram Janb a drew atten tion to the
•• ~
. ,1 , • •
probl ems of deprived wom en like Y ~ Jagatini
. .- ·--···: .. · · andD evda sL • • •
'

. . ·.
'. -~:; <~.- :., ) ·--~ . Samaj :' . . :, ,, : . ·,
. :_:: ..;-:,~--'.°,: :ro :-Fo ~ by Swa ~ Da y~d ~ a t i·in 1~5..
· ,· .~ ~-oo ~V ed as .. holy. .. . . .. .. , ,.
,. ·,
~-: :_.-'.. :>:.:.·Oil) R.ejeded -~ t i o n based on caste.dilferemeL
. . · ·· -. . . . . :. .

.
.,
 ·. M .
~ ' f l ' , .... ,.,..,,,,l!f'_,_,~•~ '"\•~o("'l~ ~N--W..--.1~,.. ....... ~_....., _...-,..,...
- _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _llelia
_ ble_
8e rit,1
,
,.--,.,,,,,.__ - .
-........
, hi) Jt,onkrh;htrn Mho•lort ,
j
· (I) Hwutnl Vlv~•kn~uw,Ja fnu111fod tho lt11mkrlshnt1 Ml1111ion
in 1897. I
(II) 1101:mo11•cl ,,o ,i(•rvin" ntic.,tly 1,uoplc, wor~~d f,,r PfJC'P]e flffl-<:t(ld
hy famine, health carf! r,}
. tJw 1lck P"Ol>lo, ,,<l1m1iin11 for women, etc,
. (Ill)_IL. 11l~o l(IIVc.t Km(111111lKU to tho Indian youth to f(trt up to awake
n and ketp movin g Untj
thlt aeon) l11 H('hh,vod.
!
. CZ) WhH( •·oh, d1rJ th<.i f()llowiH" ttocfn1 rd',wmvtfj r,loy ln brin,l,(
in-"' abou t E.ocial chan gr-?
1
(u) :;tr !-foyynd Ahmnd Khnn (b} 'furub ni Shind c
·. (c) , Molmrshi Vltthnl Rutnjl Sltlndo (d) Ko.moJndcvi Chut
topad hyay.
Jtnmn •watny Nulku1·
(P)
Au,;, (a) Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan :
. (l)
Wa. horn in 1817 in Dolhi.
(ll) •'luont in Urdu, Per•ian, Arabic and English.
_. . (ill) E1tablirchcd 'Schmtiflc Society' for Muslims.
(lv) After returning from England he founded the Mohammadan Anglo
Oriental Cullege in
187& which lak•r developed into 'Aligarh Muslim University'.
(v) Started a periodical ,mtitJed 'Mohammadan Social Reformer'.
·(vi) . Worked for the propagation of modem education, science and
technology.
' · ·(b) Tarabat Shlnd e : ·
.. (l) . Dorn in 1839.
::•·--~-- ·, _.· . : (It) She demanded gender equality.
. ' ·. ~- :. : .(Ill) . She WU the first wom an~ challenge the patriarchal
system.
·.-: · ·. :·. - , (lv) :.She waa of the opinion that religious systems suppress wome
n because religio ns are
. ·created by men.
. · ', . -· ··;. (c) Mahanbl _Vltthal R~l Sblnde:
· · · .:: · :, _. .· . . ··. (I) .· ·0pe~Marl\thiKhoolaandachoolsfortechnica
l training in Patel, DeonarinMumbai
·· · ' ·. · · under the umbrella o~ 'Depreued Claases Miuion' that was established
by
:·.\:·L·:_: : · :: :··. : .' (U) Worked to create public awareness about the issues affecting the depre him.
ssed classes liki
- •· ·•.;:, :,-. ·. · ·,. entry into temples (for eu.mple, protestations for the right of entry in Parva
.i ~ ·
ti templi
• . in Pune), agricultural conference
• •·
and joint electorate system of depressed classes.
''/./.: \··;: ,·:: . (d), ~J~ dev l Ch,attopadhyay: .- :. ' ..
·>:>::_·: ::_:__\ i> ·~ / (1) ·, · Wat an active volunteer.o f~~ ~ ···::·· -· _:_ ..-:~" . .
:\'C/t.,:·\~ /.\ : :··:: (Ii) \_ She:~vin ~d Mahatma _Gandhi ·to .let ~o~ participate in salt satyag raha, an<
:_- ...:,-.-._ .:·.,··. . ..·. : ··· ·. bersellparticipated in thesatyaira}iL ·· · · · ·
\-'.:-'>",./:-:.:-):.:/·::·; ·':; :•:· ' · ·
: ':'•<::··.·:
.. ' . ; .
•.,·_: :·., .'_,:-.: (ill) , She worked for womens nghts . · . .. . ' .·:·.. · · : ·.·.--:-. . .· '.:' ''
.\;,•/.,. ,' .•\ ...·,· ,··. ~\", . . ·. ~:· ., ~· . ' ,' :_.... ·.· · \ ····,'. ··-: . ·· -:: .,. • .
: ~. . .-· .·
'

~ ·;:(:::'.-i:./;,:,· ;~_ L, (Iv) {~ _ . . . .. •'

O
; '

~~ . ':• =.
j
rgani ~:r de.mo nstrationi to draw attent ion to the problems of workers and farrneJ'S;
~
,, ._:, • • . : .. _,.•,: "1f • ,:. ,I
, ' ' •• • "'•
~
•• • ,·

~~;~):.}:~(: : ;,}i\<~': ._~::, .: :.~_<~:-:~;}~i)·-~-

•, /'. ' : • •
~
• . • • •
. '. :--i.-:.:-i:-.::.: ·;--.~~- :::·.::; :(v) , ,., Bmphasiied onJU1tice to female agric
• • • • ' • • • , •• . • : ' ,· ,. • • . • ,, • • :, . •

•::·& : •.; ·,..i_ • • " ."f

•• I '. \. -~. ,.•, : , .• · , . • • • , , •. ·• . .
ulturi
• , ·
l labow en;· .:. · : . ·. .• · · ·
.
~ -~~ ~~e~ ~or ~ in;lactories .hould ~e tbe_
. :· • • . 1 • • • • ·

!p: /'i;,:::,:if'.Mtu.~
,
:1:
~saey facilities.
( ~ , ~~ UP,~ .iaeue of'_
m a~ty leave to- -.>·>·, .,-'. ;-'. "·. :•.._
l>Y ~ .Biiti./i
1«,..,., yeu fo; put;iipo~i;; 11,,j Quit ~ Mo,re01••1
i1i [~};{{~ifj:\fj}}}/)/:s?():t)\. ,: :·:•.•:.s~:;);/;:)!:{\•·;J_:/ : ::·.· .··. I