[1] Write True/False against the following statements.

{1x7=7}
(a) A physical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give off heat is called combustion[F]
(a) Combustion is a chemical process. Therefore, the given statement is false.
(b) Water is the best extinguisher for fires involving electrical equipment [F]
(b) Water conducts electricity, so water should never be used in a situation with electrical
appliances.
(c) Alcohol, CNG and LPG are inflammable substances. [T]
(d) Increased concentration of nitrogen in air is believed to cause global warming. [F]
(e) Greater the calorific value, better is the fuel [T]
if the calorific value of a fuel is high, its efficiency will also be high. Hence, the given statement
is true.
(f) Middle zone is the hottest zone of a flame. [F]
Outer zone is the hottest zone of a flame.
(g) The substances which vaporize during burning, give the flame. [T]

[2] Explain why sliding friction is less than static friction. {2}

Ans: Friction occurred between TWO Surfaces in contact, due to the interlocking of their irregularities
with each other. During sliding, contact points do not get enough time to get interlocked properly.
Therefore, less friction. But, when the object is at rest, the surfaces interlock well, therefore friction is
more. This is why sliding friction is less than static friction.

[3] With the help of ray diagram, State and explain the laws of reflection. {3}

Ans: There are TWO laws of Reflection of light, given below:

(Ist Law) The incident ray, the normal ray at the point of incidence and the reflected ray all lie in the
same plane.
(IInd Law) The angle of the incidence is equal to the angle of the reflection of a light ray

[4] Case Study:

A great variety of plants and animals exist on earth. They are essential for the well-being and survival of
mankind. Today, a major threat to survival of these organisms is deforestation. We know that deforestation
means clearing of forests and using that land for other purposes. Trees in the forest are cut for some of the
purposes mentioned below:
 Procuring land for cultivation.
 Building houses and factories.
 Making furniture or using wood as fuel.
Some natural causes of deforestation are forest fires and severe droughts. Deforestation increases the
temperature and pollution level on the earth. It increases the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Ground
water level also gets lowered. They know that deforestation disturbs the balance in nature. They were told by
Professor Ahmad that if cutting of trees continues, rainfall and the fertility of the soil will decrease. Moreover,
there will be increased chances of natural calamities such as floods and droughts. Recall that plants need carbon
dioxide for photosynthesis. Fewer trees would mean that less carbon dioxide will be used up resulting in its
increased amount in the atmosphere. This will lead to global warming as carbon dioxide traps the heat rays
reflected by the earth. The increase in temperature on the earth disturbs the water cycle and may reduce rainfall.
This could cause droughts. Deforestation is a major cause which leads to the change in soil properties. Physical
properties of the soil get affected by plantation and vegetation. Recall from Class VII how trees prevent soil
erosion. Fewer trees result in more soil erosion. Removal of the top layer of the soil exposes the lower, hard and
rocky layers. This soil has less humus and is less fertile. Gradually the fertile land gets converted into deserts. It
is called desertification. Deforestation also leads to a decrease in the water holding capacity of the soil. The
movement of water from the soil surface into the ground (infiltration rate)is reduced. So, there are floods. The
other properties of the soil like nutrient content, texture etc., also change because of deforestation.
i) Which among the following are some of the natural causes of deforestation? {1}
(a) Reusing
(b) Recycling
(c) Plantation
(d) Forest fires
ii) Due to the process of soil erosion fertile land gradually gets converted into deserts. This process is
called
(a) Desertification {1}
(b) Extinction
(c) Eradication
(d) Denitrification
iii) Water holding capacity of soil……………………………………………………………………………………… due to
deforestation. {1}
(a) Increases
(b) Decreases
(c) Remains the same
(d) None of the above
iv) What are the effects of deforestation on the environment? {2}
 Loss of trees results in the extinction of wildlife.
 it results in temperature imbalances in nature.
 Trees help to maintain water cycle balance in nature through evaporation, precipitation, and
condensation of water particles.
 CO2 is a greenhouse gas that increases if trees are cut down at a massive rate. It hampers the
balance of the environment resulting in global warming.
 Among the other effects of deforestation, soil erosion is the most common one.
v) Mention few reasons for cutting of trees in forest. {3}
Paper Industry
Furniture for Home & Offices
Burning of Wood as a fuel
Building Houses roofs etc