A computer network is a system that consists of interconnected computers and devices that can

communicate with each other and share resources. These networks can be small, such as a home
network connecting a few devices, or large, such as a global network like the Internet. Computer
networks enable data exchange, resource sharing, and collaboration among users and devices. Here
are some key components and concepts related to computer networks:

1. **Nodes:** Nodes are the individual devices connected to a network, including computers,
servers, printers, routers, switches, and other network devices. Each node on the network has a
unique identifier, such as an IP address or MAC address, which is used to facilitate communication.

2. **Links:** Links are the physical or logical connections that allow nodes to communicate with
each other. These links can be wired, such as Ethernet cables or fiber optic cables, or wireless, such
as Wi-Fi or cellular connections.

3. **Topology:** Network topology refers to the physical or logical layout of the nodes and links in a
network. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid topologies, each with
its advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, scalability, and reliability.

4. **Protocols:** Network protocols are rules and conventions that govern how data is transmitted,
received, and processed across a network. Examples of network protocols include TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), Ethernet, Wi-Fi (802.11), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol), and DNS (Domain Name System).

5. **LAN and WAN:** A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that spans a relatively small
geographic area, such as a single building or campus. LANs are typically used to connect devices
within a home, office, or organization. In contrast, a Wide Area Network (WAN) spans a larger
geographic area and connects multiple LANs or other networks over long distances, often using
leased lines, satellite links, or other telecommunications technologies.

6. **Internet:** The Internet is a global network of interconnected networks that allows millions of
users worldwide to access information, communicate with each other, and share resources. It
operates on a decentralized architecture and is based on the TCP/IP protocol suite.

7. **Network Security:** Network security involves measures to protect a network and its data from
unauthorized access, misuse, or modification. This includes implementing firewalls, encryption,
access controls, intrusion detection systems, and other security mechanisms to safeguard network
resources and prevent cyber attacks.
Computer networks play a crucial role in modern communication, enabling individuals, businesses,
and organizations to collaborate, access information, and conduct transactions efficiently and
effectively.