Instructor: Sulaman Ahmad Naz

 Introduction to PROOFS

 Types of proofs
◦ Formal Proofs
◦ Informal Proofs

 Basic Terminology
◦ Theorem
◦ Lemma
◦ Corollary
◦ Conjecture
◦ Axiom / Postulate
 A PROOF is a valid argument that establishes
the truth of a mathematical statement.
 Formal Proofs
◦ All steps are provided
◦ One rule used at a time
◦ Rules for each step are stated
 Informal Proofs
◦ Some steps may be skipped
◦ More than one rule can be used at a step
◦ Some axioms are assumed
◦ Rules not explicitly stated
 An integer n can be even if and only if 2 is
one of its factors.
◦ i.e. n=2 * k

 An integer n can be odd if and only if

n=2 * k + 1 OR n=2*k–1

Here, k represents some integer.

 An integer n is prime if and only if it has only
two factors; one of them is 1.
◦ i.e. if n=r.s; then r = 1 or s = 1

 An integer n is composite if and only if it has

at least a pair of factors such that none of
them is 1.
◦ i.e. if n=r.s; then r ≠ 1 and s ≠ 1

Let r and s represents some positive integer.

 An integer n is divisible by d if and only if
n=d.k for some integer k and d ≠ 0.

 An integer n is perfect square if and only if

n=k2 for some integer k.

 A real number r is rational only if r= and

b≠0.
 In order to directly prove a conditional
statement of the form "If p, then q", it is
sufficient to consider the situations in which
the statement p is true.
 The implication p →q can be proved by
showing that if p is true, then q must also be
true.
 This shows that the combination p true and q
false never occurs.

No need to consider where

p=FALSE
 Prove that the sum of two odd integers is
even.
 Prove that if n is any even integer, then(-1)n=1.
 Prove that the product of an even integer and
an odd integer is even.
 Prove that the square of an even integer is
even.
 Prove that if n is an odd integer, then n3 + n
is even.
 Prove that, if the sum of any two integers is
even, then so is their difference.
 Prove that the sum of any two rational
numbers is rational.
 Given any two distinct rational numbers r and
s with r < s. Prove that there is a rational
number x such that r < x < s.
 Prove that the sum of any three consecutive
integers is divisible by 3.
 Prove the statement: There are real numbers
a and b such that
 Chapter 1

◦ Section 1.7

 Page 81 – 83
 End of Lecture
 Q/A