Biology Extended Essay

Research Question:

To what extent does stomatal density vary between different

varieties of Vitis vinifera?

Title: A leaf stomata microscope experiment on varieties of

Vitis vinifera.

Word count: 3537

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Table of contents

Table of contents ............................................................................................2

Introduction ....................................................................................................3
Background information ................................................................................4
Hypothesis ................................................................................................9
Apparatus......................................................................................................10
Methodology .................................................................................................11
Safety ......................................................................................................12
Ethical concerns .....................................................................................12
Results ..........................................................................................................13
Processed data .......................................................................................14
ANOVA ....................................................................................................16
Discussion ....................................................................................................17
Evaluation .....................................................................................................18
Extension ................................................................................................18
Conclusion ....................................................................................................20
Bibliography ..................................................................................................21
Appendix .........................................................................................................1

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 Introduction

Humans have used grapes dating back to Ancient Egypt, showing the use of grapes for making

wine dating back to 2500 bc (Amerine, 2019). This use of grapes is still very much present

nowadays. There are many varieties of grapes, nevertheless, in Europe, the predominant species

is Vitis vinifera which is the main variety that produces wine (Amerine, 2019). For hundreds of

years all around the world, winemakers have been using this variety of grapes to produce bottles

of wine that have been preserved and kept yet to be opened. This process of winemaking is still

prominent now and wouldn’t be possible without keeping the grapevines in an adequate condition

regarding the amount of water intake and overall health of the whole plant, including the leaves.

This brings us to the present, as I have been studying my local vineyard, Cas Fiols, and

have been doing so since 2017. I have observed the growth of the vines, seeing them mature and

produce larger harvests each year. This vineyard speci cally is relatively new in comparison to

many that have been producing fruit for decades. My interest in plant biology and my involvement

with this vineyard expanded my curiosity toward conducting an experiment to indicate that

di erent varieties of vines should be treated in the same manner regarding how they are treated.

The aim of the chosen experiment, a leaf stomata microscope experiment, is to determine if there

is a signi cant variation in the density of stomata in each variety of Vitis vinifera. With the result,

how can this aid in the success of the vineyard? The focus on the stomata of the vine is due to

how this part of the plant is directly linked to certain processes the vine undergoes. The results of

this experiment may indicate if these varieties of Vitis vinifera should be treated di erently, such as

the amount of water that is given to the plant or if indicated that there is no correlation between

the varieties, to continue taking care of them in the same manner they are now.

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Background information
All grapevine plants undergo a process known as transpiration. This is the process where the

plant will lose water in its gaseous state through the stomata located on the leaves of the plant.

The stomata of the plant are the microscopic pores located on the bottom section of the leaves of

the plant. The stomata of photosynthetic plants are what also allow the carbon dioxide from the

exterior of the plant inside, and then able to undergo photosynthesis which is fundamental for a

plant's survival and the sustainability of the planet.

These small openings of the plant allow gas exchange to occur through the opening and

closing of the guard cells shown in Figure 1; subsidiary cells are present on the sides of guard

cells and aid in the movement of guard cells (Bailey, 2017).

Figure 1: Structure of Stomate: Glenda Stovall (2013)

Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants release the oxygen we breathe. Living organisms

such as humans require the carbon compounds produced by plants to construct the structure of

their cells, this is just one reason why this process is fundamental to the sustainability of the

planet we live on. Photosynthesis on a chemical level is a process where autotrophs convert light

energy into chemical energy. The production of oxygen occurs through the photolysis of water,

which is the splitting of the molecules that form water. In photosynthesis, carbohydrates are also

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produced. This Is completed by the conversion done by plants using carbon dioxide and water.

This process can only be done by the usage of energy, these types of reactions whereby energy is

put in are called endothermic. The energy obtained to undergo photosynthesis is absorbed from

the light emitted from the sun, the sun gives all plants who absorb its light the energy needed to

carry out all processes they complete.

The importance of photosynthesis is irrefutable and a contributing factor to this process's

function is the plants' stomata. During photosynthesis, plants utilise water, carbon dioxide, and

glucose to give oxygen, glucose, and water. Water escapes the plant in the form of water vapor,

oxygen exits the plant as well through the stomata of the plant, and glucose is stored and used as

its own source of food. Therefore, the stomata of the plant open to allow carbon dioxide to enter

the lower epidermis of the leaf, shown in Figure 2, as well as close once it is there is no sunlight

when photosynthesis does not occur. Additionally, stomata close to prevent water from exiting the

plant, reducing water loss (Bailey, 2017). This role that the stomata play in photosynthesis

establishes the importance of these pores in the success of this process.

Figure 2: structure epidermis of a leaf (Liang, 2020)

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 When grapevines undergo transpiration, the pores open releasing water in the form of water

vapor. This is a process that occurs during photosynthesis, later at night the plant does not

undergo photosynthesis therefore at this moment the stomata of the plant proceed to close and

become accid (Figure 3), preventing the plant to lose water, and are able to do so because of its

guard cells and subsidiary cells that form the apertures of the stomate. The guard cells control the

intake of carbon dioxide, this means that stomatal behaviour is an important factor that aids the

plant in being e cient in the processes that involve the intake and outtake of gases such as

oxygen or carbon dioxide. (Caballero and Roca, 2018)

Figure 3: open and closed stomata (Foster, 2022)

Through stomata, water and carbon dioxide are exchanged by the plant and the air. But whilst this

exchange happens water loss is uncontrollable. Apart from stomata closing when photosynthesis

does not occur, they can close when the plant lacks water to prevent as much water loss as

possible. In fact, stress is the main factor that a ects the closing of the plant, its response to

factors such as water and the air surrounding it are the main reasons for why the plant closes

during the time period where photosynthesis does not happen (Caballero and Roca, 2018).

Although this action of closing and reducing transpiration helps the plants’ water loss it restricts

the carbon dioxide exchange. This intervenes with the plant undergoing photosynthesis. This

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 problem doesn’t seem to have an obvious solution yet there are certain factors that bene t the

plant by mitigating the con ict between photosynthesis and transpiration. Stomatal size, density,

and behaviour are these crucial factors that help regulate the compromise of water and carbon

dioxide ow through stomata. Achieving this compromise will maximise the (Wang, Chen, and

Xiang, 2007). Although these factors are equally important I will be focusing more on stomatal

density giving place to the experiment I will be conducting.

A study was completed in 2008. It took place to highlight the di erences in stomatal

density of grapevines in an open environment, under windy conditions to determine if this was a

factor in altering a plant’s stomatal density. To conduct this experiment, Gokbayrak compared the

stomatal density of two vineyards located in di erent areas with contrasting environmental

conditions. The results of this study concluded that “The data provided here show no evidence

concerning the e ect of wind or site di erences in stomatal density photosynthesis or

transpiration”. In fact, the reason for the di erent results in stomatal density wasn’t due to the

windy conditions themselves but that the north-facing vineyards had higher counts of stomata

because of being located in a windy area and therefore undergoing transpiration more often. Hills

were preventing natural windy conditions to a ect the southwest vineyard leading to them being

protected and having higher stomatal conductance. This factor may lead to a greater stomatal

density to the photosynthetic activity being prominent for a long time frame. Consequently,

grapevines exposed to winds giving them a lower amount of stomata may result in having higher

stomal conductance which will lead to an increase in their photosynthesis and carbon dioxide

absorption (Gokbatrak, 2008).

A study was conducted to determine the responses in stomatal density to soil temperature

and atmospheric carbon dioxide during leaf formation responding to environmental factors. This

study was completed using Chardonnay which found that periodically lowering the temperature of

the soil at bud break reduced the stomatal density of the leaves. This study concluded that

stomatal density is greatly in uenced by soil temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration

(Rogers,2011).

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 These studies all point toward the importance of the stomata of grapevines. The stomatal density,

therefore, a ects the processes that these plants undergo.

In this investigation, I will measure the stomatal density and conductance of the plant is

complicated. Although this is true, it can be done so via a leaf stomata microscope experiment

whereby I will be able to analyse the epidermis of a section of a grapevine’s leaf to analyse it and

determine the stomatal density. Even when looking through a microscope the stomata still are

very small and di cult to count, therefore, to determine the stomatal density I have decided to

use a digital microscope lens in order to view the stomata of the leaf in a better way. In my case, I

used a dino lens and it works by putting the lens on the microscope and connecting the USB from

the lens to a computer and after using the corresponding software to calibrate the digital

microscope lens to project the image seen in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Epidermal lower leaf surface Vitis vinifera

(image produced by candidate)

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 Once I complete my experiment and annotate the results I will use the gathered data and

complete analysis of variance or ANOVA test which is a method to determine if the results are

signi cant.

Hypothesis

I believe that the stomatal density of grapevines has little di erence from one another. Since the

grapevines I am analysing are living under very similar conditions such as wind, water, and

sunlight, I hypothesise that the stomatal density will not vary signi cantly from one species to

another. Therefore my hypothesis is that after further results and observations I will reject H1 and

be in agreement with the null hypothesis.

H1= There is a correlation between the stomatal density and the variety of grapevine.

H0= There is no correlation between the stomatal density and the variety of grapevine.

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Apparatus

Apparatus Quantity Use

Compound Microscope 1 To analyse the epidermis of the
leaf in order to view the stomata.

Microscope slides 15 The sample will be placed here to

Transparent Nail varnish
Sellotape
Dino-Lite Digital Microscope
lens
DinoCapture and DinoXcope
software
be able to be viewed under the
microscope.
1 - 50ml this will be placed on the lower
part of the leaf to be able to
create an imprint of the epidermis
of the leaf.
1 This will be placed where the nail
varnish has been placed and then
removed in order to be viewed
under the microscope.
1 To produce an image with
increased magni cation to
facilitate counting stomata .
1 (See in Appendix, Dino-Lite User
manual,2016).

Leaf samples 15 The leaves used to analyse

stomata on the lower epidermis
of the leaves.
Computer 1 To be able to use the Dino-Lite
lens as well as the according
software to use the lens.

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 Methodology
Leaves were chosen carefully and picked by size. In this case, three of each variety of grapevine

were chosen, all of which were approximately the same size. The stomata were counted three

times on di erent areas of the sample. This was done by picking random areas on the sample and

then proceeding to count the stomata. The areas that were chosen, excluded areas that contain

the central vein of the leaf, stomata are not located on such sections of the leaf.

1. An imprint of the leaf was made using nail varnish and sellotape. Nail varnish was rst applied

next to the central vein of the leaf and once set, 3 cm of sellotape was applied.

2. Pressure from my nger was placed on the strip, this was done to attempt to remove any air

bubbles that may have accidentally moved in between the tape and the leaf. Once this has

been done, it was time to remove the tape of the leaf (Figure 5).

3. This was repeated for the three leaves from the varieties of grapevine I used for this

experiment. Meanwhile, I organised the samples by variety leaving three samples per variety

of Vitis vinifera as shown in Figure 6. After this had been done I moved on to capturing the

data of this experiment.

Figure 5: Imprint of the lower leaf Figure 6: Samples of each variety of Vitis vinifera
created (Image produced by (image produced by candidate)
candidate)

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 4. This step consisted of each sample being placed under the microscope. A Dino-Lite Digital

microscope lens was used by being connected to a computer to create an image of 9 mm2 to

facilitate the count of the stomata (Figure 7). The lens was placed on the microscope and with

the use of the software, the computer produced images such as in Figure 4. I counted the

stomata in three di erent areas for each sample annotating my results after every count.

Figure 7: Dino-Lite microscope

lens attached to the compound
microscope (image produced
by candidate)

5. The nal step of this procedure was to dispose of the samples in an adequate manner. Finally,

I unplugged the USB connecting the Digital lens to the computer and proceeded to put the

lens back into its container and gave it back to my supervisor who provided me with this piece

of equipment.

Safety

It should be noted that throughout conducting this experiment there were no safety precautions

needed to take place as there are no dangers involved.

Ethical concerns

No ethical issues needed to be handled due to no dangers being involved with the procedure of

the experiment. The process of removing the leaves was taken procuring the plant was not

harmed, giving the reason for no ethical issues.

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Results

Table 1: Stomata count for each sample per 20mm2

variety 1st trial 2nd trial 3rd trial

Average
stomata
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd per
No Sample sample sample sample sample sample sample sample sample sample 20mm2

Pinot
Noir 26 21 19 28 21 24 19 18 23 22.11

Syrah 21 20 18 22 25 19 24 22 23 22.67

Garnacha 20 23 19 27 26 24 26 25 22 23.56

Verdejo 29 24 22 29 31 32 29 25 21 26.89

Viognier 29 26 28 31 24 27 26 28 29 27.56

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Processed data

Table 2.1: Total stomatal pores

Variety of Vine Sum Average Variance Standard deviation

Pinot Noir 199 22.11 11.61 3.41

Syrah 194 21.56 5.28 2.30

Garnacha 212 23.56 7.78 2.79

Verdejo 242 26.89 15.86 3.98

Viognier 248 27.56 4.28 2.07

Table 2.2: Graph of results trial 1

Figure 8: 1st Leaf stomata Count of each variety per 20 mm2.

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 Table 2.3: Graph of results trial 2

Figure 9: 2nd Leaf stomata count of each variety per 20 mm2.

Table 2.4: Graph of results trial 3

Figure 10: 3rd Leaf Stomata Count of each variety per 20 mm2.

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 ANOVA

An Anova (analysis of variance) is a statistical test that calculates if there are any statistical

di erences between more than 3 groups. This type of test was used to support whether I agree or

reject my hypothesis. Similar to the T-test, ANOVA will determine if di erent groups are

statistically di erent by analysing the levels of variance between di erent groups. Apart from

calculating the statistical variance the ANOVA also considers sample sizes and the di erence

between means. All of this together will form a probability of if the alterations between groups are

statistically signi cant (Qualtrics,2022). In this case, I utilised the information provided by the

ANOVA to test whether my hypothesis was correct or not.

The Alpha value or signi cant level of the Anova is 0.05, it is used as the de nitive value to

determine whether we reject or accept H1. If the p-value is lower than 0.05 we accept H1 and if

higher, we reject H1.

Table 3: ANOVA test

Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Rows 271.56 4 67.89 9.34 0.0004 2.67

Columns 126 8 15.75 2.17 0.0575 2.24

Error 232.44 32 7.26

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 Discussion
The results of the ANOVA test carried out gave promising results. I hypothesised that there would

not be a signi cant correlation between the variety of grapevine to the stomata density. The value

taken from Table 3 is the p-value of the ANOVA test which is 0.575.

I have focused on this value due to wanting to know the statistical signi cance of the

di erent varieties of Vitis vinifera which corresponds to the columns of Table 1. Since this p-value

is higher than the alpha level we accept the null hypothesis.

The results extracted from Table 1 show that the averages do not drastically vary yet the

ANOVA test points toward the results not being statistically signi cant. These results indicate that

since the grapevines are all under the same environmental conditions they will have similar

averages of stomatal densities per 20 mm2, but since the results aren’t statistically signi cant

enough to suggest that the variety a ects the stomatal density we can further accept the null

hypothesis. These results align with the hypothesis made prior to the experiment.

Furthermore, the results I have found additionally align with those I encountered in my

background research. An example such as the fact that since the grapevines analysed in my

experiment were all under the same wind conditions, this suggests that a great majority of

grapevine has made similar stomatal responses as wind is an environmental factor that can

change the stomatal structure of their leaves (Freeman, Kliewer, and Stern, 1982). Another study

included in my background indicates that soil temperature and CO2 concentrations are highly

impactful on stomatal density, giving further evidence that my hypothesis is accurate (Suzy Y

Rogers, 2011).

The two results that slightly di er from the rest were from the Viognier and Verdejo

varieties (Tables 2.1-2.4), and these di erences aren’t signi cant enough to contradict my

hypothesis, nevertheless, they still varied by a small margin. These two varieties had a slightly

higher average stomatal density per area, and are 4 years younger than the other varieties of Vitis

vinifera as well as being the only varieties that produce white wine. These could be small factors

that slightly alter the stomatal density of grapevines, yet it is certain their e ect on stomatal

density isn’t su ciently signi cant to have an e ect on the results of this investigation.

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 Evaluation
Completing this experiment arrived at its results and conclusions, although, there are some

limitations to the experiment. If I were to repeat the process again there are a few factors I could

change to better the results, this can be utilised by someone wanting to conduct the same or

similar experiment.

Limitations
Air bubbles whilst creating the imprint of the
leaf is a major factor that limits the view of the
epidermis of the leaf. This limitation when
reduced aids the accuracy of the results.
This can be reduced I have done, yet
occasional air bubbles are in some cases
inevitable.
The step is where the nail varnish will
showcase what the epidermis of the leaf looks
like by creating an imprint of the lower surface
of the leaf, this makes the experiment possible
allowing us to look at the stomata of the plant.
This part is crucial to be done correctly (Figure
5).
As I am viewing certain areas of the leaf’s
epidermis, this limits the potential of the
results taken since the whole leaf is not
analysed. I gathered enough data this is a
point of improvement where if repeated can
be improved on.
Accuracy of data.
Improvements
Removal of the sellotape with caution making
sure the nail varnish is being removed properly
from the epidermis producing as minimal air
bubbles as possible.
Avoiding to tear the nail varnish that has set
when removing the sellotape that has stuck to
the nail varnish that has set to the leaf.
Increasing the number of sections of the lower
leaf analysed. This would increase data and
reach more accurate results as more of the leaf
would be analysed.
Increasing the number of varieties and leaves
used, would create a larger amount of data to
anlyse, this would increase the accuracy of
these results and provide more data to
compare and contrast.

Extension

To extend this investigation if repeated, further factors can be explored to increase the range of

results recorded.

A factor altering the grapevine's water intake is its root system, which di ers in rooting pattern

and depth. These roots in uence plant growth, drought tolerance, and nutrient and water uptake

e ciency. This part of the plant is very di cult to analyse giving a reason why I have not included

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 this factor in my investigation, yet, if there was a method to analyse the root system, it would be

an interesting approach to analyse the stomatal density of plants with di erent root systems.

The leaves extracted to conduct the experiment were all from the same vineyard with the

same water supply and environmental conditions therefore a possible approach would be to

select leaves from di erent vineyards that have di erent environmental conditions as mentioned

before. This could possibly arrive at a variety of results and might even showcase the same

conclusion by using a di erent approach to analyse the stomatal density of Vitis vinifera,

facilitating the contrast in results and leading to a di erent method of capturing the ndings of the

experiment.

Another area of investigation I would have undertaken if completed again would be to look

at grapevines with larger di erences in age since one of the di erences in my results was that the

Viognier and Verdejo leaves had a slightly higher average stomatal count per 20 mm2 (Table 2.1),

perhaps increasing the di erence in age may highlight another factor contributing to the

di erence in stomatal density. Apart from age, these varieties are both white grapes therefore this

leads to another possible factor a ecting stomatal density to be investigated.

Overall, if this investigation were to be repeated, I would create an experiment that

considers every limitation and improvement mentioned previously. This would maximise the data

recovered and increase the results' accuracy. Additionally, there are areas to expand this

investigation again increasing the potential data and consequently the results. This would create

an opportunity to expand the investigation on the e ect that numerous factors directly have on

stomatal density.

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Conclusion
There is not a way to deny the importance of the role that stomata have in transpiration and

photosynthesis, these are both fundamental and require the functionality of the stomata to be able

to undergo these processes.

The results extracted from this experiment can be directly used to aid the Cas Fiols

Vineyard. There is no signi cant variance in stomatal density indicated by the results of the

ANOVA test carried out. This indicates that the data collected is not statistically signi cant which

agrees with my hypothesis. This information combined with my background information can

conclude that there is not a direct correlation between the variety and the stomatal density of the

plant. Stomatal density is a ected by environmental conditions that the plant will react to

accordingly depending on the given scenario. An example of an environmental factor would be

soil temperature proven by the study carried out by Suzy Rogers whereby who also indicated that

the CO2 Concentration also plays a role in a ecting stomatal density.

The water The Cas Fiols vineyard are providing their plants can be stated as adequate

since the stomatal density does not vary by the variety of Vitis vinifera each plant should have

similar amounts of water which leads to reducing the stress on the stomata of the plant by being

provided su cient water.

The vineyard may use this information to decide whether to expand the vineyard by adding

more vines to a di erent location as the environmental conditions will change depending on the

location it will expand the vineyard. If they had other plants in a di erent location they can use this

information as a comparison to the changes they may su er as they have moved the location of

their grapevines. If the plants in this new location had any di erence in stomatal density from the

original grapevines, they could look at the information in this investigation and determine what

factor may be a ecting their new grapevines. The variety of the grapevine is not a factor toward

stomatal density therefore the factors the vineyard owners should consider that a ect the stomata

are environmental factors, giving a reason to compare the conditions of their original location to

the potential new location of expansion.

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Bibliography

Amerine, M. (2019). wine | De nition, History, Varieties, & Facts | Britannica. In: Encyclopædia

Britannica. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/wine.

Bailey, R. (2017). What Is the Function of Plant Stomata? [online] ThoughtCo. Available at: https://

www.thoughtco.com/plant-stomata-function-4126012.

Caballero, A. and Roca, E. (2018). The Importance of Stomata – Plant Physiology. [online] Stoller

Academy Blog. Available at: https://plantphysiologyblog.com/2018/05/07/the-importance-of-

stomata-2/.

Celia Liang (2020). Revision for Biology: Photosynthesis and Transportation in plants. [online]

Nightingale. Available at: https://nightingale.becomingcelia.com/2020/02/revision-for-biology-

photosynthesis-and-transporta.html [Accessed 27 Oct. 2022].

Dino-Lite Europe (2020). Manuals. [online] www.dino-lite.eu. Available at: https://www.dino-lite.eu/

en/support-download/manuals [Accessed 31 Oct. 2022].

Foster, J. (2022). Guard cells Function, De nition, and Structure - Jotscroll. [online]

www.jotscroll.com. Available at: https://www.jotscroll.com/guard-cells-function-de nition-

structure.

Gokbayrak, Z. (2008). STOMATAL DENSITY ADAPTATION OF GRAPEVINE TO WINDY

CONDITIONS. www.academia.edu, [online] 6(1312-1723). Available at: https://www.cademia.edu/

39321433/STOMATAL_DENSITY_ADAPTATION_OF_GRAPEVINE_TO_WINDY_CONDITIONS.

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Suzy Y Rogers (2011). Stomatal density of grapevine leaves (Vitis vinifera L.) responds to soil

temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide [online]. Available at:https://www.researchgate.net/

publication230044524_Stomatal_density_of_grapevine_leaves_Vitis_vinifera_L_responds_to_soil_t

emperature_and_atmospheric_carbon_dioxide/

Qualtrics. (2022). What is ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance). [online] Available at:https://

www.qualtrics.com/uk/experience-management/research

anova\rid=ip&prevsite=en&newsite=uk&geo=ES&geomatch=uk.

Stoval, G. (2013). plant structure stomata. [online] Biological Science Picture Directory -

Pulpbits.net. Available at: https://pulpbits.net/6-plant-stomata-structure-pictures/plant-structure-

stomata/ [Accessed 27 Oct. 2022].

Wang, Y., Chen, X. and Xiang, C.-B. (2007). Stomatal Density and Bio-water Saving. Journal of

Integrative Plant Biology, 49(10), pp.1435–1444. doi:10.1111/j.1672-9072.2007.00554.x.

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Appendix
Dino-Lite digital microscope

Software installation

The DinoCapture and DinoXcope software is licensed from Anmo Electronics Corporation and is

subject to an End User License Agreement (EULA) that users will have to accept during the

installation process.

Important notice: DO NOT connect the USB cable of the Dino-Lite to the PC before installing the

software.

1. Use the CD delivered with your Dino-Lite to install the DinoCapture and DinoXcope software

and drivers. Alternatively, download and run the latest version of the software from the support

section of the website:\.

2. Click 'Next' and the Installshield wizard will start. (An 'Open File-security warning' may appear

on some systems. Select 'Run' or 'YES'). Choose the language you want for the DinoCapture 2.0

interface.

3. Read the User License Agreement. If you agree, press 'Yes' to continue or press 'no' to stop

the installation.

4. Select a destination folder for the DinoCapture software. When done, press 'Next'. Click 'Install'

to start installing the software. If the Windows security warning message appears, click 'Install

this driver software anyway'.

5. When the installation is complete, selecting 'Finish' completes the software installation.

6. The DinoCapture software has an auto-update feature that will check for software updates

when you start DinoCapture.

 7. A full manual can be found in the help function of DinoCapture as a pdf on the CD or on the

website.

Hardware installation

1. After full installation of the DinoCapture software and driver package, connect the Dino-Lite to

one of the USB ports of your computer

2. Please use a USB 2.0 port that is fully powered. Some USB ports on portable computers do

not supply su cient power.

3. The driver will be automatically installed. Please WAIT until the noti cation appears: 'Device

driver software installed successfully’.

4. Now start DinoCapture 2.0 by double-clicking on the desktop icon.

5. The LED lights should go on and an image should appear in DinoCapture. If this is not the case,

refer to the frequently-asked-questions (FAQ) on www.dino-lite.eu.

Hardware features

1. At the center of the device, the adjustable dial is used to set the focus. The focus of the image

depends on the distance to the object. Once you have focused on the object, you can read the

magni cation rate achieved from the number next to the Δ symbol.

2. The models in the AM/AD 411X series feature a magni cation lock. The magni cation lock is

particularly useful for repetitive inspection at a given level of magni cation.

3. Dino-Lite models with the letter T in their product name have a Microtouch function at the cable

end of the device. Touching this sensor will capture the current image or start/stop video
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recording (for usb-devices). On the Dino-Lite high speed real time models the Microtouch sensor

can be used to switch the LEDs on/o (all models) or freeze the image (AM5116 models only).

4. Models with the letter Z in their product name have a polarization function, that can be

controlled by turning the adjustable cap.

5. Models with the letter L operate at a longer working distance. These models only achieve focus

at some distance from the Object.

6. The AD and Edge models have exchangeable front covers/ caps. Align the red lines on cap and

frontend of the Dino-Lite to remove or place the cap, then turn the cap 180 degrees. Some caps

are designed to be clicked onto the microscope. In this case, there is no red line on the cap.

7. The DinoEye models are designed as a replacement of the existing ocular of a traditional

microscope. The U model is intended to be placed over an existing ocular and the C model is

intended to be connected to a C-mount adapter on a suitable microscope or optical device.

8. Models with the letters TW have the macro zoom function.

(Dino-Lite User Europel, 2016)

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