Gases

LECTURE 10

• The Gas Laws

• The Ideal Gas Equation
• Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
• Real Gases Behavior
Institute of Chemistry - UP Diliman August 2020
 SOLIDS VS. LIQUIDS VS. GASES

The density of gases is MUCH less than that of solids or liquids.

Densities Solid Liquid Gas

(g/mL)
H2O 0.917 0.998 0.000588

CCl4 1.70 1.59 0.00503

Gas molecules are very far apart compared to liquids and solids.
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 SOME PROPERTIES OF GASES
• Expand to fill the volume of any container
• Have much lower densities than solids or liquids (therefore gases are
compressible while solids and liquids are almost incompressible)
• Have highly variable densities, depending on conditions (high or
low temperature, high or low pressure)
• Change volume dramatically with changing temperature
• Mix with one another readily and thoroughly (like a liquid)

Think of: A hot-air balloon. How can you apply the above properties to
the air inside the bag of chips?

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 FOUR (4) PARAMETERS WE CAN USE TO
DESCRIBE THE BEHAVIOR OF GASES

• Pressure (P) – the amount of force exerted by the gas

molecules over given area
• Temperature (T) –the average translational kinetic energy of
the gas molecules
• Volume (V) – the amount of space taken up by the gas
molecules
• Amount (n) –the actual number of gas molecules in a given
volume

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 PRESSURE
Pressure is force per unit area.
P= F
A
• Atmospheric pressure is the force attributed to the weight of
air molecules attracted to Earth by gravity.
• As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. (when
you’re on a mountain, you experience lower pressures; less gravitational pull
at higher altitudes!)

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 PRESSURE: Where does it come from?
Pressure results from molecular
collisions between gas molecules and
container walls.

Each collision imparts a small amount

of force.

Summation of the forces of all

molecular collisions produces the
macroscopic property of pressure.

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 MEASURING PRESSURE
A barometer is used to measure
atmospheric pressure.
• The height of the mercury
column is proportional to
atmospheric pressure. (the higher
the mercury column, the higher the
atmospheric pressure)
Units of Pressure (memorize)
• 1 torr = 1 mm Hg
• 1 atm = 760 torr
• 1 atm = 101,325 Pa
• 760 torr = 101,325 Pa
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 HISTORY AND APPLICATION OF THE GAS LAWS
Gases change in behavior significantly when the conditions are altered.

These changes are determined empirically (using experiments) using gas laws.

• Charles’s Law: relationship between T and V

• Boyle’s Law: relationship between P and V
• Avogadro’s Law: relationship between n and V

These empirical gas laws led to the commonly known Ideal Gas Law.

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We will now take a look at the
three (3) simple gas laws.
For each gas law, take note of the 1) parameters kept constant (fixed),
2) the parameters involved, and 3) the relationship between the
parameters involved.

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 CHARLES’S LAW
For a fixed pressure and fixed amount of gas, the volume and
the absolute temperature are directly proportional.

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 CHARLES’S LAW
For a fixed pressure and fixed amount of gas, the volume and the
absolute temperature are directly proportional.
V∝T Always express
temperature in Kelvin!
V = kT
K = ºC + 273.15

All the fixed variables can be factored out of the ideal gas law as
a new constant that can be used to relate two sets of
conditions:
V1 nR V2
= = constant =
T1 P T2
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 BOYLE’S LAW
For a fixed temperature and fixed amount of gas, the pressure
and the volume are inversely proportional.

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 BOYLE’S LAW
For a fixed temperature and fixed amount of gas, the pressure and
the volume are inversely proportional.
1
P∝
V
k
P=
V
All of the fixed variables can be factored out as a new constant
that can be used to relate two sets of conditions: k = nRT
P1V1 = k P2V2 = k
P1V1 = P2V2
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 THE COMBINED GAS LAW EQUATION
Boyle’s and Charles’s Laws can be combined into one statement
called the combined gas law equation.
This equation is useful when V, T, and P are all changing.

Boyle’s Law Charles’s Law

P1V1 = P2V2 V1/T1 = V2/T2

For a given sample of gas: k = PV/T

Thus, P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 This is the combined gas law equation.
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 AVOGADRO’S LAW
Avogadro’s Law states that for fixed pressure and temperature,
the volume and moles of a gas are directly proportional.

V∝n

V = kn

V1 V2
=
n1 n2

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 GAS LAWS
EXAMPLE 1
A common laboratory cylinder of methane has a volume of 49.0 L
and is filled to a pressure of 154 atm. Suppose that all the CH4 from
this cylinder is released and allowed to expand until its pressure
falls to 1.00 atm. What volume would the CH4 occupy?

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 GAS LAWS
SOLUTION
Use Boyle’s Law.

P1V1 = P2V2
49.0 L (154 atm) = 1.00 atm (V2)
V2 = 7550 L

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 GAS LAWS
EXAMPLE 2
A balloon is filled with helium and its volume is 2.2 L at 298 K.
The balloon is then dunked into a thermos bottle containing
liquid nitrogen. When the helium in the balloon has cooled to
the temperature of the liquid nitrogen (77 K), what will the
volume of the balloon be?

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 GAS LAWS
SOLUTION
Use Charles’s Law. Always express T in K.

V1 V2
=
T1 T2

2.2 L V2
=
298 K 77 K

V2 = 0.57 L
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Now from the three simple gas
laws, we derive the Ideal Gas
Equation.
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