Professional Documents
Culture Documents
First Year
Second Semester
A.Y. 2021 – 2022
Midterm
Prepared by:
Introduction
The Information Age is considered a historic period in the 21st century. Characterized by the rapid
shift from traditional industry, it is also called computer age, digital and the new media age. It is marked by
a very fast growth in communication and information technology. This age holds a significant influence as
educators and learners.
The invention of the computer which gave people access to information with the touch of a button.
The internet has tuned society into homebodies and individuals who do everything from the comfort of their
homes. People do their tasks only such as shopping, paving bills, working, education, entertainment and
ordering food.
Historical Development
The information age also referred to as Computer Ages and New Media Age is a historic period in
the 21st Century characterized by the rapid shift from traditional industry.
It began around the 1970s and still going on today. This era brought about a time which people could
access information and knowledge easily. As in the field of literature, the renaissance influenced this age by
creating the idea inventions that led to modern ones.
Information Age also referred to people, information and societies that chronicle the birth and growth
of electronic information from ancient times to Samuel Morse's invention of the telegraph in the 1890s
through the development of the telephone, radio, television and computers.
(http://www.tcf.va.edu/az/thistory.outline.htm).
Some pioneers who belonged to these periods were Blaire Pascal, Alexander Graham Bell, Steven
Wozmak, Steven Jobs, Bill Gates.
Personal computers had become widespread by the end of the 1980s. They can be connected to local
or national networks. Through a device called the modern, individual users could list their computers to a
wealth of information using conventional phone lines.
The internet was developed during the 1970s. In the early days, it was used mainly by scientists to
communicate with other scientists. At this time, the internet users problem was speed. The development of
the fiber-optic hastened the rate of sending message.
In the 1990s, the world wide web was developed mainly for commercial purposes. New services were
created to sell products. Now, airline tickets, hotel reservations, books and even cars and houses can be
purchased online. Colleges and universities would post research data on the internet so students could find
valuable information without leaving their homes.
Claide Shannon is regarded as the Father of the Information Age.
The Information Age has introduced changes in the on Age has introduced changes in the different
aspects of people's lives, because of the following:
1) emergence of online companies
2) creation of economically and stimulating businesses
3) more mature and educated people
4) reshaping governments with new technologies
(https//history_of_technology.if.weebly.com)
ASSESSMENT TASKS
ACTIVITY # 1
Read the selection entitled “The Effects of Using the Facebook” them present the positive and negative effects
of using The Facebook in a tabular form.
The Effects of Using the Facebook
By Anne Gelene Tobias-Domangsang
"Think about what people are doing on Facebook today. They're keeping up with their friends and
family, but they're also building an image and identity for themselves, which in a sense is their brand. They're
connecting with the audience what they want to connect to. It's almost a disadvantage if you're not in a now."
- Mark Zuckerberg.
With the advent and the continuous development of technology comes the Internet and the emerging
issues that it brings. According to the Internet World Statistics, there are approximately 2,267,233,742 internet
users worldwide in 2012. Today, it is no doubt that such number has dramatically increased.
The purpose of the Internet has been changing from time to time. Decades ago, many people used the
Internet mainly to research and acquire relevant information that could be valuable in their fields of study
and life endeavors. It has also been used to communicate with people. Today, however, many people use the
Internet as their main source of entertainment and socialization. You can even bet that many of these Internet
users only go online to check their Facebook accounts.
It is important to learn that the Statistics Portal reports 1.44 billion monthly active Facebook users
monthly as of the first quarter of 2015. Active users are defined as those have logged into Facebook during
the last 30 days. Interestingly, Facebook users 2008 did not even reach a hundred million. But in the third
quarter 2012, the number of active Facebook users skyrocketed and surpassed 1 billion. Furthermore, as of
that quarter, the social network had 1.25 billion active mobile users.
A question remains, however: what is really the impact of Facebook in our world today?
The Facebook can be used to connect with people. Probably, all of us have found friends and
acquaintances that we would like to reconnect with in the Facebook. This has been one of the fastest way to
chat and communicate with people all over the world. We can use this social network to invite friends to an
important event, inform people of significant news in our lives, and vice versa. This has also been a very
effective way to advertise business pursuits, look for job opportunities, validate the credibility of a certain
individual or organization, be informed about important world phenomenon, search for great leisure places,
find a great educational opportunity and many more.
However, if the Facebook, renders countless benefits, it may also cause danger to users who are not
cautious and alert. For example, adding strangers, fake accounts and untrustworthy acquaintances on
Facebook may cause threat on the individual and his or her family security. If not careful, one may also be a
victim of business and other organizational scams. Other people may even believe on information and news
from unreliable sources, and cause other people to be misled by sharing such information. Pornography and
other materials that are not appropriate for young people can be accessed easily. Cyberbullying and
persecution have caused many people pain and suffering. Sometimes, opportunities for genuine face-to-face
interaction are sacrificed, and precious time is wasted.
Kimberly S. Young's research study entitled "Internet Addiction: A New Clinical Phenomenon and
It's Consequences" in 2013, tackles very critical issues that happen in reality among Internet users, in which
she explains that the Internet has great effects, not just to the students and employees, but also to family
relationships. In fact, three surprising problems among users emerged after conducting the study: (1) cyber
affair, (2) student internet abuse and (3) employee internet abuse. Social media, specifically the Facebook, play a
great role in such issues.
So, is the Facebook a blessing to the world of communications and social media? Or is it a cause for
worry among the guardians of societal ethics and morality? Is it a boon or a bane?
Well, as we reflect upon the impact of social media, it is important to remember that in the end, it is
still up us whether to use social media to our advantage or allow it to destroy us. The Facebook and other
social media can be very beneficial if used properly. It can help us connect with people and pursue great
opportunities. Pornography, cyberbullying, and other online scams will not be able to affect us if we do not
allow it to enter into our online lives. Because in the end, the nature of the internet is not really the challenge—
but the discipline of its users.
MODULE 5 - GENE THERAPY VERSUS STEM CELL THERAPY GENE THERAPY
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to:
1. define what a gene is
2. differentiate gene therapy from stem cell therapy
3. explain the importance of gene therapy in the future
4. demonstrate processes of gene therapy
5. discuss examples of genetic diseases.
Introduction
Genetic risks to health come from a variety of sources and predicting those risks "can be much more
complicated than simply assessing disease inheritance patterns.
The majority of health conditions are not related to a single genetic cause but result from a
combination of inherited and environmental influences. Our topic will highlight risk factors and provide risk
assessment tools, which can improve healthcare decision-making.
Because chromosomes and genes provide instructions for our bodies, any changes to these structures
have the potential to cause genetic diseases
structures have the potential to cause genetic disease and negatively impact health. We will discuss
the types of genetic diseases, how these dis inherited, and the potential health outcomes.
Genetic Engineering
Gene therapy involves altering the genes inside your body's cells in an effort to treat or stop the
disease, (www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/gene-therapy/about/pac-2-384619)
It involves the removal of a desirable gene from a cell, adding it to the gene structure of a bacterial
cell and replacing the recombinant DNA into the bacterial cell. The bacteria then have the capability to
produce the protein produced by the original animal or plant cell.
Gene Therapy
Knowledge of genetics is making possible new fields of health care. An example is the finding of
genes that may have mutations that can cause disease will aid in the development of preventive measures to
fight disease. Substances such as hormones and enzymes, from genetically engineered organisms may reduce
the cost and the side effects of replacing missing body chemicals.
The gene therapy has become a commonly used term in biomedical research. This process involves
the splicing of functional genes into cells that contain defective, nonfunctional genes for a particular trait.
The clinical techniques used to accomplish gene therapy are still being worked out. However, they involve
research into methods of introducing the functional genes into the person or organism affected by defective
gene. Simply, gene therapy replaces a faulty gene or adds a new gene in an attempt to cure disease or improve
your body's ability to fight disease.
Introduction
HEREDITY is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or
sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents, through heredity,
variations between individuals can accumulate and cause species to evoke by natural selection. The study of heredity is
biology of genetics. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/heredity)
Each of our gene codes contains unique protein and each protein has a separate and distinct function to
perform in the cell.
Gene Mutations
Genes are segments of DNA molecules. Any alteration of the DNA sequence is a mutation. Usually,
an individual cell's altered gene will be passed on to every cell that develops from it.
Gene mutations may be defined as being any changes in the nitrogenous base sequence of a molecule
DNA. When the base sequence of DNA is altered, the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide for which it
codes will likewise be altered. Such an alteration may affect the operation of the resulting enzyme, preventing
it from properly catalyzing its reaction and thus preventing a trait from being expressed by the cell. The
majority of gene mutations are harmful because they result in the cell being impaired from performing some
specific task. In rare cases, a mutation may result in a lethal gene that kills the cell either by producing a
substance toxic to the cell or by failing to produce a protein of vital importance to the cell.
Gene mutations are passed to every cell that arises from the mutated. If the mutation occurs in somatic
(body) tissues, its defect is limited to the tissues immediately surrounding the mutated cell. If the mutation
occurs in a primary sex cell, it passed on to the offspring that result from fertilization of or by gametes
produced from the primary sex cell. A mutation can enter the gene pool of a population and be passed on to
succeeding generations. This is known to be a cause of variation in a species.
On the other hand, DNA is a polymer made up of a repeating chemical unit known as the NUCLEOTIDE.
Thousands of the units are known to comprise a singleDNA molecule, making it one of the largest of all
organic compounds.
DNA exists in hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of different forms, depending on the precise
arrangement of nucleotides in the molecule. Its variability is the key to genetic variation in living things.
DNA nucleotides themselves are quite complex, being composed of three separate subunits:
* Phosphate group - a chemical group made up of phosphorous and oxygen
* Deoxyribose - a five-carbon sugar made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
* Nitrogenous base - a chemical unit composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Bases
found in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)
Have you ever written a secrete message to one of your friends? If so, you may have used a De to
keep the message hidden. For instance, you may have replaced the letters of the word with numbers or
separable, following a particular set of ru order for your friends to understand the message, they would need
to know the code and apply the same set of rules, in reverse, to decode it.
Decoding messages is also a keep step in gene expression, in which information from a gene is read
out to build a protein. Genetic code allows DNA & RNA sequences to be "decoded" into amino acids of a
protein. *(http://www.khanaacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-centrla dogma)
DNA Code
The chemical and structural properties of DNA are the bases for how the genetic Information that
underlies heredity is both encoded in genes (as a string of molecular bases) and replicated by means of
template. As we recall the DNA is a complex organic molecule composed of thousands of repeating
nucleotide molecules and that each free nucleotide carries with it one of our nitrogenous bases. The particular
sequence of nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine (A, T, C and G) comprise a strand of
DNA and providing the type of chemical code that is understood by the chemical mechanisms of the cell.
The DNA code is used by these mechanisms to manufacture specific enzymes and other proteins through
the process of protein synthesis
A DNA strand provides a template (pattern) for the formation of messenger RNA (mRNA). The DNA
code is transcribed (read) by mRNA as the latter is synthesized in a pattern complementary to the DNA
strand. The process by which the DNA code is transferred to mRNA code is known as transcription. | ENA
molecules, uracil (U) nucleotides are substituted for DNA's thymine (T).
Each group of the three nitrogenous bases, known as a triplet codon, provides the information
necessary to code for the insertion of a single, specific amino acid into building protein molecule. The
particular sequence of triplet codons on DNA (and transcribed to mRNA) enables amino acids to be linked
together in a specific sequence during protein synthesis.
In conclusion DNA is not merely a molecule with a pattern, it is a CODE, a language, and an
information STORAGE. (http://int.search mywebsearch.com/search/GGmain)
An essential question to be asked is: How does inheritance help ensure continuity of life?
A significant principle of biology is the concept that all living organisms possess a set of instruction,
in the form of genes, that determine the characteristic of the organism. These instructions are unique to the
species for they determine the general physical and biological traits of the group. Being unique to the
individual, coding of the specific set of characteristics that sets one individual organism apart from all others
of that species. Students should also be familiar with:
• mechanisms by which genetic traits are passed from generations to generation to maintain genetic
continuity of the species.
• molecular basis of genetics that is used to maintain genetic continuity mechanisms by which it
changes through recombination, mutation, and genetic engineering
Students should be familiar with the mechanism by which DNA replicate its structure during normal cell
operation and in the process of reproduction. The roles of DNA and RNA in the coding of cell-specific
proteins and understand the role of these structural and functional proteins, enzymes, hormones, and other
substances in the
The Genetic Code
Every organism requires a set of coded instructions for specifying its traits. For offspring to resemble
their parents, information must be reliably transferred from one generation to the next. Heredity is the
passage of these instructions from one generation to another. Discoveries in genetic science,
desxyribonuecleic acid (DNA was revealed to be the chemically active agent of the gene. DNA replicates
itself when chromosomes replicate in the early stages of cell division.
DNA is passed from generation to generation during reproduction and acts as genetic factors.
DNA interacts with the cell's chemical factory and produces the observable effects of the phenotype
when genes are inherited by a cell or an organism.
DNA regulates the production of enzymes in the cell and thereby enables the cell to perform the
complex cellular chemical reactions necessary to sustain life.
Stem-cell therapy focuses on the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. Stem cells
are a special read of cells that are capable of differentiating into more than one kind of tissue. Stem cells are
used for curing various diseases such as diabetes, arthritis, few cancers, bone marrow failure.
(http://www.remedypublications.com/annals-of-stem-cell-research-and-therapy)
Genetic engineering is a technique of controlled manipulation of genes to change the genetic make-
up of cells and more genes across species boundaries.
(http:www.omiconline.org/advancements-in-genetic-engineering, php)
MODULE 6 – BIODIVERSITY AND HEALTHY SOCIETY
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to:
1. define what biodiversity is
2. explain the impact of biodiversity on human population growth
3. apply how we can protect our environment by knowing the signs of contamination
Introduction
Our Planet Earth share trillions of varied species.
The different species of our plants and animals and the places they live is called biodiversity. All
together they give us all our needs in our life like food, clear drinking water, crisp air, medicines and provide
us our homes. Biodiversity is like a safety net.
We take into consideration, the huge variety of animals and plants in our planet Earth as threads in
the net. The more threads that adhere and intertwine, the net gets stronger, and the better nature can provide
for us and less threats for a climate change. Unfortunately, people have been disregarding the safety and
help of the net for decades. The forests were flattened to give way for farming. We have netted young fishes
until their numbers have collapsed. Wetlands were bulldozed causing floods and wreak havocs. The great
impact man has done for the great impact man has done for the very first time in human history is full
understanding of when to start mending the affected net wherein our natural w We love and depend upon.
There is still the need to reverse the losses of need to move swiftly to avoid any catastrophic change.
Destruction of Habitat
Humans have used their technologies to remove trees and other from wide areas of their natural
habitat for the purpose of creating agricultural lands, industrial Zones, roadways, or residential and
commercial developments. Humans have drained, filled, or redirected wetlands, ponds, streams and other
natural water habitats for these same purposes. Collectively known as habitat destruction, these activities
have had the effect of displacing plant and animal species important to the maintenance of a balanced
ecosystem. Human agriculture has produced a variety of negative effects due to inattention to its impact on
the natural environment. Failure to use cover crops (crops that protect soil from erosion) between planting
cycles has exposed bare soil to erosion, resulting in loss of topsoil and sedimentation of water sources. Over
cropping is the failure to allow soil to recover nutrients and organic matter content between plantings.
Overgrazing is the practice of allowing large numbers of domestic animals to graze an area too small to
support them.
In our own species, adverse health effects linked to chemical exposure are increasingly prevalent
among infancy and early childhood. These are the periods of vulnerability to environmental pollution,
because they spend more energy, require more food, water, and oxygen per unit of mass than adults, hence
young children are likely to take in and store more toxic chemicals per pound than adults. Recently, the
incidence of birth defects and diseases linked to environmental pollution has risen among children living in
environmentally-contaminated areas of the world. Childhood cancer has become the second leading cause
of childhood deaths. Other health problems being experienced today by children living in contaminated
communities include chronic lung disease and childhood asthma.
Consumption of Energy
Worldwide, industrialization has brought an increased demand for use of energy resources. It
brought both the positive and the negative effects on humans and ecosystems. The world industrialized
nations have used tremendous quantity of energy to fuel their business. Countries like the United States and
England have long been the major consumers of energy. China, formerly a light user of energy resources,
lately became a major consumer of petroleum as a source of energy to operate its growing economy
For some time, the source of energy has changed, with traditional water, wood, coal, and oil gradually
being replaced with natural gas, wind, wave/tidal, nuclear, solar, geothermal and fuel cell technologies. The
development of these energy sources often uses valuable agricultural land for the construction, storage and
transport of energy they produce.
Introduction
Nanoworld of science and technology is of great interest to governments, industries and academia.
The prefix "nano" denotes sizes of the order of one billionth of a meter. "Nanostructure science and
technology is a broad and interdisciplinary area of research and development activity that has been growing
explosively worldwide in the past few years. It has the potential for revolutionizing the way in which
materials and products are created and the range and nature of functionalities that can be accessed” (Siegel,
1999).
The history of nanotechnology traces the development of the concepts and experimental work falling
under the broad category of nanotechnology. Although nanotechnology is a relatively recent development
in scientific research, the development of its central concepts happened over a longer period of time. The
emergence of nanotechnology in the 1980s was caused by the convergence of experimental advances such as
the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985, with the
elucidation and popularization of a conceptual framework for the goals of nanotechnology.
Potential Uses
The joint Center for Bioethics in Canada ranked potential uses of nanosciences and nanotechnologies
with respect to development. The top ten uses follow (BBC News, 2005).
• Energy production, conservation and storage
• Enhancement of agricultural productivity
• Treatment and remediation of water
• Screening and diagnosing diseases
• Systems for drug delivery
• Processing and storing food
• Controlling air pollution
• Construction
• Monitoring health
• Detecting and controlling pests