CARMELITE COLLEGE OF SIQUIJOR, INC.

Tinago, Siquijor, Siquijor

6225 Philippines

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 4

Grade 12
Second Semester
A.Y. 2021 – 2022
Third Quarter

Prepared by:

JOHN LOIS VAN PEREW PEREW, LPT

Subject Teacher
MODULE 2 – AQUATIC ACTIVITIES

CANOE ARTIFACT
In 2010, a wooden dugout boat was discovered submerged and was retrieved in Lagasit River in
Rosales, Pangasinan. It is believed to be a century-old boat used by early Filipinos. It weighs more than
five tons, measures eight meters long, two meters wide at its front and its back, and a height of up to 1.5
meters. The artifact is displayed in the municipal hall of Barangay Casanicolasan, Rosales, Pangasinan.
(Visperas, 2010)

Water or aqua has a certain unique attraction to people of all ages. Children love to engage in water
to play, while adults alike would get lured to take a dip at the sight of a pool or the beach. Water, in its most
natural form, can be a great venue to relax, to workout, to have fun, to pump up the adrenaline, and to
challenge one's limits.
The Philippines, having more than 7,000 islands, is abound with natural water forms which can host
numerous aquatic activities. There is surely something to do in the different waters of our country, which
attract not only locals but foreigners as well. Aquatic activities may be done in water such as swimming and
snorkeling, on water (surface water) such as surfing and whitewater rafting, and under water such as scuba
diving.
Water has special characteristics that provide a unique environment for activities and good workout.
These characteristics include buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure, and enhanced cooling. Buoyancy is the
upward force of the water on an object. This is the reason why boats and people float on water. It also
gives a weightlessness feeling, which makes it easier to move, lift knees, or even jog in water (for some
water activities). Hydrostatic pressure, on one hand, is the pressure exerted by the water at equilibrium due
to the force of gravity. In other words, it is the weight of the water pressed down on the object. Hydrostatic
pressure is exerted on the body from all sides and this pressure, combined with buoyancy, helps keep
standing balance in water. Water, therefore, helps people who have problems with balance and
coordination. Lastly, water has enhanced cooling characteristic that transfers heat away from the body
much quickly than air given in the same temperature. This is the reason we can stay longer in water and
can tolerate longer workouts without feeling being overheated.
This module will present different activities that we can do on water. One will learn the basic skills in
snorkeling, canoeing, kayaking, and scuba diving. After going through the lessons, one will be encouraged
to live a more active life by trying the aquatic activities.

SNORKELING
One of the best but simple way to see, discover, and appreciate the intriguing underwater life is
through snorkeling. It allows one not only to grasp the amazing beauty of marine life, but swim with them as
well.
Hollow Reed 3000 Skin divers of the island Crete in the Mediterranean used hollow reeds
B.C. to breather while submerged in water as they collected sponges,
Animal skins were 9000 An ancient bas relief dating 900 B.C. depicted divers in Assyria using
filled with air B.C. animal skin fled with air to lengthen their stay underwater.
Diving Bell 300 B.C. Alexander the Great encouraged the development of the first diving
bells which was a cauldron designed to trap a pocket of air when it was
lowered into the water. This Instrument allowed divers to take breaths
without needing to go all the way up to the surface to gulp air, but it
also limited thein mobility on one of the writings of Aristotle he
mentioned divers using a lube connected to the surface to the snorkel
remarking that it worked like the trunk of the elephant.
Eye goggle from 1300s The shell of the tortoise was used to develop a gadget to protect the
shells of tortoise eye as well as to see more clearly in water. The shell was sliced very
thinly until it became translucent then polished for vision clarity. It was
then used by the Persian divers.
Hollowed tube and 1400s Leonardo de Vinci proposed and created the first contemporary
sketch of webbed Snorkel a hollow tube designed attached to the leather head helmet of
swimming gloves the diver allowing to breathe even when face was sub. merged
underwater He also had a sketch of webbed swimming gloves an idea
that led to the modern-day fins.
Wooden Paddles 1717 Benjamin Franklin came up with an idea or using Wooden paddles
attached to the hands and feet to helps swimmers swim faster.
Modern fins 1912 Modern fins were invented by Frenchman Louis de Corlieu Patent for
 this was obtained in 1933.
Snorkeling is peeking through life underneath water by swimming with the aid of a snorkel and
mask. Through snorkeling, one can observe the underwater attractions for a longer period of time, without
the need to constantly resurface to gasp for air, and with relatively lesser effort.
Snorkeling is not only used for recreational purposes. It has also been used in water-based search
by rescue teams and in water sports such as underwater hockey, underwater rugby, and spear fishing.
Snorkeling helps the overall fitness of a person. Aside from having fun under the water swimming,
doing the flutter kick and diving tones and trims the body. It works out the quadriceps, hamstrings, calves,
ankles, hip flexors, core muscles, and shoulders while swimming. Above all, snorkeling builds greater lung
capacity as one is forced to hold breath underwater for sustained periods of time. It increases the oxygen
uptake, which is a positive indicator of aerobic fitness. It is also a good cardiovascular workout as it
increases heart rate and strengthens the heart muscle.

How did snorkeling begin?

Need, creativity, and technology have allowed the ordinary hollow reed to become the modern-day
snorkel. The following timeline outlines the events that lead to modern-day snorkeling (AquaViews.com,
2010):

What are the basic equipment in snorkeling?

Snorkeling equipment went through different innovations in time. It became more refined and more
features were added and various designs have been introduced in the market.
The basic gears needed in snorkeling are the snorkel, goggles, and fins. Other essential equipment,
although optional for some, are the floating vest and rash guard.

A. Mask
The mask serves as the viewing device in appreciating the world beneath the water. Without the
mask, everything viewed underwater will be blurred or distorted. The airspace created in the mask is what
helps in seeing clearly underwater.
The nose being enclosed in the mask will have its special function in equalizing pressure during
dives. What do we mean by this? Diving underwater brings pressure on the air space in the mask. In order
to equalize this pressure, one needs to exhale a little air through the nose, inside the mask. Otherwise, one
might suffer from "mask squeeze", a condition where the soft tissues beneath the mask, especially around
the eyes, swell and discolor,
There are two most important things to remember in choosing a mask. These are fit and comfort.
Please refer to “Tips in Choosing a Mask" for more information on how to pick out the correct mask.

Tips in Choosing a Mask

Step 1: Choosing the Mask
Observe feature of face (narrow face,
high nose, etc.) and pick a mask that looks like
the features of your face.
Step 2: Testing the Mask
Put the mask on your face without
putting the strap. Look in a mirror and check
where the mask skirt lies. Is it too narrow around
the sides of your eyes? Does your nose have
plenty of room because remember when
snorkeling, water pressure will press the mask
into your face a bit.
Step 3: Do the Suction Test
Put the mask to your face without putting
the strap around the head. Let the strap rest on
top of the mask. Press the mask slightly to your
face. Inhale a small amount through your nose
to suction it to your face, then release your
hand. The mask should stay on your face. Walk
a bit, the mask should still stay. on your face
and not fall-off.
Step 4: Put the Mask on Fully
 Try the mask on with its strap around your head. The strap should sit high on the back of the head,
not resting on your ears as this might cause discomfort and pain. Having the strap lose and too tight will
both cause leak. If the mask left red line around your face when you removed the mask, then the seal is too
tight and the mask is not for you. Also, make sure that you can still easily pinch your nose so that you can
clear your ears when diving underwater.
Step 5: Snorkel-Mask Fitting
With the mask on and strapped just right, put the snorkel in your mouth and see what happens to
the seal. Some do not do this for fitting but it can change the shape of your face and break the seal of some
masks. If it does, try another mask. Source: http://www.tropicalsnorkeling. com/snorkel-mask-fitting.html
accessed November 22, 2015

B. Snorkel
The snorkel is a piece of equipment that makes it possible
to breathe at the surface while the face is submerged in water.
The snorkel is basically composed of a tube, also called the
barrel, and a mouthpiece. The tube-end sticks out of the water
while the mouthpiece goes in the mouth. The snorkel also has a
clip so it can be attached to the mask.
There are different kinds of snorkel one can choose from.
Their important differences lie in the feature or part that a
particular snorkel has or does not have.
The classic snorkel has the most basic part, the solid tube
and the mouthpiece. Sometimes, this can be bent to a specific
shape.
The snorkel with a flexible tube below the strap attachment
point is more comfortable than the classic snorkel. The flexible
tube allows the top and mouthpiece to rotate to different angles to
better fit the face. It can also drop away from the face when not in
use.
A common feature of many snorkels is the purge valve. This is a small valve just lower than the
mouth that empties the collected water that comes down the tube when one blows it out.
A splash guard prevents splashed water and spray from easily entering the tube. However, this will
not stop water from entering the tube when a big wave covers the snorkel or when one goes underwater.
The dry valve is a special valve on top of the tube that completely stops water (and air) from entering the
tube when a wave comes or when diving underwater. This way, one does not need to clear the water out
when coming back to the surface.

C. Snorkeling Fins
Water resists or “pushes back” anything moving through it. This
is the principle behind what the fins do. It is this resistance that provides
much of the propulsion created by a moving fin. When one swims, the
sole of the foot experiences resistance creating propulsion, the same
way fins encounter resistance and create propulsion as well. However,
fins are obviously wider and thus have a larger surface area than the
feet, and therefore they encounter more water and produce more
resistance, thus works better than the bare feet.
Speed and efficiency in swimming are what one gains in wearing
fins. They provide the necessary locomotion to propel effortlessly in the
water. Fins conserve more energy and, therefore, allow the snorkeler to
reach further distances. Moreover, fins may also protect the feet from
accidental contact with rocks and corals. Treading in water also
becomes easy with fins.
There are two basic kinds of fins (refer to Figure 8.1), full-foot fin
or close fin and the adjustable fin or open fin.

Figure 8.1. Basic Kinds of Fins

The full-foot fins cover the heel and are put on like slip-on shoes. They are easy to use, more
flexible, and more efficient while swimming on the surface. These are more popular among warm-water
dives.
 The adjustable fins, on one hand, are open at the heel and have adjustable straps to secure the
feet. Such fins are often used with dive boots. They are good choices when diving in cold water, as the
boots will help the feet from getting cold. The adjustable fin generally has a more rigid blade than the full-
foot fin and it can provide a more forward thrust but requires more effort to use.
In recent years, a new sub-classification has also developed in both full-foot and open-heel fins,
namely, the conventional or paddle-bladed fins and the split fins.
The paddle-bladed fins have a single, full blade while the split fin is "semi-parted" in the web,
separating the blade into two long, stiff blades.
The paddle fin gives a fast accelerating speed from the long, slow, and powerful strokes of the legs.
It also gives good control and maneuverability especially when carefully moving around corals. One can
also use a variety of kicking strokes with paddle fins.
On the other hand, it is easier to kick with split fins on. The theory behind splitting the fin is that this
design directs the water force more directly behind the fin than the paddle fin. This makes it easier for the
swimmer to propel forward. Leg stroke with split fin is also different. Instead of a long forceful stroke,
smaller and more rapid kicks are made. It is said that the split fins are better for moving forward than for
back paddling, frog kicking, turning, etc.

D. Snorkel Vests
Snorkel vests are small and inflatable, which provide more buoyancy while floating on water. This
will help in consuming less energy in moving around. However, one must take note that snorkel vest is not
equivalent and should never be used as a substitute to life vest.

E. Skin Protection
Snorkeling may require one to be under the sun for some time. In order to protect the skin from the
heat of the sun, one may use a good biodegradable sunscreen or a better choice will be wearing a long
sleeve rash guard. The shirt may also provide jellyfish sting protection. However, if insulation is needed
from the cold waters, then a wetsuit will be a better option.

F. Swimming Cap
The swimming cap is a big help in keeping hair out of the snorkel and the face as well. It will also ·
help in preventing the scalp from burning on a sunny day.

G. Mask Defogger
Mask defogger helps prevent the mask from fogging up. Be sure to choose one that is nontoxic,
biodegradable, and alcohol free for one's protection and for the protection of marine life.

How are the gears set up?

Step 1: Clean and Defog the Mask
 When masks are new, some have packing oil on them that can cause severe fogging. To avoid this,
clean mask thoroughly first with soap and water.
 Defog mask with defogging solutions. Some use different alternatives like using a little amount of
toothpaste and rubs them on the mask then washes them off. Another popular practice among
divers (which may be bizarre to others) is spitting on the mask then rubbing it around the mask
before washing it with seawater.
What is fogging?
Fogging is when the lens of the mask become hazy or obscured with tiny droplets of moisture that
are formed on the lens inside the mask. It happens when the warmer humid air inside the mask meets
with the cold lens and then condensation happens. Remember, the glass of the dive mask lens gets cold
underwater.
Step 2: Attach the snorkel to the mask by clipping the mask strap clip to the strap of the mask. The snorkel
can go on either side of the mask but most would put it to the left perhaps because scuba divers place
them on the left side.
Step 3: Put on the mask. Adjust the strap of the mask to get a good fit, which is usually done by adjusting
the strap to the appropriate notch.
Step 4: Put the snorkel on the mouth. Seal lips around the mouthpiece. Adjust the snorkel's height. Rotate
until the snorkel remains in the mouth. Make sure that the top of the snorkel is positioned at the top of the
head.
Step 5: Try on the fins. If one is using the open fin, put on the booties first and slip on foot. Adjust and
secure strap at the back of the heel. The foot should be held firmly but not so tight. In using the close fin,
just slip in the foot like putting a shoe. Some fins do not have a left foot and right foot fins while others have.
Some use a pair of neoprene socks to avoid having blisters on the feet especially at the back of ankles.

How is snorkeling done?

Test and Practice
It is best for beginners to try the gears on shallow water. This way, one can get used to wearing the
mask and breathing through the tube. While on shallow water, bend slightly at the waist and squat until the
face is submerged in the water. Relax and breathe through the snorkel while enjoying the aquatic life.
Adjust the strap when the mask is leaking water. It may be loose or too tight. Sometimes, a mask
that is too tight can cause leak as well.

Floating Position
When one feels quite comfortable using the mask and breathing through a snorkel, it is time to start
floating. Extend legs and get into the floating position with the face down. Relax and practice breathing
evenly through the snorkel. When one inhales, the body goes slightly higher in the water and goes a little
lower when exhaling. This happens because the body becomes buoyant when air enters the lungs.

Kicking to Move
The next step is learning to be comfortable with the snorkeling fins. Practice in the deeper part of
the water. Float, then do the basic flutter stroke, the most common underwater kick. This kick helps to be
efficient and fast in moving in the water. Fins should always be submerged otherwise more energy is spent,
which causes a decrease in kicking efficiency and makes one get tired easily. Hands should also be kept
on the side while swimming to reduce drag.
Another common kick used in snorkeling is the dolphin kick. In this kick, both fins should be kept
together while bending the knees and arching the back. Then, straighten the legs and back at the same
time. This will make a forward thrust.
Diving Deeper
If one wants to go a little deeper to have a better view of the marine life, one can either use the
"feet-first" dive or the "head-first" dive.

a. "Feet-First" Dive
As described by the name, the feet go down first during this dive. Tread
vertically in the water then kick upward. As the body sinks down, raise arms above the
head. Pull the knees to the chest then lower the head. This will rotate the body to a
horizontal position and swim underwater.
b. "Head-First” Dive
While at a horizontal position, kick forward, bend at the hips, and pull knees and
arms toward the chest. Thrust legs straight up and maintain a streamlined position to
glide into the water. Kick with feet to move deeper down, and then arch back for a
horizontal position.

What should be done when the following problems arise?

Water is Filling the Mask
If the mask comes with a purge valve, simply blow air out through the nose while the mask is on.
The water will be pushed out of the valve, clearing the mask. If the mask does not have the purge valve,
then simply lift head out of the water and pull the front of the mask forward. This will open a gap at the
bottom of the mask and drain the water out. While underwater, one can also clear the water. Simply press
the top of the mask to the forehead and blow out through the nose. Air will bubble into the mask pushing
the water out the bottom.

Water Entered the Snorkel

Clearing a snorkel is an important skill because it will be inevitable that water may enter the snorkel.
Waves or splashes can send water into the open end of a snorkel or when diving below the surface.
 Clear the snorkel by blowing out through the snorkel to force the water out through the top. But if the
snorkel has a purge valve, then water will exit through the valve below the mouthpiece. Another method is
the displacement clear. This is used with snorkels that have a purge valve. Begin by looking straight up
while surfacing then exhale a small amount of air into the snorkel. While ascending, the air will expand and
displace the water so that by the time one reaches the surface, almost all water will be out of the tube.

Pressure Is Felt in the Ear While Diving

Pressure builds as one dives deeper because the body's air spaces are being compressed or
squeezed by the surrounding water pressure. The pressure outside the ear's space is greater than the
pressure inside, thus giving an uncomfortable sensation in the ears and even pain as one continues to dive
deeper. To equalize this pressure, do the "pinch-blow nose" technique. How is this done? Close the mouth,
pinch the nose, and then gently blow out air through the blocked nose. A crackling sound will be heard and
one will feel the pressure subsiding. Wiggling the jaw from side to side will also make the equalization
technique easier.

What are the important things to remember while snorkeling?

To have an enjoyable adventure in snorkeling, follow and remember the following safety tips:
Stay close to the shore if you are a beginner. Some beginners misjudge their capacities and
endurance and before knowing it, they are exhausted.
Never do it alone. Always have a buddy so that whatever happens, someone is there to help you.
It is advised to have a minimum party of three. A buddy pair to lookout for each other in the water
and a shore lookout. Know where to call for help in case of emergency,
One up, one down. While diving with your buddy, one should stay on the surface while one is
underwater. In case the diver has problems, one can help or seek help.
Rain check! Always check the weather forecast and the state of the sea. Wind can cause waves to
increase, which makes snorkeling challenging to do.
Know your surroundings. Know the area where you will be snorkeling. Know the tides. Be careful
around rocky shore or some marine life that may be known to be aggressive. Know the
conservation rules and regulations.
Energy retention. Do not overestimate your limits. To avoid being worn-out, flotation device or a
simple snorkeling vest will help conserve energy.
Leave them alone! Do not touch marine life. Maintain safe distance as well. Touching them might
damage their habitats and hurt marine life. In the same way, you might also suddenly be stung,
bitten, or hurt by some marine life if you touch them. Try not to make sudden moves that will startle
them.
Are You Interested in Becoming a Dive Guide or Snorkeling Guide?
A dive guide or snorkeling guide is a certified professional who is capable of leading a group of
aquatic enthusiasts to various dive sites in the area. He is knowledgeable about the local underwater
organisms and other peculiar attractions (e.g., ship wrecks) in the area. It is the responsibility of the dive
guide to plan the aquatic activity so that the tourist will have a safe and enjoyable experience.
There are a lot of technical skills required to become a dive guide or snorkeling guide, such as
navigation, water rescue, and identification of marine animals. More importantly, the dive guide is a
skilled swimmer. It is recommended that they can swim underwater at a speed of 100 feet per minute for
extended periods of time, Diving and snorkeling are highly aerobic since the average stay at a specific
dive site is about 30-45 minutes. In this regard, dive guides should be in excellent physical condition so
that they can provide an enjoyable experience to tourists.
An adequate fitness level for this career can be achieved by performing aerobic exercises at least
three times a week. The activity should be between 30-45 minutes long and the intensity is around 65%-
85% of one's maximal heart rate. The type of activity includes swimming using a variety of strokes and
treading. Running is a good substitute on occasions when it is not feasible to swim.
A dive guide is also responsible for setting up the scuba diving equipment. A tank filled with
compressed air can weigh between 10-15 kilograms. The other equipment (e.g., weight belt and fins)
weigh an additional 2.5-5 kilograms. The dive guide should have adequate muscle strength in order to
carry this load. A regular resistance training program that involves 8-10 various exercises performed at 3
sets of 10 repetitions is sufficient to develop the appropriate fitness level.

CANOEING AND KAYAKING

A great way to explore the rivers, lakes, canals, and other bodies of water is through the use of a
boat. Canoeing and kayaking are two floating crafts that may take anyone to places in the water that are
even difficult to access by any other means.
What is the difference between kayaks and canoes?
Canoes and kayaks may be confusing to some but it is really easy to distinguish one from the other.
Kayaking and canoeing both require a paddle for propulsion and steering. The most noticeable difference is
the structure of the boats. A kayak has a covered deck, while a canoe is wide open. Kayakers extend legs
and are seated low or sometimes on the deck. It uses a double-bladed paddle. A canoer, on one hand, sits
on a raised seat or kneels on the bottom of the boat and uses a single-bladed paddle.
Historically, there are some similarities and differences in terms of the kayak and canoes' function
and in how they are built. In the early days, both boats were constructed and used for the day-to-day
economic needs, the canoe for transporting goods and people and the kayak for hunting marine life. The
materials used in the original boats also had the same source, that is,
their most immediate environment.
The word "canoe” originated from the Carib word "kenu” which
meant dugout. Canoes were originally made from large tree trunks. The
trunks were dried for months, and then the middle part was burned. After
which, the burned part was scraped away with shells. The whole process
took "one moon" or 28 days. The more well-known version of the canoe
was introduced by the North American Indians where the frame was built
from wooden ribs. The frame was covered with the lightweight bark of
birch trees and sometimes elm or cedar trees, whichever was more
available to them. The birch tree was the better choice though because it was lightweight and smooth and
most importantly, it was resilient and contained waterproofing qualities.
The oldest known
canoe, Pesse Canoe,
believed to be constructed
between 8200 and 7600
B.C. was found in the
Netherlands.
Kayaks or “qajak,"
meaning "man's boat" or
"hunter's boat" originated
from the Inuit and Aleut
tribes of Arctic North
America. Interestingly, the
early kayaks were very
individualized as each
kayak was crafted by the
user, basing the
measurements to the frame
of his body and not on any
standard. Building the
kayak was also a joint effort
of the man and his wife.
The man builds the frame
from wood or from
whalebone skeleton and it
was the wife's job to stitch
the seal skin used to cover
the frame. Whale fats were
used to waterproof the
boat. To improve buoyancy,
the natives placed air-filled
bladders of the seal in the
vessels.
The oldest existing kayaks are exhibited in North America Department of the State Museum of
Ethnology in Munich.
What are the basic parts of the kayak and canoe?
Canoes and kayaks have features that are common and unique for each one. The decking, the hull
shape, and the bottom are just few of the differences. Let us take a look at the parts of each boat:
 These illustrations are the basic parts of a canoe and a kayak. However, there are variations for
each boat. Differences lie in the length, the width or beam, the bottom shape, and the sides or profile of the
boats. Each design has its advantages and disadvantages. In the end, the choice of boat is dependent on
the kind of activity one will do.

CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTIONS

Length
The distance from the tip of
the stern to the tip of the
bow.
Longer boats are faster and move on a straight line. They also can ca
carry more people. However, these are not easy to maneuver.
Shorter boats are easier to maneuver and comparatively lighter and
easier to handle.
Longer boats are best when touring and cruising the open water. A
shorter kayak would be a better choice for smaller lakes and rivers.

Beam Generally, the wider the boat, the more stable it is. However, a narrower
kayak or canoe may be faster but less stable.
The width of the boat and is A narrower kayak or canoe is more suitable for those who want to travel a
measured at the widest part greater distance since it has speed. A wider boat is suitable for bird-
of the canoe or kayak. watching, fishing, or photography.

Bottom Shape The shape of the bottom has a lot to do with the stability of the boat.
There are three basic bottom shapes: flat, round, and vee.
1. Flat - this design has good stability in calm waters. However, the
characteristics of this boat provide the easy turning (boat spin) in rougher
water such as white waters.
2. Round - this is designed for speed and efficiency. One may feel a little
shaky when one steps in it. But with experience, one will feel that a round
shape will give the stability in most waters and it is actually easier to
propel through the water. The trade-off however is balancing the boat in
an upright position.
3. Vee - this boat is in between the flat and round bottom design boats,
thus with practice it comes with a good all-around performance.

Profile or sides of a boat 1. Tumblehome design - the sides of the boat curve inward as they
come up, which makes the beam narrower on the deck. This allows the
paddler to reach the water easily while at the same time has the stability
of a wider and kayak.
2. Flared sides - the sides curve outward (flares out) making the beam
wider. Thus, as it goes deeper in the water (cargo weight becomes
heavier), the beam becomes wider therefore giving a more stable feeling.
3. Straight sides - is a little bit of the two.
How should one choose a paddle?
Paddles are the equipment used to maneuver the boat. Single-bladed
paddles are usually used for canoes and double-bladed paddles are for
kayak. They are placed in the water as one moves the boat.
Just like the boats, paddles also come in different kinds according to
use. Choosing what kind of paddle depends on one's physique, the size of
the boat, and stroking preference.
o Wider and taller kayaks need longer paddles.
o If a person has a small build, then a shorter, lighter paddle is best
so as not to overexert oneself. As a general rule, the shortest
paddle that allows you to properly reach the water is the best.
o Another way of measuring canoe paddle is while in standing
position. Put the paddle in vertical position. Hold the grip or T-grip
and see if it is in level with your nose.
 o Wider blades give you more acceleration but must also deal with more resistance.
o Narrower blades use less effort per stroke but require more strokes.
o Curved blades increase power of each stroke.

What activities can be done when one uses the kayaks or canoes?
There are varied activities where one can use the canoe or kayak. It ranges from the more relax
paced activities like bird-watching or fishing to the extremely challenging activities on the white water rivers.
Usually, the boats are designed to fit the demands of the intended environment and activity. The activity
may be done in solo, dual, or as a group. Depending on what one would want to experience, here are some
of the paddling activities that one may choose from:
 Sea kayaking is done in open waters such as the ocean or the lake. Kayaks may be a sit-on-top or
decked design.
 Whitewater kayaking or canoeing is paddling down the whitewater rivers. A flat-bottomed boat will
help the boat spin on the water and take on the rapids for practicing various maneuvers. The
rounded bottom will involve paddling downriver from one point to a different point and usually a
distance of several miles.
 Flatwater recreation is a relaxing canoeing or kayaking where you can take a gentle paddle down a
calm river, ocean, or lake to do some sightseeing.
 Sailing is where the canoe or kayak is fitted with a sail.
 Surf kayaking is where the kayak is typically fitted with a fin, rather like a surfboard.
 Marathon racing is a lengthy race down a river using the kayak or canoe.

Aside from the boats and the paddles, what other equipment will one need?
The exact equipment differ slightly depending on one's paddling activity. But the basic equipment
aside from the boat and paddle are the following:
 A personal flotation device (PFD), such as a life vest or jacket, will help one to be afloat in case the
boat capsizes.
 A helmet that protects the head especially when paddling in rocky area.
 The appropriate clothing depending on the air and water temperature. Wetsuits or nylon-coated
jackets and pants are recommended for cold water.
 Footwear should be a lightweight canvas shoes or sturdy river sandals.
 A water bottle for rehydrating oneself. It should have a short string or rope so it can be clipped or
tied to the boat securely and will also remain with the boat even when the boat capsizes (not
becoming a liter in the river).
 Extra clothes and energy food placed in dry or waterproof bag.
 Protective gears from the sun such as sunscreen or hats.
 Whistle for emergency.
 First aid kit and duct tape for emergency situations.
 Spray skirt (for kayaking)
Sea kayaking requires more specific extra equipment as it is done in the open waters. These equipment
are as follows:
 Waterproof torch that floats
 Bilge pump and bailing device
 Distress signal devices such as orange smoke sticks and red flares
 Compass
 Spare paddle

How does one start the canoeing and kayaking adventure?

First, Learn How to Get In and Out of the Boats
For first timers, getting on a canoe or a kayak on the water can be quite challenging. The boat may
rock and cause some tilting when entering the boat. Therefore, balance is important when entering the
boat.

Getting in a Kayak:
a. Entering from the dock
 Make sure that paddle is within reach. Keep in mind that weight should be at the centerline,
otherwise the kayak will tip. First, hold the back of the cockpit coaming and feet should be planted near the
centerline. Then, lift self, with the weight mainly supported by hand, and move bottom to the cockpit.

b. Getting from the shore

Put the paddle right behind the cockpit coaming and the other end against
a rock (improvise if there is no rock, like using the paddle to get support from
bottom). Take a firm hold from the back of the cockpit coaming with the paddle
held between thumb and the coaming, while the other hand is keeping the paddle
fixed on the rock. Sit carefully over the coaming, keeping the body weight on the
feet. Lift one foot inside the cockpit and sit in. Then, raise other foot inside the
cockpit. Remember to keep the balance. Getting out of the kayak is done in the same way but in opposite
order.

Getting in a Canoe:
a. Entering from the shore (Tandem Canoe)
Put paddle in the end of the boat. Slide part of the boat in the water,
and then hold the boat so it will not float away. The person who will be
seated on the bow part enters the boat first. That person should carefully
walk down the center of the canoe, while holding the gunwales. Position self
then settle. Remember in entering the boat, keep the center of gravity as low
as possible to minimize the chances of flipping the boat over. The second
person then carefully puts one foot in the center of canoe and pushes off the
shore with the other foot while keeping hands on both sides of canoe. Then
he/she lowers self into the seat. Reverse the order when getting out.
b. Entering from the dock
When entering from the dock, the same is basically done. However,
it will be best to keep the boat parallel or horizontal to the dock. Get in the
boat one at a time, taking turns in holding the boat steadily. Remember to
always put the paddle in the end of the canoe within reach. Reverse the
order in getting out.

Second, Learn the Correct Posture

In Canoeing
The first thing to do is to relax, this way the muscles will not be too tight. While seated, lean just
slightly forward (around 5-8 degrees only) from the pelvis. The back should be straight without being
forced. Shoulder should be slightly ahead of hips, head, or neck. The legs should be slightly bent, just
enough so that you cannot push legs straight without moving on the seat. Too much leaning forward
restricts lung capacity.
In Kayaking
Good posture is key if one wants to use the body efficiently. Do not lean on the backrest but just sit
straight and relax the shoulder, opening the chest for ease in breathing. Keep legs together and feet
against the footpegs. Adjust footpegs making sure that the knees can bend slightly and spread and press
against the kayak for extra balance if necessary. Keeping legs together allows better torso rotation and
more efficient paddling.

Third, Learn the Proper Way of Holding the Paddle

In Canoeing
Holding the paddle incorrectly causes loss of power during forward stroke and
puts the paddler's body in an awkward position. Canoe paddle has only one blade. The
T-grip of the paddle should be held by top hand with full palms covering it (not holding it
around). Top hand is the hand that is higher (it may be your left or right hand). The
bottom hand holds the shaft (not the throat) of the paddle in about an arm's length down
from the other hand. The bottom hand, which holds the canoe paddle, generates the
most power while the upper arm and grip create the balance and the accuracy of the
stroke.
In Kayaking
 The recommended grip is usually the distance between the two elbows. Hold the paddle above and
center over the head. Adjust your hands so that your elbows are at right angle (See Figure 8.2).
The blade has two faces. The front has a cup-like shape that is also referred to as the power since it
creates power to move the kayak. The other side is the back face.
There are paddles for left-handed and right-handed paddlers. For instance, assume that one uses a
right-handed feather paddle. In kayaking, “right hand fixed, left hand
loose” technique is applied in using the paddle for strokes, recoveries,
and maneuvers. This means that the right hand is your control hand,
where your grip is fixed and does not change during the stroke. Your
left hand should grasp the paddle shaft loosely. This is to allow the right
hand to twist the paddle to desired angles for turning, bracing, or
rolling. Do not hold paddle too tight; it will tire the hands quickly.
Figure 8.2. Distance between Grips

Fourth, Let Us Learn the Basics of Making the Boat Move Forward
There are many strokes in paddling, but for the purpose of knowing the basics, this discussion will
focus on one stroke which is the forward stroke.

In Canoeing
Paddling forward is the most basic and important stroke as this
will bring you to places. The forward paddling in canoeing is described in
three phases: the catch, power phase, and exit and recovery.

1. Catch
Correct Shaft Angle Incorrect Shaft Angle This is the start of the
stroke where the blade enters the water. It is important to know that the
shoulder is used, not the elbow, as the axis of movement. The bottom
hand (the one holding the shaft) should be positioned at the correct
angle, see Figure 8.3. Notice the top arm in the same figure, it should
be at the level of the shoulder bent slightly and not in front of the face
or chest. The position should also be over the water on the paddling
side, not over the canoe (Figure 8.4). The position of the trunk should
be slightly forward (around 80 degrees), but one should still feel he or
she is still seated perfectly erect. Excessive leaning will wear out the
paddler faster as he/she is fighting gravity's pull and slouching will
make it difficult to use strength in the shoulders effectively.

2. Power Phase
A strong stroke is what will actually move the boat forward. In this phase, the bottom hand should
be pulling while the top arm is pressing down slightly forward. The torso rotates, thus, the paddle-side
shoulder forwards as the paddle enters the water. Simultaneously,
the blade is planted in the water up to the blade or shaft
intersection. The blade should be completely immersed at right
angles to the direction of travel (see Figure 8.5). This is what they
call “squaring the blade.” If the angle is wrong, the blade will slide
sideways. Remember, the paddler is moving the boat and not the
water. Think as if the blade is being fixed in the water and the
paddler pulls the boat past it. While doing this, the blade should be
kept close to the boat, where the inside edge of the blade is still
touching the side of the canoe. The stroke ends when the torso,
rotation brings the paddle back to the hip. From the catch phase to
the power phase stroke, the toes, leg, hip, torso, and shoulder all
work smoothly together and in coordination.

3. Exit and Recovery

The stroke is finished when body rotation is complete. At exit, the blade moves out of the water to
the side. The top hand is still high and the bottom elbow is bent to lift the blade. Take the blade forward for
the next stroke. The blade should be kept close to the water to avoid catching the wind.
In Kayaking
In kayaking, the torso and legs will do most of the work. The shoulder and arms will be used to
transfer power. Just like in canoeing, one paddles by rotating the torso while keeping the arms straight.
To start paddling, make sure that the front part or power face of
the blade is facing front. Place the blade in the water, close to the
feet and to the kayak's waterline. The lower arm should be almost
straight. The upper arm should be slightly bent, such that the
upper wrist comes a bit closer paddler's eyes. Press the stroke-
side foot firmly against the footpeg. Sink the blade into the water.
Using the muscles of the torso, get more power at the beginning
of the stroke where the paddle has just entered the water. Then,
lessen power at the end.

Keep the upper arm relaxed and hold the paddle loosely so muscles can rest. Keep the upper hand
at about an eye level and allow it to move across the body and to keep the paddle vertical. After the stroke,
move the blade out of the water and prepare for the next stoke.

What are the levels of difficulty in sea kayaking and whitewater kayaking or canoeing?
For people who are more adventurous, sea kayaking or canoeing and the whitewater rapids will
certainly give challenge.
In the open sea, the waves will bring different experiences to the kayakers. The kayaker will try to
break the waves and/or face the rolling of waves. In sea kayaking, difficulty is measured according to wind,
waves, current, tide rips, length of open-water crossing, and shoreline conditions. Taken from the book Sea
Kayak (Harbord, 2004), the following describes the levels of difficulty in sea kayaking:

Level Wind (knot = one Sea State and Waves Length of Open-Water Crossing
nautical mile (1.852
kms/hour)
Novice Conditions Calm wind Calm to rippled Travel along shore with many easy
(Minimal Risk) (less than 8 knots) landing areas

Beginner Light winds (0-11 Calm to light chop Short open crossing less than 1.5
Conditions (Low knots) nautical miles (nmi); many easy
Risk) landing areas
Intermediate Moderate winds (12- Moderate with wind waves Open water crossings | less than 5
Conditions 19 knots) near 0.5 meters nmi; intermittent landing areas
(Moderate Risk)
Advance Strong winds (near Rough sea state, wind Open water crossings greater than 5
Conditions 20 knots) waves near 1 meter, and nmi with infrequent landing areas and
(Considerable Risk) tide rips greater than 3 some with difficult landing sites
knots
The river rapids have a different scale of difficulty. The rivers are rated according to the technical
difficulty and the skill level required to traverse the river. The International Scale of River Difficulty is an
American system used to rate the difficulty of a stretch of river or a single rapid. The International scale as
described in the Safety Code of American Whitewater (American Whitewater, 2005) is as follows:

International Scale of River Difficulty

CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION

Class I Rapids: Easy ✓ Moderate to fast-moving water

Class II Rapids: Novice
✓ Waves and riffles are small
✓ Passages clear or few but obvious obstructions
✓ Little maneuvering is needed
✓ Minimal risk to swimmers
✓ Rescue is easy
✓ Easy rapids
✓ Wide channels with some obstacles but are easily missed
✓ Medium-sized waves
 ✓ Sometimes maneuvering may be required
✓ Rarely swimmers are injured
✓ Rescue is easy
Class III: Intermediate ✓ Moderate rapids, strong current
✓ Waves are bigger and may swamp an open canoe but it comes irregularly
✓ Obstacles require complex maneuvers
✓ Narrow passages are generally straightforward
✓ Scouting is recommended
✓ Self-rescue is still manageable but group help may be needed
✓ Big splashes
Class IV: ✓ Long, powerful, and strong rapids requiring accurate handling of boat
Advanced ✓ Passages are constricted by obstacles
✓ Precise maneuvering skills
✓ Scouting is necessary
✓ Moderate to high risk of injury to swimmers
✓ Self-rescue is difficult
✓ Group assistance is necessary but must possess rescue skills
✓ Eskimo roll is recommended
Class V: Expert ✓ Long, obstructed, and very violent rapids
✓ Massive waves often following one after the other
✓ Big drop, extremely congested channels
✓ Requires high level of maneuvering skills
✓ Scouting is mandatory but difficult

✓ Dangerous for swimming and difficult for rescue

Class VI: Extreme and Almost never been attempted

Exploratory Rapids Extremely difficult, unpredictable, and definitely a life hazard
✓ Rescue may be close to impossible

In the Philippines, Cagayan de Oro River has an overall classification of Class III, with Class IV
rapids in some parts. Chico River located in the province of Kalinga has Class III, IV, and V rapids.
What are the health-related benefits of paddling?
Canoeing and kayaking are activities that can range from low to high intensity levels of activity.
Paddling will work out the muscles and the heart and thus will improve one's aerobic fitness, strength, and
flexibility. Specific health benefits include:
 Improved cardiovascular fitness
 Stronger muscles and muscular endurance particularly in the back, arms, shoulders, and
chest as these are the main muscles involved in paddling.
 Development of the torso and leg strength as the strength to power a canoe or kayak comes
mainly from rotating the torso and applying pressure with your legs
What are the important things that we should always remember to be safe in kayaking or canoeing?
Know first your skills in swimming and canoeing or kayaking.
Avoid paddling alone, paddling far from coastline, or paddling in routes of ships.
Yield to safety and know where to go in case of emergency.
Always wear personal floatation device and other safety equipment.
Keep hydrated as you will be under the sun.
Check weather conditions.
Always plan ahead. This includes studying the river maps ahead of time.
Never forget to put your things in waterproof bags.
Orientations given by facilitators or leaders are important. They tell you the rules and regulations
and safety procedures. Listen and follow them well.
Equipment should be tried and always checked. Try on new or unfamiliar things and ask questions
on the proper way of using them.
SCUBA DIVING
When we say underwater world, reactions can be one or the other. What does this mean? One can
react with much excitement or with great hesitation due to fear of the unknown. Which one are you?
Whether one is excited or not, most will still feel mystified with the life and other things found underwater.
Relics of the famous Titanic ship, species of marine life; and the beauty of corals, caves, and even sunken
cities were and are being discovered underwater. Underwater diving is done either through “breath-holding"
diving (free diving) or through scuba diving (with breathing apparatus).
The development of scuba diving became possible because of people's interest and curiosity in
deep water, which motivated inventors to create safer means of going to greater depths.
Scuba diving will require certain certification or c-card for one to be allowed to dive or even to rent
the scuba equipment. In order to do so, one must take a course with a recognized diving organization, after
which the c-card may be issued. The discussion on this lesson therefore will be about providing basic
information on scuba diving, few basic scuba diving skills, and safety measures. This will give you an
advance knowledge in case you decide to get into a scuba diving course.

What is scuba diving?

Scuba is an acronym for Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus or SCUBA. Scuba diving
is a diving method where a diver uses a regulator as the breathing apparatus and a tank with compressed
air which enables the diver to breathe normally underwater. With these equipment, a diver can explore the
waters for a longer period of time and at greater depths.
Modern-day divers are fortunate to have better means of going deeper and staying longer
underwater. The beginnings of diving can be traced from using the hollow reeds as a way of staying longer
underwater. From the simple reed, more effective ways of breathing underwater were invented. The
following timeline outlines the evolution of scuba diving (US Navy Diving Manual, 1993).
1300s A simple cauldron in the shape of a bell was used where the idea was to trap the air inside the
container where the diver swims out until he or she runs out of breath then returns to the bell to
replenish air.

1690 Edmund Halley developed an improved diving bell. The diving bell with
trapped air was brought down with two people inside. The diver/explorer
outside the diving bell also use a smaller version of the diving bell on his/her
head where a tube is connected from his/her diving bell to the bigger diving bell
to get some air. The air inside the bigger diving bell is in turn replenished from
a barrel (with tube connected to the diving bell) which is brought down from the
top. This barrel is retrieved also by the diver and tugged over the bell.

1715 Englishman John Lethbridge built the “diving engine," which was an
underwater oak cylinder supplied with compressed air from the surface.

1823 Charles Anthony Deane invented the "smoke helmet" originally for firefighters. The helmet fits over a
man's head with an attached hose for supply of air which comes from the surface.

1825 William James invented the first workable, full-time SCUBA. It had a cylindrical belt around the diver's
trunk that served as an air reservoir at 450 psi.

1837 German-born inventor Augustus Siebe innovated a closed diving suit to complete the diving helmet of
Deane. The suit was connected to an air pump on the surface and became the first standard diving
dress.

1843 The first diving school was established by the Royal Navy.

1866 Frenchmen Benoit Rouquayrol and Auguste Denayrouze patented the "Aerophore," where the diver
carries a steel tank of compressed air and is connected through a valve which goes to the mouthpiece.
The tank also has a hose where fresh air is pumped from the surface. This became the forerunner of
the modern-day scuba gadget.

1876 Henry A. Fleuss, an English merchant seaman, developed the first self-contained diving gear that
used compressed oxygen and not compressed air. In his prototype of closed circuit scuba, carbon
dioxide was absorbed by a rope soaked in sodium hydroxide so that the exhaled air can be recycled or
 re-breathed.

1943 Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan redesigned a car regulator which provided compressed air to
divers in the slightest breath and later on called as the aqualung. This design has changed the
landscape of diving and remains to be what we know as the SCUBA of modern day.

Scuba diving can be for varied purposes. It can be for recreation where one undertakes it for sheer
enjoyment of experiencing marine life while observing fish and other marine animals, taking photos and
videos. Scuba diving may also be used for technical purposes such as cave diving and advanced wreck
diving. It may also be done for commercial purposes. This is done to earn a living such as those who build
underwater structures, carry out underwater maintenance, conduct surveys, or participate in salvage
operations. Another purpose of scuba diving is those done by the military or highly qualified divers who do
underwater surveillance; mine clearing; or search, rescue, or retrieve passengers of capsized passenger
ships and other sunken vehicles.

Who can scuba dive?

Almost anyone can scuba dive. However, health and age are among the basic considerations.
Age

A child as young as eight years old can start learning in shallow waters. A ten-year-old child can be
qualified to train and be certified as a Junior Open Water Diver, while a fifteen-year-old or older can apply
for an Open Water Diver's certificate (About Sports, 2016).

Health
It is important for a diver to be physically fit to be able to cope with strenuous physical task which
may happen at an unexpected time such as maneuvering through strong current to reach a dive site. They
may also need to do a long surface swim at the end of a dive. All students entering a diving class will be
asked to answer a medical questionnaire which examines their medical history. One does not need to have
an examination from the doctor, however, the instructor might need a doctor's clearance for certain medical
conditions found in his/her medical history, such as heart and lung diseases, fainting spells, vomiting,
asthma, diabetes, etc.
Temporary restrictions are also given to those with colds, flu, injured, or are pregnant. The swelling
or blockage in the eustachian tubes or sinuses for those with colds or flu may prevent adequate
equalization of air spaces with water pressure making it risky for the diver.

Disabilities
Disabilities do not hinder anyone from scuba diving. Many of the instructors can provide training
which is designed for physically challenged divers. Further, there are diving groups who aim to promote
diving among physically challenged individuals.

Swimming Skill
For enrolling in a one-day experience course, the basic requirement is being comfortable in the
water even to the deep end of the swimming pool. However, if one is earning a scuba certification from
diving trainers such as PADI, he/she has to pass the watermanship assessment for scuba diving which will
require some basic skills in swimming. Some may require to tread on water for 10 minutes, swim 200
meters, and snorkel for 300 meters without stopping. In this case, one does not need to be at a competitive
level of swimming but at least can manage with the basic skills in swimming.

What are the basic scuba diving equipment?

The diving equipment is what makes scuba diving different. It is what the divers use and carry that
allows them to be underwater for a longer time. The following are
the essential needs of every diver (Davis, 2007) and for discussion
refer to Figure 8.6:
1. Dive Mask creates the air pocket to have a clearer view of the
underwater life.
2. Snorkel is a breathing tube allowing you to inhale and exhale
through your mouth when swimming face down on water surface.
3. Regulator lets you breathe under water. It connects to your tank
and delivers air to your mouth when you inhale.
4. BCD or Buoyancy Control Device helps control the position in the water column. If air is added in an
internal bladder, then one rises toward the surface. By removing air from it, one sinks.
5. Regulator delivers the steady supply of air from the cylinder with the right pressure.
6. Octopus is the backup regulator. It usually has a longer hose and a bright yellow body so it is easy to
find and can be used by others in an emergency.
7. Weight Belt is used to counteract buoyancy.
8. SPG or Submersible Pressure Gauge shows how much of the air is left.
9. Scuba Tank contains the pressurized air which allows one to breathe and to stay longer underwater.
10. Fins provide the propulsion that makes it possible to swim with lesser effort.
11. Scuba or Wet Suit provides protection from the coldness of the water and from other elements.

Other Accessories
1. Dive Computer monitors the diver's depth, time of being underwater, and the remaining time for one to
be safely down in the water.
2. Dive Lights provides the needed light as it can be dark underwater.
3. Dive Knife is used for cutting ropes, lines, and monofilament.
4. Dive Case is used for protecting the gears while travelling.

What are the skills needed in scuba diving?

There are different skills and procedures employed from pre-diving, descending, swimming deep
under, and surfacing back.
Pre-Dive
Diving is really a new adventure as one seem to enter an entirely new world, with species that can
only be find in water. But this becomes a nightmare if certain safety procedures are not followed. The pre-
dive entails procedures that divers adhere to. There is the detailed safety check of equipment and
readiness on the diver as well. The procedures are standardized and observing it step-by-step is a must.
Pre-Dive Safety Check
A pre-dive safety check must be done before going to the water. This is performed once a diver is
wearing his/her gear and is done with a dive buddy. This is a last-minute review done on the boat just
before one enters the water. This is to ensure that all gears are properly functioning. The pre-drive safety
check is done with the dive buddy. Each one checks each other's gear and at the same time gets
familiarized with his/her dive buddy's gear. This way, each one knows how each can assist one another in
an emergency underwater.

The five steps of the pre-dive safety check (Gibb, n.d.) are as follows:

1. Check the buoyancy compensator making sure that the inflator and deflator buttons work and
that the pull strings are unencumbered.
2. Check the Weights
 Quick-release system for the weights should be visible and unencumbered
 Weight belt should be oriented as a right-hand release
 Free the end of the visible belt and it must be cleared of other gear so that it can fall away
easily when opened
 If using integrated weight system, weight pockets should be inserted securely into the BCD.
 Both divers should know how to release weights in an emergency.
3. Check the Releases
 Check the BCD's clips making sure that they are secured and that the straps are tightened.
 Tank band connecting the BCD to the scuba tank should be snapped closed. It should be
tight enough such that the tank will not slide once they enter the water.
4. Check the Air Regulator
 Regulator is functioning well.
 Check tank valve by breathing from your buddy's tank valve regulator several times, while your
buddy watches the pressure gauge needle. As long as the pressure gauge needle does not drop
significantly, then the tank valve is open.
 Scuba tanks are full (close to 3000 psi or 200 bar).
 Confirm that the regulator breathes comfortably and easily.
 Explain to buddy where the alternate air source is located and test it by breathing a few times.
5. Final Okay
 Check to see if all the gears are in their proper places.
After all the equipment have been checked, the diver should also be prepared before going
underwater. This is done through the five-point descent. The procedure is as follows:
1. Signal (thumbs down) to descend and wait for acknowledgment from buddy.
2. Orient to some surface object for reference. The most exact way for a diver to orient himself is by
using a compass.
3. Remove the snorkel and replace it with the regulator mouthpiece.
4. Time-check: the timing device must be set. If using a diver's watch, then set the watch bezel or
record start of dive. If a computer is used, divers should make sure that the computer is turned on
and ready to record. 5. Deflate the BCD just enough so that one slowly begins to sink and exhale to
help self in descending Equalize the ears (pinch-blow nose technique). This will help me
subsequent equalization. Keep BCD inflator at hand in order to add air to BCD as you descend.
5. Feet first in descent or at least the head is above the feet to remain oriented.

Descending
Descending to water should be done in a slow and controlled way; this is what they call the
controlled descent. It is using the lungs to descend and the BCD for making oneself neutrally buoyant. Why
is this important? It serves as preventive measure to stay safe. Specifically, it is for the following reasons:
1. If ear equalization problem arises and cannot stop descent, there is the risk of an ear barotrauma
or an injury in the ears.
2. A diver must be able to descend slowly so as not to land on the bottom. We have to remember
that a gentle fin kick can injure corals or other aquatic life, destroy some delicate historical
information on a shipwreck, or can stir up sediment that will cause visibility reduction.
3. A diver should be able to stay close with his buddy during descent. A diver who goes ahead of
his/her buddy will not be able to assist a buddy who is making a slower descent.
4. Slower descent makes the dive more enjoyable and not stressful.

The following steps will ensure a completed descent:

Step 1: Understand the Use of the Buoyancy Compensator Device (BCD)
The BCD is used for buoyancy control, not a means for one to ascend or descend; otherwise, it will
further lead to loss of buoyancy control. Adjust the BCD to achieve neutral buoyancy. Deflate BCD to
compensate excessively positive buoyancy and inflate to compensate excessively negative buoyancy
Positive bouyancy is when the person moves up while negative buoyancy is when the person moves down.
Neutral buoyancy is achieved when the person does not go up or down.
Step 2: DO NOT deflate All the Air from the BCD to Begin the Descent
To control descent, establish first neutral buoyancy at the surface. This is done by deflating the BCD
little by little until one floats at the mask-level (with lungs full of air) and sink a little when one breathes out.
Do not deflate the BCD hastily as this will make one plunge downward like an anchor. With practice, one
will learn to deflate the BCD exactly to a point in one shot.
Step 3: Exhale Fully to Begin Your Descent whole to begin descent.
This will take practice. Exhale all the air out of the lungs slowly and then hold the air out of the lungs
for a few seconds. The exhaling should take around 10 seconds. Expect to slowly sink near the end of the
ten seconds. If one finds himself back at the surface, then deflate the BCD a little more and do the process
again.
Step 4: Re-Establish Neutral Buoyancy
Allow oneself to descend downward until one feels he/she no longer control buoyancy with lungs. It
means that even when inhaling, he/she still continues to sink, indicating that he/she is no longer neutrally
buoyant. Remember, the goal is neutral buoyancy. Thus, when one continues to sink, inflate BCD just a
little or inhale to rise slightly. Take some time to find this point of neutral buoyancy.
Step 5: Regroup
After a few feet of descent, re-establish neutral buoyancy. Then, check ears and properly equalize.
Check depth gauge and orient oneself if one is approaching or has reached the intended depth. Also,
check the dive buddy.
Step 6: Reaching the Destination
Descend by exhaling once again until one has reached the intended depth.
Ascending

When one is ready to end a dive, do the following:

1. Signal buddy and begin the ascent together.
2. Begin ascent while there is still sufficient air remaining in the tank. (Never wait until air supply is
exhausted.) 3. Go slowly. Check watch and depth gauge or dive computer and ascend with the rate
of 30 feet per minute rate, although US Navy Dive Tables allow a maximum ascent of 20 feet or 18
meters per minute.
3. Breathe continuously when ascending; do not hold breath.
4. Make a safety stop when one reaches 15 feet for 3 to 5 minutes. A safety stop allows time to
eliminate nitrogen from the body, thus decreasing the risk of decompression sickness.
5. Extend one hand over head, look up at the surface and slowly rotate 360 degrees as one ascends.
6. Drift slowly to the surface. When on surface, inflate BCD and make the signal. Re-enter the boat.
How do we communicate underwater?
Communication is very essential among divers, and the best way for them to communicate is
through hand signals. The Recreational Scuba Training Council agencies came up with a set of hand
signals of universal use. These signals are taught to every diving student and must be practiced and
mastered. The following are the common dive signal as released by Recreational Scuba Training Council,
Inc. (RSTC) in 2005:

“Stop” “I am going “I am going “Which

up.” “End of down.” direction?”
dive” (ascend) (descend)

The “okay” signal Okay

is a “demand- signal
response” signal, when
meaning that if wearing
one diver asks gloves.
another diver if he
is okay, he must respond with
either an “okay” signal or the Okay signal when on the
communication that something surface at a distance. Okay signal when on surface
is wrong. and one hand is occupied.

“Something “Distress” “Turn “Hold

is wrong.” or “help around” hands”
me!”

“Out-of- “Get with “Who “Level

air” your buddy” will lead, off at
who will this
follow” depth”

“Take it easy “Danger in “I am cold.” “Watch or

or that look”
slowdown” direction”

“Boat” “I cannot “I have cramps.” “I am stuck.”

clear my
ear.”

Where can one enroll to earn a diving certificate?

The more popular diving institutes are the Professional Association of Diving Institute (PADI) and
Scuba School International (SSI). Most scuba sites or resorts in the Philippines have an SSI or PADI
Center with instructors who can give the basic training while at the resort. Other centers are also located
within the city. This can easily be searched through their websites.
After the diving course and having passed the test, a diving certificate or C-card will be given. It is a
certificate which recognizes your training skill level certified by a recognized diving training school. This
certification is usually required when booking a dive trip, renting scuba equipment, or even filling diving
cylinders.
What are the health-related benefits of diving?
Diving on a regular basis improves and maintains the general fitness and stamina level. Exercising
in water is very effective because of the water's natural resistance against our bodies. It improves cardio-
vascular performance and is translated into reduced risk of heart attacks, strokes, and circulatory problems
and ailments in general.
Muscle tone and strength are also improved due to the movement through the water and the
physical effort of carrying equipment such as the weight belt and diving gear.
What are the safety reminders in scuba diving?
The Divers Alert Network or DAN (n.d.) described important reminders especially for new divers.
They are summarized as follows:
 Before Diving
Make sure you are fit to dive.
 Always listen to instructor or dive guide.
 Plan your dive depth, time, and safety stop with your buddy.
 Choose dives that match your skills.
 Check equipment thoroughly.
During the Dive
 Breathe normally all the time-never hold your breath
 Equalize your ears frequently as you descend.
 Stay aware where your guide and buddy are located.
 Keep an eye on your air gauge.
 Dive within the limits of your dive computer and no deeper than 40 meters.
 Do not overexert yourself.
 Do not touch anything.
 Always ascend slowly from every dive.
 Listen to inner voice. If you feel you have exceeded your comfort level, then abort dive.
 When finishing descent, establish neutral buoyancy, ensure that ears are ok, check your air and
depth, tighten your weight belt if necessary, and communicate with your buddy that you are ok.
 Watch your ascent rate on all dives.
 Make a safety stop.
After Dive
 Stow all gear away on the boat.
 Debrief with guide and buddy and discuss what you can improve on the next dive.
 If you feel something strange, let others know.
 Do not fly until at least 18-24 hours. Flying is a pressurized environment and can cause
decompression sickness if nitrogen has not dissipated from body.

LET'S DO THIS!

Activity 1: Choosing Snorkeling Equipment

You are going to snorkel for the first time and you were also given a budget by your parents to buy
all the necessary equipment for snorkeling. You went to the sports store and saw so many choices of
masks, snorkels, and fins.
1. How will you choose your mask?
2. What features of the snorkel will you be looking for? Why?
3. What kind of fin will you be buying and why?

Activity 2: Best Snorkeling Places in the Philippines

What are the top snorkeling spots in the Philippines? Surf the Internet and pick one snorkeling spot.
Create a short ad about the place. Make sure you will be able to convince your classmates and teacher that
the place you have picked out is indeed a snorkeling spot for them to go to. Get ready to present your ad to
the class. Be creative with your ad and in your presentation.
Activity 4: Inspiration Song in Canoeing and Kayaking

Search for a song, local or international, that was perhaps inspired by a canoeing or kayaking
experience. Write down the lyrics and may be record it in your phone. Be ready to sing it or let the class
listen to it.

Activity 5: Scuba Diving Adventure

Let us pretend that today you are going to scuba dive. It is an activity that you and your friends have
long been planning. Write a short story of what it might be like to scuba dive. How was it like wearing the
scuba gear? How did you feel before the dive or while you were descending. What marine animals did you
see? What colors were they? Was there a problem along the way? Daydream and run your imagination.
Let your creativity run.

Activity 6: Diving Spots in the Philippines

We have the top diving spots in the world. Research at least five diving spots in the Philippines. You can
even ask friends who have experienced diving. Get the following information:
a. Location
b. Diving centers present in the area
C. Marine species that can be seen in a particular diving spot
After going to several diving spots, given a chance, which among the five places that you
researched would you want to go to? Why?