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DOI: https://dx.doi.org/

Energy-Efficient Fertigation Systems using Mesh Wireless Sensor Network for

User Acceptance Satisfaction

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract:
Abstract— Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs) has been widely applied in various agricultural
application. The advancement of wireless communication and the internet makes WSNs deployment viable,
especially in precision agriculture. Fertigation is a farming technique that maximizes crop yield through the
controlled application of water and fertilizers. A fertigation system has been widely applied in a soilless
system, where substrates and media such as rock wool, perlite, vermiculite, or peat are used. This research will
discover the best practice in sampling data and, at the same time, will manage user satisfaction towards energy-
efficient fertigation systems. Intelligent DSS application will observe, organize and analyze the collected data
and autonomously manage such as irrigation system and scheduled tasks. To evaluate the satisfaction level,
this study used the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) to measure the adaptability of user acceptance toward
intelligence fertigation systems using a mesh wireless sensor network. The final results show that the proposed
algorithm shows that the user satisfies the video selection by altering the video attributes.

Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, fertigation system, Mean Opinion Score.

I- Introduction:
The advancement of technologies for wireless sensor networks has improved quickly over time. Sensors
and nodes are ubiquitous devices that continuously monitor ecological events across a large region. With the
The numerous radio frequency (RF) modules, CPUs, and sensors make up battery-powered WSNs. The sensor
nodes or motes can connect wirelessly over a communication link. They can pass their data to a base station
or coordinator node by interacting with a gateway. Combining sensors from superficial sensor nodes is
necessary for communication between sensor nodes (i.e., wetness, density, and temperature) to complex,
thereby allowing WSNs to display various settings to gather accurate information from the field [1]. As a
result, the sensor node's storage, processing, and communication abilities of WSNs have consistently
improved. [2].
WSNs are in use as efficient methods to boost agricultural output. As a result, WSNs have been
employed in various agricultural applications, such as monitoring the climate and predicting crop health and
product quality by using information about soil nutrient levels. By observing weather conditions (such as
temperature and humidity) and soil moisture, WSNs can forecast suitable irrigation plans. To increase the
agricultural monitoring system's parameters and make the network scalable, additional sensor nodes can be
added to the current WSN. However, various barriers have prevented using WSNs in agriculture with the
obstacle of user satisfaction, such as determining optimum deployment schemes, measurement periods, routing
protocols, energy efficiency, cost, communication range, scalability, and fault tolerance. Users often have
difficulty catering to all these situations since the automation of WSN, some can be catered to, and some case
is improbable to handle. Still, many considerations contribute to the influence of the selection as the choice of
user acceptance resulting from WSN and energy-efficient fertigation systems. Energy-efficient fertigation
systems use various techniques, including sleep and wake strategies, radio optimization, data mitigation, and
routing protocol, in order to reduce energy consumption.
This paper defines WSN in user acceptance as the degree of user perspective concerning the energy
acceptance and energy-efficient fertigation systems quality depending on the situation research question (RQ).
Also, user acceptance establishes a quality level as perceived by the user and a particular element constraint
(e.g., user acceptance towards output, satisfaction level of services). The International Telecommunication
Union (ITU-T) defines user acceptance as the total acceptability of an application or service, as assessed
subjectively by the end-user, in line with the criteria of user approval towards an energy-efficient fertigation
system (ITU, 2008). Intuitively, user acceptance governs the critical element of acceptability based on the
method used to collect data related to energy-efficient fertigation systems and WSNs.
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This study also acknowledged that many factors could frequently impact change throughout the analysis
course, meaning that a WSN in the user acceptance model capable of delivering estimated results would be
ideal. As noted in the previous section, this paper aimed to address three significant issues.

1. Which factors can influence energy-efficient fertigation systems for user satisfaction?
Indicate the Research Question 1 (RQ1) element of the critical issue 1.

2. How can energy-efficient fertigation systems for user satisfaction utilize those factors in frameworks
or models to forecast expected output?
Indicate the Research Question 2 (RQ2) element of the critical issue 2. RQ2 connotation from the RQ1.

3. How can the energy-efficient fertigation systems for user satisfaction state the research spectrum and
limitations based on framework or models to sustain the impact of WSNs towards future farming
effectively?
Indicate the Research Question 3 (RQ3) element of the critical issue 3. RQ3 is both related to RQ2 and
RQ1.

First and foremost, the user's needs for these three RQ of energy-efficient fertigation systems must be
met. However, the selection must be catered to classify energy-efficient fertigation systems elements with on-
field experimentation. Besides the user acceptance of energy-efficient fertigation systems, the algorithm will
adapt the energy-efficient used in the fertigation systems in mobile data capture sessions. This algorithm will
be implemented in the profiling phases of user testing. This element's overall objective is to generate a structure
for energy-efficient fertigation systems that will benefit the end users. The rest of the paper is structured as
follows. Section II presents the proposed framework that caters to user satisfaction and energy-efficient
fertigation systems. Section III delivers information about the proposed energy-efficient in profiling algorithm,
and Section IV defines the testing environment and research spectrum limitation. Lastly, conclusions are drawn
in Section V.

II – Mesh Energy-Efficient Fertigation Systems User Satisfaction (MEEFSUS) Framework

Propose
Numerous studies have highlighted the use of WSNs as a solution to the power consumption issue in
the agriculture area. In earlier studies, the power consumption of sensor nodes in WSNs was reduced by
suggesting energy-efficient strategies. The energy-efficient programs used in agriculture are divided into two
groups in this review: power efficiency and user acceptance satisfaction. These strategies can also be further
investigating agriculture WSNs' power usage. A proposed MEEFSUS framework that takes into account the
user's preferences, consuming style, computer, communications environment, and usage context caters to
choosing, producing, or altering information to outfit or adapt it to those factors. [1],[3]. These papers present
an overview of structure adaption that classifies the selection of suitable energy-efficient fertigation systems
using the Mesh method. Nevertheless, the primary issue requires technical constraints to familiarize fertigation
systems with user preferences [9]. All the WSNs, and energy-efficient fertigation system conditions must meet
user satisfaction during any research session.
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Initial Phase Data Gathering Phase Data Analysis Phase

Crop Field (A) Crop Field (B)

ZigBee Transceiver

Data

Wireless Microcontroller
Sensor Node 1 Data Sensor Node 2 Data
Transfer User Analysis Profiling

Data Data
Actuator User Profiling

Sensor Node 3 Data Sensor Node 4

Data Processing
Gateway

Data Profiling
Data
Crop Field (C) Crop Field (D) Information
Cloud Services
(Classic)

Figure 1. Mesh Energy-Efficient Fertigation Systems User Satisfaction (MEEFSUS) Framework

Figure 1 shows this research paper's Mesh Energy-Efficient Fertigation Systems User Satisfaction
(MEEFSUS) Framework. This proposed framework has several phases: the initial phase; the sensor node is
implemented in the croup field; the data gathering phase; wireless data transfer to the Zigbee transceiver and
microcontroller, actuator, and data proceed to a gateway to the cloud. The next phase is the data analysis phase;
where data proceeds with the post-user acceptance experiment setup.
The first phase is the initial phase where crops are divided into four sections, crop field (A), crop field
(B), crop field (C), and crop field (D). the node sensor is implemented on each zone of crop field (A - D) with
sensor node 1 in crop field (A), sensor node 2 in crop field (B), sensor node 3 in crop field (C) and finally
sensor node 4 in crop field (D). Every data in this crop will be transferred with wireless capturing routing to
the Zigbee and microcontroller receiver. This phase is an example of farm field-based WSNs during the
executed experiments. Metadata from the next phase, the data gathering phase, will be passed to the actuator
and proceed to the cloud services. Wowza Server, Google Cloud Service, and Microsoft Azure were selected
as the user data content repositories for this study. For the particular setting the node metadata used in the
Azure cloud services.
The user acceptance setup is the final stage that continues simultaneously. At this stage, user data
collected through crowdsourcing will be utilized for profiling experiments, including energy-efficient
fertigation systems and user data collection. In order to obtain MOS results, this assessment was carried out
based on user demographics. As a result, two steps are carried out: preliminary setup and results. In general,
the subjective method for MOS on user acceptance profiling consists of four steps. (Ghadiyaram et al., 2019).
In the early setup, the control stage determines whether respondents will participate in the study.

Data Profiling Experiments

Cloud
Store Requesting Sent Data

Data User Acceptance Analysing

Server Data
Profiling

Figure 2. Data Profiling Experiment for User Acceptance Preferences

This stage will be done using apps that run through the server. Figure 2 illustrates this process further.
The initial information about respondents involved in the investigation will be collected for data processing.
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For this purpose, the demographic of the respondent is random. However, the various testing sample is divided
into groups (gender, age) (Ghadiyaram et al., 2019). At this point, a user's demographic will be ascertained.
The reliability testing will be conducted after the user data selection. The Alpha Cronbach reliability test will
be carried out to confirm the validity of the dependable initial result for the following phase. This study goes
along with the standardization bodies (e.g. ITU) reference Mean Opinion Score (MOS) for determining the
user’s acceptance level. The MOS scored 1 (Imperceptible), 2 (Perceptible but not annoying), 3 (Slightly
Annoying), 4 (Annoying), and 5 (Very Annoying). Table 1 shows the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) for
determining the user’s acceptance level.
The dependability is negligible if the test results are less than 0.6. When using a MOS survey, Alpha
Cronbach tests determine the reliability of the survey questions (Som et al., 2017). For the purposes of the
subjective method testing in this pilot study, the number of male and female respondents is equal. Both genders
provide the 10-sample, and the Alpha Cronbach alpha value is 0.72.

Table 1. Mean Opinion Score (MOS).

MOS Quality Impairment
5 Excellent Imperceptible
4 Good Perceptible but not annoying
3 Fair Slightly annoying
2 Poor Annoying
1 Bad Very Annoying

In user acceptance profiling, specific algorithms will be running through, and this algorithm will be the
test level of user satisfaction towards establishing an energy-efficient fertigation system. The final stage is the
execution phase, when both data are analyzed, and the profiling procedure is carried out after both steps have
been finished. The user profiling implementation includes a list of potential predicted variants. The analysis
will not cover other in-depth energy-efficient fertigation system issues related to the other WSN's qualities.

Propose Algorithm
The proposed algorithm is derived from the general profiling method of user profiling sampling. Data
collection using a cloud application requires certain stages: metadata capturing on devices, user preferences
applications, and network capability. Regardless of all the elements, the catered experimentation relies on a
stable connection during the experiment execution. The algorithm is one of the most important components
between these levels. The use of a streaming element in this section also requires the construction of an
appropriate algorithm. [3], [17], [18]. Before the execution of the algorithm, initially, this study need to discuss
the equation for energy-efficient modeling that has been used. The equation is described as follows:
𝛿𝑝(𝑎) 𝛿𝑚(𝑛)

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = [ ∑ (𝑃𝛿𝑎) + ∑ (𝑀𝛿𝑐)]

j=δc+1 j=δc+1

where, energy-efficient user profiling determines the elements involved during the experimentation,
𝛿𝑝(𝑎)
such as device capability constraints, network, and services. ∑j=δc+1 (𝑃𝛿𝑎) is the preferences parameter of the
𝛿𝑚(𝑛)
user acceptance with the MOS analysis. The next element ∑j=δc+1 (𝑀𝛿𝑐) is the node parameter of an energy-
efficient element such as sleep and wake strategies, radio optimization, data mitigation, and routing protocol.
Algorithm 1 shows the energy-efficient user profiling algorithm for experiment sessions. Energy-
efficient user profiling equation will be implemented in algorithm 1. In line 1, the input parameter begins
executed with the selected parameter node {ua(1) = u1, ua(2) = u2, ua(3) = u3,………….. ua(n) = un} and ua(n) is
defined as the number of user acceptance selection test running in the algorithm. This algorithm will routinely
check the CPU and memory use of the device before the experimentation begins and at the end of testing.
During testing, the user node parameter will represent feedback from users. Line 3 carried out the other node's
session's active application.
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Algorithm 1: Energy-Efficient Algorithm for User Acceptance

1. INPUT: ua(n) node, χδ, dev_cap; //input node parameter
2. BEGIN
3. Initialization (χ) //initial running system check
4. V  0 // data execution session starting
5. {
6. Enable
7. IF (𝑃𝛿𝑎 node < Min (𝑀𝛿𝑐) THEN //if the user acceptance is low
8. { adjustment of user accpetances}; // MOS attribute high
9. ELSE IF (𝑃𝛿𝑎 node =< 𝑀𝛿𝑐) THEN //if the user acceptance maximum
10. { level of MOS}; // then MOS attribute accepted
11. ElSE IF (𝑃𝛿𝑎 == Min && Med && Max (𝑀𝛿𝑐)) THEN //if the node attribute match the user acceptance
12. { Execute energy-efficient user profiling }; //then matching energy and user acceptance
13. }
9. RETURN 0;
10. END

In line 3 also, the system checks on the initial running application related to an algorithm. This algorithm
is implemented in the Android platform because it is appropriate since the Android platform is open source,
and it can be controlled, distorted, and modified easily in terms of algorithm alteration and modification for
experimentation [19], [20], [21]. The following step process initialization of algorithm execution where V  0
state the data execution session starting.
In line 7, (𝑃𝛿𝑎 node < Min (𝑀𝛿𝑐) is specified as the constraint to the tested user if the node parameter such
as MOS demographic capability. In algorithm 1, the setup alteration for the user (𝑃𝛿𝑎 node) and the user
acceptance is low selection. In line 8, the adjustment of the user acceptance is below the low matric of MOS,
so the adjustment of either high or low selection is acceptable since it is below the MOS matric. If the user
selection over acceptance is high (𝑃𝛿𝑎 node =< 𝑀𝛿𝑐) user parameter result will not be changed depending on
node classification, and MOS is acceptable. In line 11, IF (𝑃𝛿𝑎 == Min && Med && Max (𝑀𝛿𝑐)) will state
the node attribute that matches from the user MOS acceptance and the profiling of energy-efficient can be
executed, and the data from user preference will be collected for analysis later.

III Experiment Setup and Results

A. User Profiling
User acceptance setup begins with selecting the user profiling demographic for experimentation. Since
many nodes are accessible in the user profiling setting, this study classifies the user profiling setting based on
the respondent region characteristic.

Table 2. User Profiling Demographics for MOS Experiments

Random Respondents RQ1 RQ2 RQ3
Number of Low Energy Data (Leδ1) Medium Energy Data (Meδ2) High Energy Data (Heδ3)
Farmer Respondents (G1)
Male = 10 ∑ μ = 2.8 ∑ μ = 3.4 ∑ μ = 4.4
Female = 10 ∑ μ = 2.5 ∑ μ = 3.1 ∑ μ = 4.5
Age of Respondents
Male μ = 35.8 μ = 26 μ = 27.5
Female μ = 36.2 μ = 25.5 μ = 26.3

Number of Low Energy Data (Leδ1) Medium Energy Data (Meδ2) High Energy Data (Heδ3)
Farmer Respondents (G2)
Male = 10 ∑ μ = 2.7 ∑ μ = 3.6 ∑ μ = 4.2
Female = 10 ∑ μ = 2.3 ∑ μ = 3.3 ∑ μ = 4.2
Age of Respondents
Male μ = 36.8 μ = 26 μ = 27.5
Female μ = 34.3 μ = 25.5 μ = 26.3

Number of Low Energy Data (Leδ1) Medium Energy Data (Meδ3) High Energy Data (Heδ3)
Farmer Respondents (G3)
Male = 10 ∑ μ = 2.8 ∑ μ = 3.8 ∑ μ = 4.1
Female = 10 ∑ μ = 2.3 ∑ μ = 3.7 ∑ μ = 3.9
Age of Respondents
Male μ = 25.8 μ = 26 μ = 27.5
Female μ = 26.2 μ = 25.5 μ = 26.3

∑μ:totalnumber of average; μ: average/mean; R: region/area;

In the Table 2, the number of demographic respondent for user profiling demographic for MOS experiments.
The total respondent for male is 30 respondents in three saperate R1, R2 and R3. In addition, 30 female
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respondents were also in three different regions. For the experiment of Group 1 (G1) respondents, the R1
testing the Low Energy Data (Leδ1) is 2.8 male MOS score. While for the R2 testing Medium Energy Data (Meδ1)
the MOS score is 3.4, the final R3 testing High Energy Data (Heδ1) depict the MOS result of 4.4. The female
respondents R1 testing Leδ1 resulted in a 2.3 MOS score. Moreover, for the R2 testing, Meδ1 of the MOS score
is 3.4, and the final result of MOS R3 testing Heδ1 is 4.5. The experiment of Group 2 (G2) respondents in the
R1 testing the Low Energy Data (Leδ1) is 2.7 male MOS score. While for the R2 testing Medium Energy Data
(Meδ1) the MOS score is 3.6, the final R3 testing High Energy Data (Heδ1) depict the MOS result of 4.2. The female
respondent, R1 testing Leδ1 result, is a 2.3 MOS score. Moreover, the R2 testing Meδ1 of the MOS score is
3.3, and the outcome of the MOS R3 testing Heδ1 is 4.2. Next is the experiment of Group 3 (G2) respondents.
The R1 testing the Low Energy Data (Leδ1) is 2.8 MOS score. While for the R2 testing Medium Energy Data
(Meδ1) the MOS score is 3.8, the final R3 testing High Energy Data (Heδ1) depicts the MOS result of 4.1. The
female respondent R1 testing Leδ1 result is 2.3 MOS score. Furthermore, for the R2 testing Meδ1 of MOS score
is 3.7 and the final result of MOS R3 testing Heδ1 is 3.9.
Additionally, this approach considers elements that directly impact the user's perception of the profiling
experience (e.g., received data, conversational, and data quality). There is a wide-ranging variety of direct
metrics, the most relevant metrics in data quality assessment [24]. The testing will establish the potential
outcome for energy efficiency during data transfer and profiling and have control over the attributes supplied
to them. The potential effect is a dynamic network environment switching between wireless and LTE 4G. This
enables uninterrupted connection stability throughout the data profiling session. A second possible result
would be during the experiment session if the user did not alter attribute control. The testing profiling will state
lower energy usage by giving the user a view of the medium-low WSNs node for saving energy. Nevertheless,
this condition won't entirely cover energy-efficient sections, as this research aims to satisfy the user based on
the profiling data of user satisfaction. The next step is to set up the experiment for input subjective methods
from respondents profiling and the outcome.

B. Setup
The simulated environment is the first step in the experiment's setup. The first experiment's foundation
is the uninterrupted use of the test site space for testing. The network cloud server (Azure Server) for the
streaming session is the first step in the setup. Because of the stability and lack of complicated design required,
this choice was made. Additionally, it will be less expensive than purchasing a server outright, and developers
must configure the experiments for the profiling data process. Figure 3 describes the flow of the
experimentation.

Data Input Data Process Data Output

Network
Cloud Server
Device Energy Data

User-profiling Setup Energy-Efficiency Result

Figure 3. The profiling setup process for the MOS experiment.

Data from the data input will be processed into the data processor with the user-profiling procedure.
This node sampling will be inserted into this server for testing purposes. The WiFi interface must then be set
up for the trials with a reliable connection. Through the chosen network, the sampling rate of data transport
for transcoding will be concealed at 3 to 5 Mbps back and forth depending on WSNs router speeds. The
duration of the data sample is 10 to 30, transferring for collected energy data. User-profiling node in data
profiling is divided into used devices as a node and the profiling setup. The data output captures the
respondent's result, while other elements will capture the energy usage in the node device's resources. After
the data for energy-efficiency result is obtained, the next step is modeling the data analysis.
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Modeling Data Analysis

Three fundamental aspects have been chosen for modeling data sampling based on the RQ1, RQ2, and
RQ3 in order to accommodate the sampling method in RQ : This modeling data component can be represented
as follow:

R(𝑚) = 1𝑚1× …×(𝑛 − 1)𝑚𝑛−1×𝑛𝑚𝑛

A list of potential influence predicted solutions were employed in the decision-making respondent's subjective
analysis. It is possible to develop all possible impact-predicted solutions. The steps that must be taken in order
to use the proposition are as follows:
The computation equation above, where n is taken into account as the number of potential influence
predictive solutions accessible for a particular characteristic, and m is a number of features that have specific
n, limits the number of routes R(m) that can be constructed.

Step 1 - Basis: The resulting rule contends that if two tasks do a procedure (let us say there are n1 and n2
ways to do tasks 1 and 2, in that order), there are n1 x n2 ways to do the procedure.

Step 2 - Initial: For any positive integer m, let R(m) be the product rule for m = RQ attributes. For the basic
case, take m = 2 (this refers to the resulting rule for two tasks = RQ). Now assume that P(m) is true.
Consequently, P(0) = 0 is true.

Step 3 - Inductive: Consider (m+1) RQ attributes. t1, t2,….,tm , tm+1, which can have n1, n2,…, nm, nm+1 ways,
respectively. By the resulting rule of two RQ attributes, the number of ways to do this is the resulting
(multiplicity) of the number of ways to do m tasks, including nm+1. By the inductive hypothesis, this is n1 x n2
x … x nm x nm+1, as desired.

Step 4 - Associate basis: If n1= n2, n1 x n2= n2 (in this way, group the RQ attributes with the same number
of RQ together). Similarly, if n1= n2, n1 x n2 x nmx nm+1 = n2 x nm x nm+1 is true. From the experiments, the final
possible influence of predictive solutions can be defined as follow:

RQ1 = {RQ1(a), RQ1(b) , RQ1(c)}

RQ2 = {RQ2(a), RQ2(b) }
RQ3 = {RQ3(a), RQ3(b) }

The next step is establishing the list of possible solutions attributes. There are three possible solutions for
RQ1, two possible solutions for RQ2, and two possible solutions for RQ3. It can be calculated using the equation
below as follow:

P(0) = 101 x … x (3-1)0(3-1) x 301

P(0) = 1 x (2)2 x 31
P(0) = 12

From the calculation, there are 6 to 12 possible influence predictive outcome variations. The parameters
RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3 can be mapped into a scoring path. The mapped result is as follows:

Mapping = { UP1: RQ1(a), RQ2(a), RQ3(a); UP2: RQ1(a), RQ2(a), RQ3(b); UP3: RQ1(b), RQ2(b), RQ3(a); UP4: RQ1(c),
RQ2(a), RQ3(b); || UP5: RQ2(a), RQ1(a), RQ3(a); UP6: RQ2(a), RQ1(b), RQ3(b); UP7: RQ2(b), RQ1(c), RQ3(b); UP8: RQ2(b),
RQ1(b), RQ3(b); || UP9: RQ3(a), RQ1(a), RQ3(a); UP10: RQ3(a), RQ1(b), RQ3(b); UP11: RQ3(b), RQ1(b), RQ3(a); UP12:
RQ3(b), RQ1(c), RQ3(b)}
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In the percentage analysis, it is possible to compare the mapping result, which contains three different possible
outcomes and two potential solutions for UP, with the MOS result from the subjective screen test. Next is to
provide the data from the induction step for user profiling for the MOS experiments. The experiment session
will be executed in the app interface with Mapping = {UP1 …..Upn} for the RQ node. Depending on how
satisfied they are, users will update a session attribute by mapping the result to the RQ.

C. Analysis Result on MEEFSUS Framework Scenario

The Mean Opinion Score (MOS) integrated into the experimentation determines the user approval in
this case. The permissible level will be set in the experiments at three MOS acceptance. Possible scenario:
Users can modify node attributes to attain energy-efficient satisfaction during a testing session using the usual
setup while adapting conventional transcoding.

Figure 4: Analysis results based on the framework scenario.

The possible scenario is that the respondents ultimately control energy-efficient node MOS
satisfaction. Figure 4 shows the analysis results of respondent's QoE towards energy nodes. In the Leδ1
scenario, user acceptance is relatively low, with MOS results below the acceptable MOS line. Next is the Meδ2
that averages between 2 and 3 MOS results. The final Heδ3 high energy node obtained an average of 3 and
above from testing. The G1, G2, and G3 accepted the average of 3 MOS results. Leδ1 = {G1}, Meδ2 = {G1, G2}
and Heδ3 = { G1, G2, and G3 }. The Meδ2 and Heδ3 MOS acceptable results for the framework scenario.

Analysis Discussion

RQ1 : Power consumption and energy-efficient that have factors that can influence energy-efficient
fertigation systems for user satisfaction. From the data analysis, the energy efficiency has the important
element of Microcontrollers, RF transceivers, and sensors that make up the three primary parts of a WSN for
saving energy. Ensuring that the sensor node's components use the least power is essential because a sensor
node's battery can only store so much energy. From the user satisfaction testing, This issue could be resolved,
in particular, by lowering the RF transceiver's power consumption or sensor wake-up and sleep mode, which
can use less energy and state the other sensor node components [67,127]. Furthermore, there are two ways to
approach this problem. The first step is to suggest a clever algorithm with low energy consumption. Utilizing
energy-harvesting methods such as solar cells, vibration, and WPT is possible for the second step.
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RQ2 : energy-efficient fertigation systems for user satisfaction utilize those factors in frameworks or
models to forecast expected output depending on scalability and reliability. The majority of yields are
sensitive to climatic factors like temperature, humidity, and lighting intensity. A fertigation system on user
satisfaction cater to these factor for reliability during crop season, and it must be done in real-time. Because
it takes a lot of work to monitor changes in climate conditions hourly or daily, farmers are burdened by this
susceptibility. Energy efficiency must be reliable for the WNS and crop yield since it is a significant real-time
factor. For example, if the data reliability on the sensor or wireless is not functioning correctly, then the energy-
efficient method is not applicable for real-time use. According to this data, real-time ecological status
monitoring of agricultural WSNs is required. Real-time tracking will promote plant development and
production while preventing potentially disastrous farm mishaps.
In contrast to single-level network designs, developing WSN-based fault-tolerant and robust
hierarchical systems in agricultural applications necessitates large-scale deployment. Applications can be
scaled up by replicating a hierarchical architecture across multiple fields. In this context, multiple wireless
router nodes are positioned in an agricultural area to enhance the number of WSNs over a large region and
ensure continuous functioning.

RQ3 : Energy-efficient fertigation systems for user satisfaction state the research spectrum and
limitations based on framework or models to sustain the impact of WSNs towards future farming
effectively depending on delay tolerance and locality of data: Agricultural applications face a challenge
from a critical delay. Some agricultural applications, including those employed in data detection and other
faulty devices for energy usage. If the urgent situation is to be resolved, this information must be provided as
soon as feasible. A trade-off between energy use and data timeliness is required in this situation. Some
agricultural applications, however, can tolerate delays. Several WSNs in agricultural applications comprises
several sensors for crop growth analysis and harvesting estimation, which impacts the storage and location of
data from agriculture observing systems. Because of this circumstance, the base station must track alterations
in agricultural areas by examining patterns. Therefore, a large storage capacity is required to support the base
station.

Conclusion:
This paper presents a unique structure for MEEFSUS Framework in users energy quality to satisfy user
satisfaction. There was also a classification of energy-saving methods, algorithms, and energy-harvesting
methods. We demonstrate that primary forms of energy-efficient strategies can be applied in the agriculture
area based on the user satisfaction that has been presented. In order to analyze the present issues in WSN-based
agricultural applications and find the best methods for preserving system performance, prior research was also
examined and contrasted. Future design decisions now face difficulties and constraints. The most recent
approaches to IoT in agricultural applications were studied and compared to explore various elements of IoT
platforms and application layers.

Acknowledgment:

Conflicts of Interest: None.

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‫أنظمة التسميد الموفرة للطاقة باستخدام شبكة المستشعرات الالسلكية الشبكية إلرضاء المستخدم‬

3 ‫ جلينا نوبيا‬2 ‫ محمد حتا محمد علي‬1 ‫ محمد فيصل اسماعيل‬2 ‫ محمد حنيف الجفري‬1 ‫محمد فيصل محمد نور‬

‫( تم تطبيق شبكة االستشعار الالسلكية‬WSNs) ‫ إن تقدم االتصاالت الالسلكية واإلنترنت‬.‫على نطاق واسع في العديد من التطبيقات الزراعية‬
‫ يجعل نشر شبكات‬WSN ‫ التسميد هو تقنية زراعية تزيد من غلة المحاصيل من خالل االستخدام‬.‫ ال سيما في الزراعة الدقيقة‬، ‫قابلة للتطبيق‬
‫ حيث يتم استخدام الركائز والوسائط مثل‬، ‫ تم تطبيق نظام التسميد على نطاق واسع في نظام بدون تربة‬.‫الخاضع للرقابة للمياه واألسمدة‬
‫ وفي الوقت نفسه‬، ‫ سيكتشف هذا البحث أفضل الممارسات في أخذ عينات البيانات‬.‫الصوف الصخري أو البيراليت أو الفيرميكواليت أو الخث‬
، ‫ سيقوم تطبيق‬.‫ سيدير رضا المستخدم تجاه أنظمة التسميد الموفرة للطاقة‬DSS ‫الذكي بمراقبة البيانات المجمعة وتنظيمها وتحليلها وإدارتها‬
‫ استخدمت هذه الدراسة متوسط نقاط الرأي‬، ‫ لتقييم مستوى الرضا‬.‫( بشكل مستقل مثل نظام الري والمهام المجدولة‬MOS) ‫لقياس مدى تكيف‬
‫ تظهر النتائج النهائية أن الخوارزمية المقترحة تظهر أن‬.‫قبول المستخدم تجاه أنظمة التخصيب الذكية باستخدام شبكة استشعار السلكية شبكية‬
‫المستخدم يرضي اختيار الفيديو عن طريق تغيير سمات الفيديو‬

‫ متوسط درجة الرأي‬، ‫ نظام التسميد‬، ‫ شبكة االستشعار الالسلكية‬:‫الكلمات المفتاحية‬