URTeC: 2879569

Geomechanical Modeling and Wellbore Stability Analysis Approach to

Plan Deep Horizontal Wells across Problematic Formations
Ahmed K. Abbas1,2,*, Ralph E. Flori2, Mortadha Alsaba3
1. Iraqi Drilling Company, 2. Missouri University of Science and Technology, 3. Australian College of Kuwait
Copyright 2018, Unconventional Resources Technology Conference (URTeC) DOI 10.15530/urtec-2018-2879569

This paper was prepared for presentation at the Unconventional Resources Technology Conference held in Houston, Texas, USA, 23-25 July 2018.

The URTeC Technical Program Committee accepted this presentation on the basis of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). The contents of this paper
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is prohibited.

Abstract

The Zubair Formation is the most prolific reservoir in Southern Iraq. Decline of reservoir production is a common
features of many mature petroleum fields. Drilling a long horizontal well is one of the many technologies commonly
used to enhance the production in these fields. The main challenges that were encountered while drilling such
horizontal wells in Zubair Formation is to maintain wellbore stability especially across the weaker shale formations
overlaying the reservoir section (pay zone). The first horizontal well was lost mainly due to severe instability
problems. To successfully achieve the above objective, a comprehensive geomechanics study was carried out to
understand the causes of the wellbore failure and to optimize the most appropriate drilling strategy.
In this paper an advanced geomechanical model was conducted by constructing a calibrated post-drill 1D
mechanical earth model (1D-MEM) using field and laboratory data for the Zubair Formation. From the offset wells
data, open hole wireline logging measurements were used to estimate the in-situ principal stresses magnitude and its
orientations, pore pressure, and rock mechanical properties. The generated model was then applied with Mogi-
Coulomb failure criteria to analyze the wellbore stability problems for wells with horizontal well profiles and to
determine optimum mud weight and safe wellbore trajectory for future successful drilling operation.
The analysis identified that the mud weight, that was used previously, while drilling the overlying shale formation in
the deviation build-up section is insufficient to support the rock on the wellbore wall, and it is not appropriately
adjusted according to the variation in the wellbore azimuth and inclination. It is therefore recommended to increase
the mud weight as required based on the trajectory of the planned well. The design of the future horizontal wells
through the problematic Zubair shale formation can greatly improve based on this study.

Introduction

The Zubair Formation is comprised mainly of alternating shale and sandstone, with minor streaks of limestone and
siltstone. It is recorded as oil-bearing in 30 structures, which contain about 30% of Iraq’s hydrocarbon reserves
(Jassim and Goff, 2006). This multilayered reservoir has been subdivided based on its sand/shale ratio into five
members: upper shale, upper sand, middle shale, lower sand, and lower shale. The Zubair Formation has shown to
have significant geomechanical problems for several wells in these fields, based on the issues experienced during
drilling stages such as lost circulation, wellbore collapse, shale caving, stuck logging tools, stuck pipe, and loss of
some borehole sections. It seems that these issues manifest at the interfaces of the weak and non-depleted shale and
depleted sandstone sections.
Reservoir pressure depletion and decline of production are two common features of many mature petroleum fields
(Asadi et al., 2016). Drilling and stimulation of long horizontal wells can increase production rates and ultimate
recovery, and reduce the number of wells required to develop a reservoir. The geometry also helps to delay water or
gas breakthrough, bypass environmentally sensitive areas and reduce stimulation costs (Qiu et al., 2008). The field
owner and operator companies are motivated to drill the first horizontal development well. However, unexpected
drilling difficulties were encountered and the well was abandoned due to the higher operational costs that are caused
by lower drilling performance or more complex operations are taken into consideration.
URTeC 2879569 2

A geomechanical study of the field is important to understand the nature of the existing problems and to use it for
drilling future horizontal development wells successfully (Ahmed et al., 2016). This can be done by building a
calibrated post-drill 1D mechanical earth model (1D-MEM) for selected wells from the field. The data needed for
building a 1D-MEM includes rock mechanical properties, image logs, multi-arm caliper data, petrophysical logs,
leak-off test / extended leak-off test information, daily drilling reports, daily mud reports, mud logs (master logs),
and pore pressure measurements. This 1D-MEM then can be coupled with a failure criterion to predict the ultimate
strength of reservoirs rocks and the induced stresses that result in rock failure (Gholami et al., 2015). Al-Ajmi and
Zimmerman (2005) have introduced a new polyaxial failure criterion known as Mogi-Coulomb criterion. This
failure has proposed to be a linear failure envelope in Mogi’s domain and works by two parameters which can be
related to cohesion and internal friction angle of Coulomb strength parameters (Maleki et al., 2014). In addition, the
Mogi-Coulomb criterion does not ignore the effect of intermediate principal stress in the failure analysis
(Colmenares and Zoback, 2002). Therefore, this criterion is a better failure criterion to optimize the drilling design
and performance (Gholami et al., 2014). To reduce the uncertainty of the resulting wellbore stability predictions, it is
most important to validate the 1D-MEM model through history matching using all the available data (drilling
observations, results of well testing, core mechanical testing, etc.).
In the present work, a geomechanical model was built using numerous field and laboratory data for the Zubair
Formation. From the offset wells data, open hole wireline logging measurements (e.g., density logs, gamma ray
(GR) logs, sonic logs, formation micro-imager (FMI) logs, and neutron logs) were used to estimate the in-situ
principal stresses magnitude and its orientations, pore pressure, and rock mechanical properties. The 1D-MEM
parameters were further verified and calibrated using all the available data (i.e., drilling observations, repeated
formation test (RFT), mini-frac tests, and laboratory rock mechanical properties, etc.) such that it robustly and
accurately predicts borehole failure problems around given wellbores. The Mogi-Coulomb failure criteria was used
to perform a root cause analysis of borehole failure and to address the minimum required mud weight to minimize
wellbore instability-related issues for future horizontal wells.

Geomechanical Modeling

An integrated workflow was applied to conduct a geomechanical model analysis for drilling through the Zubair
Formation. The first step in building the geomechanical model was collecting the proper set of data. The needed data
to start the geomechanical modeling study were gathered from various sources from the offset wells, mainly from
the ones with major wellbore instability events and high non-productive time values. The quality of the collected
data was then checked against the defined standards. In fact, there was sometimes considerable scatter in the
measured wireline log values, especially when wellbore conditions were poor (i.e., significantly enlarged). In
general, the data gathered for this study was almost complete and of good quality. Moreover, most of the necessary
data for the 1D-MEM modeling, including gamma ray logs, density logs, porosity logs, sonic logs (compression and
shear wave velocities), resistivity logs, formation micro-imager (FMI) logs, caliper logs, mud logs (master logs),
mini-frac tests, and laboratory measurements, were available for most of the selected wells. The developed models
were further calibrated using all the available data, such as drilling observations, mini-frac tests, laboratory
measurements of rock mechanical properties, etc. The model parameters were then used as inputs into a wellbore
stability analysis to optimize the mud weight and wellbore trajectory for future drilling operations.

Mechanical Stratigraphy

The mechanical responses as well as the properties of both the sandstone and shale formations were significantly
different. Therefore, by classifying rocks according to their mechanical stratigraphy, it became possible to apply
different correlations for the different formation to best estimate their rock mechanical properties and geomechanical
parameters. The differentiation of non-shale from shale was realized by applying a threshold of 75 gAPI to the
gamma ray logs in the studied wells.

Rock Mechanical Properties

Rock mechanical properties consist mainly of strength parameters, tensile strength, and elastic parameters. These
properties are mainly used in wellbore stability analysis and determination of optimum mud pressure for safe
drilling. The continuous profile of rock mechanical properties provides a good indication of the natural variation in
the formation strength and stability around the wellbore in different layers within the interval of interest. Laboratory
tests are considered the most direct and reliable way of determining rock mechanical properties. Therefore, both
URTeC 2879569 3

triaxial and triaxial multistage testing techniques were carried out on retrieved core samples from the Zubair
Formation to measure the rock mechanical properties. Equations (1) through (8) were established between
laboratory-derived rock mechanical properties and geophysical well logs, such as porosity and compressional
acoustic wave velocity (vp) (Abbas et al., 2018a; Abbas et al., 2018b).

UCS= sand 133.2 − 370.82φ (1)

ϕ sand 64.369 − 99.238φ
= (2)
Esand 40.476 − 136.79φ
= (5)
vsand 0.1203 − 0.766φ
= (6)

UCS shale = 2.6477e

0.6006 v p
(3)

ϕ shale = 17.134e
0.239 v p
(4)

Eshale = 0.2966e
0.6984 v p
(7)
−0.353v p
vshale = 0.7621e (8)

The mentioned empirical correlations (Eqs. 1–8) were used to derive rock mechanical properties from the neutron
log and sonic log. The previously suggested mechanical stratigraphy was used to apply correlations of shale to the
shale formation and correlations of sandstone to the sandstone formation. In addition, the cautious profile of the
tensile strength was computed as a function of UCS (Rasouli et al., 2011). Then, each derived mechanical property
was combined to build a single log from top to bottom of Zubair Formation. The laboratory-measured rock
mechanical properties were added to the plot to assess the level of agreement between the experimentally measured
rock mechanical properties and the derived rock mechanical logs (Abbas et al., 2018c). Figure 1 presents examples
of the rock mechanical property logs for one of the cored wells in the Zubair Formation. As can be seen, there is a
high degree of positive correlation between the calculated rock mechanical property logs (i.e., Poisson's ratio,
Young's modulus, UCS, internal friction angle, and tensile strength) and those derived from the laboratory.

Fig. 1—Continuous profile of rock mechanical properties, showing the results of the laboratory measurements.
URTeC 2879569 4

Vertical Stress Magnitude

Vertical stress or overburden is the most basic input parameter in the 1D-MEM analysis. In areas with low tectonic
activity, the vertical stress represents the weight of overlying formations (Jaeger et al., 2007). The vertical stress at
the Zubair Formation level was calculated by integrating the bulk density log over the vertical depth using Eq. 9
z
σ v = ∫ ρ ( z ) gdz (9)
0
where σv is the vertical stress, z is the vertical depth, g is the acceleration constant due to gravity, and ρ is the rock
bulk density at a specific depth. For shallow zones, where the density log was not recorded because it was not of
geological interest, a compaction relationship based on regional density data was used to create a synthetic density
curve to fill the gaps where direct measurement was not available.
Pore Pressure

Pore pressure is an important constituent in geomechanical analysis and is critical to the calculation of in-situ
horizontal stresses, effective stress theory and safe mud weight window design. Therefore, inaccurate prediction of
formation pore pressure may lead to well control issues (i.e., kicks and well blowouts). Two methods are used in the
petroleum industry to determine pore pressure: direct and indirect method. The direct measurement methods are
using well test techniques such as drill stem test (DST) and repeated formation test (RFT) to measure formation pore
pressure for specific depths (Roshan and Rahman, 2011). Whereas, the indirect methods (empirical methods) are
based on petrophysical data were developed for prediction of pore pressure along the well length (Zhang, 2011).
For more confidence, the predicted pore pressure from indirect methods usually compared with available measured
formation pressure points of DST or RFT. Eaton equation is conventionally used to predict the pore pressure based
on the sonic log data (Eaton, 1969). This equation is formulated as
3
 NCT 
Ppg =OBG − (OBG − Phg )   (10)
 DT 
where Ppg is the pore pressure gradient, OBG is the as overburden gradient, Phg is hydrostatic pressure (also known
normal pore pressure) which can be estimated based on assumption of brine is replaced with fresh water after
reaching an approximate depth of 90 m due to decomposition and solution of minerals (Zhang, 2011), DT is P-wave
transit time, and NCT is the normal compacted trend line. The normal compaction trend (NCT) was established by
fitting a linear or non-linear curve to compressional wave log data.

Magnitude of Horizontal Stresses (Minimum and Maximum)

Horizontal principal stresses are fundamental parameters used in wellbore stability analysis. The magnitudes of the
minimum and maximum horizontal stresses can be modeled or inferred from other measurements of vertical stress,
mechanical properties, strain, pore pressure, etc. (Alsahlawi et al., 2017). The poroelastic horizontal strain model
was applied to represent the magnitudes of the horizontal principal stresses, using Eqs. 11 and 12 (Prats, 1981)
ν 1 − 2ν E νE
σh = σν + α Pp + ε + εy
1 −ν 1 −ν 1 −ν 2 x
1 −ν 2 (11)

ν 1 − 2ν E νE
σH = σν + α Pp + ε + εx
1 −ν 1 −ν 1 −ν 2 y
1 −ν 2 (12)
where v is the Poisson’s ratio; PP is the pore pressure; α is the Biot’s coefficient; ɛy and ɛx are tectonic strains in
maximum and minimum horizontal stress directions, respectively; and E is Young’s modulus. The two horizontal
strains (ɛy and ɛx) cannot be directly measured. Instead, this can be accomplished with considerable accuracy by
treating these strains as calibration factors that can be adjusted to determine the best match of the calculated stress in
relation to all available data from the leak-off test or specific modes of rock failure seen in the image and caliper
logs (Desroches and Kurkjian, 1999).
The magnitude of the estimated horizontal stresses was calibrated using measured closure and breakdown pressures,
which were available from micro-frac tests. Figure 2 shows the estimation of the pore pressure, vertical stress, and
maximum and minimum horizontal stress magnitudes. The results indicate that the Zubair Formation appears to be
URTeC 2879569 5

experiencing a normal faulting regime. This agrees with studies that concluded that the normal faulting regime is
dominant in the majority of this oilfield in Southern Iraq (Mohammed et al., 2018).

Fig. 2—Estimation of the in-situ principal stress and pore pressure magnitudes at a single well location.

In-Situ Stress Orientation

The common use of wellbore image logs and caliper logs in the petroleum industry has yet to yield detailed
information about the failure around the wellbore (Zoback et al., 1985). Formation micro-imager (FMI) log data
acquired from a vertical well was processed and interpreted, showing the orientation of the breakout zones in a
140°–145° direction (Fig. 3). The breakouts in a vertical wellbore develop parallel to the minimum horizontal stress.
Therefore, the direction of the minimum horizontal stress is between 140° and 145°, and the direction of the
maximum horizontal stress ranges from 50° to 55°.

a b c

Fig. 3—Orientation of the identified borehole breakouts: (a) Schmidt plot-upper hemisphere, (b) rosette plot of the dip
azimuth, and (c) rosette plot of the strike azimuth.
URTeC 2879569 6

Trajectory Sensitivity Analysis

Mud weight sensitivity analysis to the wellbore orientation provides the relationship between required shear failure
(breakout) and tensile failure (fracture initiation) mud weights with wellbore inclination and azimuth at a given
depth. The results of such an analysis allow the drilling engineer to identify the most stable inclination and azimuth
choice compatible with other well design constraints. This sensitivity analysis was conducted on critical depths
across the problematic Zubair Formations using the Mogi-Coulomb criterion.
The results show that the mud weight window narrows down gradually with the increase in wellbore inclination. To
illustrate the relationship between mud weight window and well inclination, the breakout and tensile induced
fracture mud weights calculated at inclination of 0o are 1.27 and 2.45 g/cc, and at the inclination of 90o (in direction
of the minimum horizontal stress) they are about 1.62 and 2.09 g/cc, respectively (Fig. 4). As illustrated in Fig. 4b,
higher breakdown mud weights are anticipated in the direction of the minimum horizontal stress with inclinations
less than 60° compared to a wellbore drilled parallel to the maximum horizontal stress direction. It can be concluded
that the preferred wellbore orientation to drill horizontal wells is along the minimum horizontal stress (140°). This
orientation will provide relatively wider mud weight range for safe and stable drilling.

a b

Fig. 4—Minimum mud weight plots using the Mogi-Coulomb failure criterion: (a) breakout mud weight vs. orientation,
(b) breakdown mud weight vs. orientation.

Model Validation

The validity of a geomechanical model should be verified prior to its application. After the mud weight window of
an offset well has been calculated, the predicted occurrences of borehole failure (losses, breakouts, tensile-induced
fractures, etc.) can be predicted by using the real mud weight that had been used to drill the well. The failure match
then can performed by comparing the predicted wellbore instability with actual rock failure shown on the image
and/or caliper logs. The calibrated results allowed to ensure that all geomechanical model parameters were well
constrained with reasonable accuracy. In addition, it also can help to get a better understanding if there were
geomechanics-related reasons behind the instability related events (i.e., mud loss, shale caving, tight holes, stuck
pipe incidents, etc.) encountered while drilling.
In this study, Mogi-Coulomb were used to predict the borehole failure regions in the wellbore (Fig. 5). As is seen
from the caliper logs shown in this figure, the predicted occurrences of the breakout regions showed a good
agreement with the observed breakouts in the caliper log. Therefore, the Mogi-Coulomb criterion was selected as the
most appropriate failure criterion for the Zubair Formation and it yields a more reliable and realistic estimate of the
safe operating mud weight window.
URTeC 2879569 7

Fig. 5— Evaluation of the accuracy of geomechanical model using Mogi-Coulomb criteria.

Wellbore Stability Forecast

After developing a complete 1D-MEM of the main offset well, the Mogi-Coulomb failure criterion was utilized to
predict safe mud weight window for well-planning purposes and to predict preferred borehole trajectory. The target
well was planned to be drilled in a very challenging shaly sand formation with an increased risk of wellbore
collapse. Therefore, wellbore deformation and potential breakout risks were evaluated for both the weak shale
sections and depleted sandstone sections along the proposed trajectory (90o inclination and 140o azimuth) using the
Mogi-Coulomb criterion.
Based on the planned well analysis shown in Fig. 6, the recommended drilling mud weight program was determined.
A mud weight of 1.51g/cc was selected to drill the wellbore from 9 5/8” casing shoe to final TD 3500m. As can be
seen in Fig. 6, there are some breakout expected over several short intervals of weak and non-depleted shale zones at
the selected mud weight. Therefore, the drilling team should be aware of these specific intervals where potential
wellbore failure could occur. Good drilling practices included regular borehole cleaning, monitoring tripping speed,
proper mud conditioning, and controlled ROP while drilling through these zones will help to manage instability and
thus avoid major drilling problems. In addition, the equivalent circulation density (ECD) management would
become very crucial with upper mud weight limit in order to avoid mud losses. Surging the borehole during tripping
can have a similar effect by increasing the instantaneous mud pressure above breakdown pressure. Therefore,
tripping speed of drill string and casing in these zones should be monitored carefully.
URTeC 2879569 8

Fig. 6— Wellbore stability prediction for the planned horizontal well.

Conclusions

A comprehensive geomechanics study was carried out to understand the causes of the wellbore failure and to
improve drilling design and drilling performance for further development wells in the Zubair Formation. Based on
the results of the wellbore stability analysis, it is recommended to increase the mud weight as required based on the
trajectory of the planned well. The heterogeneity of the Zubair formation should be considered in the mud weight
calculation as the mud weight is designed to maintain the stability of weak and non-depleted shale zones. It is also
vital to consider how much overbalance this mud will cause in depleted sandstone sections. In addition, surge and
swab should be avoided while drilling these horizontal wells. Good drilling practices, such as good hole cleaning,
monitoring tripping speed, proper mud conditioning, and controlled ROP while building inclination in a shale
formation will help to mitigate wellbore instability-related issues while drilling. Finally, for designing future
complex wellbore trajectory across of Zubair Formation, it is highly recommended to construct a robust three-
dimensional mechanical earth model (3D-MEM) based on the elements shown in this paper. This will allow greater
integration with formation structural and geological models; consequently, it will provide better wellbore stability
predictions.

Nomenclature

UCS = unconfined compressive strength, MPa

φ = internal friction angle, degree
E = Young's modulus, GPa
V = Poisson's ratio
URTeC 2879569 9

To = tensile strength, MPa

vp = compressional acoustic wave velocity, km/s
∅ = porosity, %
σv = vertical stress, MPa
σH = maximum horizontal stress, MPa
σh = minimum horizontal stress, MPa
PP = pore pressure, MPa
α = Biot’s coefficient
ɛy = tectonic strains in the maximum horizontal stress directions
ɛx = tectonic strains in the minimum horizontal stress directions
ρ = rock bulk density, g/cm3

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank the Higher Committee for Education Development (HCED) in Iraq for awarding him
a fully funded Ph.D. scholarship. The authors would like to thank Basrah Oil Company in Iraq for their permission
to publish the results. We also want to thank Missouri University of Science and Technology for providing the
facilities to do this work.

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