HỘI CÁC TRƯỜNG THPT CHUYÊN KỲ THI CHỌN HỌC SINH GIỎI LẦN THỨ XIV

KHU VỰC DUYÊN HẢI, ĐỒNG BẰNG BẮC BỘ MÔN THI: TIẾNG ANH – KHỐI 11

TRƯỜNG THPT CHUYÊN LAM SƠN Ngày thi 15/07/2023

Thời gian làm bài 180 phút

ĐỀ THI ĐỀ XUẤT
(Đề thi gồm 16 trang)

I. LISTENING (50 POINTS)

HƯỚNG DẪN PHẦN THI NGHE HIỂU

 Bài nghe gồm 4 phần; mỗi phần được nghe 2 lần, mỗi lần cách nhau 10 giây; mở đầu và kết thúc mỗi phần nghe có tín hiệu.

 Mở đầu và kết thúc bài nghe có nhạc hiệu. Thí sinh có 2 phút để hoàn chỉnh bài trước nhạc hiệu kết thúc bài nghe.

 Mọi hướng dẫn cho thí sinh đã có trong bài nghe.

Part 1. For questions 1 – 5, listen to a talk about the things should be done about trauma and choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D which fits best according to

what you hear. Write your answers on the answer sheet. (10 points)

1. It is often difficult to recall traumatic events because ________.

A. They are too insignificant

B. They generate painful symptoms

C. The passage of time erases them

D. They are not stored in long-term memory

2. What is the relationship between the significance of an event and its ability to be recalled?

A. The more significant an event, the easier it is to recall.

B. The less significant an event, the easier it is to recall.

C. The more significant an event, the harder it is to recall.

D. The less significant an event, the harder it is to recall.

3. How does our disconnection from traumatic experiences affect our lives?

A. It leads to the derailment of our lives.

B. It helps us forget about the negative experiences.

C. It helps us overcome problems through sympathetic analysis.

D. It results in physical and mental health issues

4. What approach should be taken to recover from trauma?

A. Directly confronting and recalling traumatic events.

B. Ignoring the past and focusing on present-day fears.

C. Seeking help from professionals to address present day fears.

D. Indirectly uncovering buried difficulties with the support of loved ones.

5. What is the ultimate goal of retrieving past traumas?

A. To forget about past traumas and move on.

B. To commence the liberated adult lives that we are entitled to.

C. To gain control over the figures from our personal histories.

D. To prevent our stories from being controlled by others.

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Part 2. For questions 6 – 10, listen to a radio programme and decide whether the following statements are True (T), False (F), or Not Given (NG) according to

what you here. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

6. Talking to yourself is considered abnormal behavior by the majority of people.

7. Self-talk primarily consists of recalling facts and figures.

8. Children engage in self-talk more frequently than adults.

9. Negative self-talk can lead to feelings of anxiety and depression.

10. Engaging in instructional or motivational internal dialogue can enhance concentration and elevate self-confidence.

Part 3: For questions 11 – 20, listen to a talk about cannibalism and complete the summary. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the recording

for each blank. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

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A popular treatment for headaches in Europe during the 17 century was to ingest (11) _______.

In the contemporary world; however, cannibalism faces a (12) __________ of being considered morally repugnant.

Human meat, when being compared to (13) __________meat, is extremely low in energy. Additionally, raw human muscles can carry nasty (14) __________.

A tribe from Papua New Guinea used to had a tradition of consuming the body and the brain of (15) __________before this practice was stopped due to a disorder

caused by (16) __________ called prions induced a deadly neurological disorder.

In some nations, cannibalism is not illegal, but needed actions to get a (17) __________ are. That is why (18) __________ - the act of eating yourself is legal and is

being research for its supposed ability to reduce the risk of (19) __________.

Those who have had human meat claim that it tastes like (20) __________.

Part 4. For questions 21 – 25, listen to a discussion about inflation and answer the questions. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the recording

for each answer. Write your answers on the answer sheet. (10 points)

21. What is the primary objective of central banking?

22. What does inflation have negative impacts on?

23. What is the Federal Reserve's powerful tool to slow down the inflation creep?

24. What kind of environment did prices skyrocket in?

25. What perpetuates the inflation cycle?

II. LEXICO – GRAMMAR (30 POINTS)

Part 1. For questions 26 – 45, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to each of the following questions. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

26. When his employers discovered his shameful past, they__________ him out of the company.

A. hounded B. wormed C. ducked D. dogged

27. Make sure to keep a __________of the number of customers going in and out.

A. track B. tally C. promise D. secret

28. Clear __________ is crucial in public speaking to ensure that the massage is conveyed effectively to the audience.

A. expression B. persuasion C. rhetoric D. articulation

29. After the fire, the homeowners hired professionals to __________ their house to its original condition

A. renovate B. refurbish C. repair D. restore

30. __________are caused by problems during the fetus's development before birth.

A. Congenial illness B. Congenital illness

C. Congenital disorder D. Congenial disorder

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31. My little sister __________ a game where she pretended to be a princess and I was her loyal servant.

A. turned over B. stood out C. made up D. filed in

32. Thanks to his influential friend, he pulled a few __________ and got a front-row tickets to the concert.

A. ropes B. strings C. threads D. chords

33. They __________ down the proposed amendment to the bill, which was then passed in its original form.

A. voted B. turned C. broke D. got

34. Police have warned that there are a lot of fake £50 notes in __________.

A. market B. flow C. circulation D. mainstream

35. It is hoped to transfer the post office to more convenient and more __________ premises in the near future.

A. expansive B. commodious C. convenient D. cramped

36. The dancers leading the procession were in colorful and __________costumes.

A. elaborate B. ornamental C. victorious D. multifaceted

37. The medical team found 60,000 emaciated prisoners living in unimaginable __________.

A. unclean B. squamous C. purity D. squalor

38. It had a very positive impact that created great __________ among the team.

A. comradeship B. gloom C. camaraderie D. fellowship

39. You __________ a hard bargain, but I agree that your role in this company is central to its success; therefore, I am prepared to offer you a considerable pay rise.

A. have B. get C. make D. drive

40. The patient’s__________heart valve was operated on successfully this morning.

A. abnormal B. unsound C. defective D. flawed

41. The book has a surprise ending that you will not see coming, __________in the movie

A. just like B. such as C. similar to D. as well as

42. __________is over your head is just an exaggeration because you have prepared for it over the years.

A. This entrance exam B. What this entrance exam

C. That this entrance exam D. It is this entrance exam

43. It is very easy for the uneducated to be __________by slick-talking salesmen.

A. put aside B. put up C. taken away D. taken in

44. Under the table__________ that has lived with him for 20 years.

A. sits his dog B. does his dog sit C. sit his dog D. his dog sits

45. __________ their heads in his direction, he knew they were interested.

A. On seeing they both turn B. Seeing them both turn

C. When he saw them both to turn D. After seeing them both to have turned

Part 2. For questions 46 – 55, supply the correct form of the word given in capital letters at the end of each sentence. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

46. They tracked and controlled construction costs to avoid cost__________. RUN

47. The new healthcare policy aims to address healthcare needs__________. COMPREHEND

48. How does societal perception of __________ roles and responsibilities vary across different cultures.

FAMILY

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49. There have been __________ rumours that the managing director might take early retirement.

PERSIST

50. The professor delivered a __________ lecture on the topic THOUGHT

51. The team demonstrated __________ teamwork throughout the project. EXAMPLE

52. The actor delivered his lines __________, impressing the audience with his flawless performance.

WORD

53. The government implemented strict regulations to curb__________ in the pharmaceutical industry.

PROFIT

54. The invention of __________ cells revolutionized the field of electrochemistry and paved the way for modern batteries.

VOLT

55. People often__________ the value of spending quality time with loved ones, failing to recognize its positive impact on relationships.

RATE

III. READING (60 POINTS)

Part 1. For questions 56 – 65, fill in each gap with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

Global English

Global English exists (56) __________ a political and cultural reality. Many misguided theories attempt to explain why the English language should have succeeded

internationally, whilst (57) __________ have not. Is it because there is something inherently logical or beautiful about the structure of English? Does its simple (58)

__________ make it easy to learn? Such ideas are misconceived. Latin was once a major international language, (59) __________ having a complicated grammatical

structure, and English also presents learners with all manner of real difficulties, (60) __________ least its spelling system. Ease of learning, therefore, has little to do

with it. (61) __________ all, children learn to speak their mother tongue in approximately the same period of time, (62) __________ of their language. English has

spread not (63) __________ much for linguistic reasons, but rather because it has often found (64) __________ in the right place, at the right time. Since the 1960s,

two major developments have contributed to strengthening this global status. Firstly, in a number of countries, English is now used in addition to national or regional

languages. As well as this, an electronic revolution has taken place. It is estimated that (65) __________ the region of 80% of worldwide electronic communication is

now in English.

Part 2. For questions 66 – 75, choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

The Art of Healing

Taking part in music and art classes is a well-established form of therapy. It can benefit patients socially, emotionally, and physically. But researchers at the Chelsea

and Westminster Hospital in England are exploring a different premise – that simply pleasing the eyes and the ears will help people recover. It’s not a new idea. Back

in 1860, Florence Nightingale wrote in her Notes on Nursing that brightly colored flowers and art helped patients recover more quickly. “This is no fancy. People say

the effect is all on the mind. It is no such thing. The effect is on the body too.” But the truth is that no one knows exactly why patients who listen to music or see

paintings should recover quicker, or how to maximize the effect. That’s what the new research is hoping to show.

Over the years, a trickle of results has suggested a link between the arts and well-being. But there been few strictly controlled randomized trials like those that test the

effectiveness of a new drug. One classic American study, which shows that architecture can affect recovery times and that patients do respond to their surroundings, is

nearly 20 years old. It looked at 46 people who had had their gall bladders removed. Half of them were kept in hospital rooms with a pleasant view over some trees.

The other half had rooms looking out onto a brick wall. The patients who had a room with a view needed smaller doses of painkillers on average and left the hospital

almost a day earlier: a 10 percent shorter hospital stay than those faced with the brick wall ( Science, vol 224, p 420). But it isn’t so clear whether looking at pleasing

pictures will have the same kind of effect.

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More research has been done on the effect of music, and in 2002, David Evans of the Royal Adelaide Hospital in South Australia reanalyzed data from 19 earlier

studies. He concluded that music was a cheap and effective way of relieving patients’ anxiety ( Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol 37, p 8). Some of the studies seemed

to suggest that music could also lower blood pressure and reduce the need for painkillers. But these studies were too small to tell for sure.

At Chelsea and Westminster, they have analyzed the results from studies of nearly 300 patients so far, and they are turning up some interesting effects. “For the first

time, we have established physical and biological evidence for the influence of art on healthcare,” says Rosalia Lelchuk Staricoff, who heads the hospital’s research

team.

The three-year research program began in 1999. The first phase established that 80 percent of patients in the hospital found art and music helped distract them from

their medical problems and raised their spirits. Then in June 2000, the research moved up a gear when the King’s Fund, a British charitable foundation, put up 70,000

pounds to measure the clinic effect. The final stages of the research won’t be made public for a while, but “the results so far are almost all positive,” says Staricoff.

One of the early studies looked at cancer patients who were being given chemotherapy at the hospital. Many were anxious about their treatment and depressed about

the possible outcome. “If you can relieve stress then it can help patients to make the most of the time they have to live,” says Debbie Fenlon of Cancer Research UK.

But Fenlon thinks that easing anxiety and depression has physical effects, too. For example, it relieves pain and reduces nausea from chemotherapy. “ If you’re tense,

you’re more likely to feel pain. It’s a fairly straightforward physical thing,” she says. Although the effect is controversial, she thinks that reducing anxiety and

depression could spur the body’s immune system to fight cancer, too.

The 83 patients in this study were divided into three groups. One group listened to a 45-minute performance by live musicians during their treatment. A second groups

was treated in a room that had a selection of pictures hung on the walls. These were changed every week so that patients wouldn’t see the same ones week after week.

Finally, a control group was treated in a standard hospital ward, without any music or art.

Staricoff and her colleague Jane Duncan used a standard psychological questionnaire to assess anxiety and clinical depression in the patients. They found that both the

paintings and the music lowered depression by about a third. (A) However, music was more effective at lowering anxiety than art. (B) On average, the art group had an

anxiety score that was 18 percent lower, and the music group had a score 32 percent lower than the controls. (C)

Is it trivial to worry about what’s hanging on ward walls when there are bed and staff shortages and growing waiting lists to deal with? (D) Staricoff hopes their work

will convince funding bodies otherwise. After all, if music or paintings can take the place of a course of antidepressants, it has to be better for everyone.

66. What is the main idea in this passage?

A. Cancer patients respond positively to music during chemotherapy.

B. Music and art classes are excellent forms of therapy for patients.

C. Music and art in the hospital environment contribute to patient recovery.

D. Research is being carried out at hospitals in England, the U.S., and Australia.

67. How did Staricoff and Duncan determine levels of anxiety and depression in their test subjects?

A. By testing their blood pressures often.

B. By interviewing them in the hospital.

C. By using a psychological questionnaire.

D. By measuring their intake of antidepressants.

68. The word “trivial” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. outmoded B. insignificant C. disputed D. extravagant

69. The word “controversial” in the passage is closest in meaning to

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 A. having advantages B. causing disagreement
C. doing damage D. making improvements
70. The word “ones” in the passage refers to

A. patients B. pictures C. musicians D. walls

71. According to paragraph 8, how was the control group treated?

A. With a questionnaire B. With a musical performance

C. Without music or art D. Without changing the art
72. Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the underlined statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out

important information.

A. Pain causes you to feel like you are tense.

B. The more pain you have, the greater the tension.

C. Tension increases the tendency to feel pain.

D. When you are very tense, it is painful.

73. The author mentions all of the following as advantages of art and music in the hospital environment, EXCEPT

A. most hospital staff have a higher level of job satisfaction.

B. the patients in some studies leave the hospital sooner.

C. some researchers believe the immune system is stimulated.

D. fewer pain medications are required by some patients.

74. It can be inferred that

A. the author is skeptical of the research results.

B. the researchers expect the final results to be positive.

C. there is little funding for the current study.

D. the patients are not aware that they are in a study.

75. Where would this sentence best fit into the passage?

The researchers have also gathered results from four additional studies in the antenatal clinic and the orthopedic unit, three of which were very promising.

A. (A) B. (B) C. (C) D. (D)

Part 3. Read the passage and do the tasks that follow.

The Science of Sleep

We spend a third of our lives doing it. Napoleon, Florence Nightingale and Margaret Thatcher got by on four hours a night. Thomas Edison claimed it was waste of

time.

So why do we sleep? This is a question that has baffled scientists for centuries and the answer is, no one is really sure. Some believe that sleep gives the body a chance

to recuperate from the day's activities but in reality, the amount of energy saved by sleeping for even eight hours is miniscule - about 50 kCal, the same amount of

energy in a piece of toast.

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With continued lack of sufficient sleep, the part of the brain that controls language, memory, planning and sense of time is severely affected, practically shutting down.

In fact, 17 hours of sustained wakefulness leads to a decrease in performance equivalent to a blood alcohol level of 0.05% (two glasses of wine). This is the legal drink

driving limit in the UK.

Research also shows that sleep-deprived individuals often have difficulty in responding to rapidly changing situations and making rational judgements. In real life

situations, the consequences are grave and lack of sleep is said to have been be a contributory factor to a number of international disasters such as Exxon Valdez,

Chernobyl, Three Mile Island and the Challenger shuttle explosion.

Sleep deprivation not only has a major impact on cognitive functioning but also on emotional and physical health. Disorders such as sleep apnoea which result in

excessive daytime sleepiness have been linked to stress and high blood pressure. Research has also suggested that sleep loss may increase the risk of obesity because

chemicals and hormones that play a key role in controlling appetite and weight gain are released during sleep.

What happens when we sleep?

What happens every time we get a bit of shut eye? Sleep occurs in a recurring cycle of 90 to 110 minutes and is divided into two categories: non-REM (which is further

split into four stages) and REM sleep.

Non-REM sleep

Stage one: Light Sleep

During the first stage of sleep, we're half awake and half asleep. Our muscle activity slows down and slight twitching may occur. This is a period of light sleep,

meaning we can be awakened easily at this stage.

Stage two: True Sleep

Within ten minutes of light sleep, we enter stage two, which lasts around 20 minutes. The breathing pattern and heart rate start to slow down. This period accounts for

the largest part of human sleep.

Stages three and four: Deep Sleep

During stage three, the brain begins to produce delta waves, a type of wave that is large (high amplitude) and slow (low frequency). Breathing and heart rate are at their

lowest levels.

Stage four is characterised by rhythmic breathing and limited muscle activity. If we are awakened during deep sleep we do not adjust immediately and often feel

groggy and disoriented for several minutes after waking up. Some children experience bed-wetting, night terrors, or sleepwalking during this stage.

REM sleep

The first rapid eye movement (REM) period usually begins about 70 to 90 minutes after we fall asleep. We have around three to five REM episodes a night.

Although we are not conscious, the brain is very active - often more so than when we are awake. This is the period when most dreams occur. Our eyes dart around

(hence the name), our breathing rate and blood pressure rise. However, our bodies are effectively paralysed, said to be nature's way of preventing us from acting out our

dreams.

After REM sleep, the whole cycle begins again.

How much sleep is required?

There is no set amount of time that everyone needs to sleep, since it varies from person to person. Results from the sleep profiler indicate that people like to sleep

anywhere between 5 and 11 hours, with the average being 7.75 hours.

Jim Horne from Loughborough University's Sleep Research Centre has a simple answer though: "The amount of sleep we require is what we need not to be sleepy in

the daytime."

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Even animals require varied amounts of sleep:

Species Average total sleep time per day

Python 18 hrs

Tiger 15.8 hrs

Cat 12.1 hrs

Chimpanzee 9.7 hrs

Sheep 3.8 hrs

African elephant 3.3 hrs

Giraffe 1.9 hrs

The current world record for the longest period without sleep is 11 days, set by Randy Gardner in 1965. Four days into the research, he began hallucinating. This

was followed by a delusion where he thought he was a famous footballer. Surprisingly, Randy was actually functioning quite well at the end of his research and he

could still beat the scientist at pinball.

For questions 76 – 83

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

On your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information,

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information,

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.

76. Thomas Edison slept 4 hours a night.

77. Scientists don't have a certain answer for why we have to sleep.

78. Lack of sleep might cause various problems.

79. Sleep-deprivation may be the cause of anorexia.

80. There are four stages of the REM sleep.

81. According to Jim Horne, we need to sleep as much as it takes to not be sleepy during the day.

82. Giraffes require less sleep than dogs.

83. After four sleepless days, Randy had a delusion about him being a football celebrity.

For questions 84 – 88

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers on the answer sheet.

84. During the Light Sleep stage,

A. muscle activity increases

B. jiggling might occur

C. it is not easy to be woken up

D. after waking up, one may experience slight disorientation

85. Heart rate is at the lowest level during

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 A. Light Sleep stage B. Rem Sleep
C. True Sleep stage D. Third Sleep stage
86. The brain activity is really high

A. During REM sleep B. During the stage of True Sleep

C. When we are awake D. During the Deep sleep stage
87. Humans require at least

A. 7.75 hours of sleep B. 5 hours of sleep

C. 8 hours D. There is no set amount of time.
88. Pythons need

A. less sleep than tigers

B. twice as much sleep as cats

C. almost ten times more sleep than giraffes

D. more sleep than any other animal in the world

Part 4. For questions 89 – 95, choose the most suitable paragraph from A to H to fill in each blank.

Just at that turning between Market Road and the lane leading to the chemist's shop he had his 'establishment'. At eight in the evening you would not see him, and again

at ten you would see nothing, but between those times he arrived, sold his goods and departed. Those who saw him remarked thus, 'Lucky fellow! He has hardly an

hour's work a day and he pockets ten rupees - even graduates are unable to earn that! Three hundred rupees a month!' He felt irritated when he heard such glib remarks

and said, 'What these folks do not see is that I sit before the oven practically all day frying all this ...'

89. __________

At about 8.15 in the evening he arrived with a load of stuff. He looked as if he had four arms, so many things he carried about him. His equipment was the big tray

balanced on his head with its assortment of edibles, a stool stuck in the crook of his arm, a lamp in another hand and a couple of portable legs for mounting his tray. He

lit the lamp, a lantern which consumed six pies' worth of kerosene every day, and kept it near at hand, since he had to guard a lot of loose cash and a variety of

miscellaneous articles.

90. __________

He always arrived in time to catch the cinema crowd coming out after the evening show. A pretender to the throne, a young scraggy fellow, sat on his spot until he

arrived and did business, but he did not let that bother him unduly. In fact, he felt generous enough to say, 'Let the poor rat do his business when I am not there.' This

sentiment was amply respected, and the pretender moved off a minute before the arrival of the prince among caterers.

91. __________

Though so much probing was going on, he knew exactly who was taking what. He knew by an extraordinary sense which of the jukta drivers was picking up chappatis

at a given moment - he could even mention the license number. He knew that the stained hand nervously coming up was that of a youngster who polished the shoes of

passers-by. And he knew exactly at what hour he would see the wrestler's arm searching for the perfect duck's egg. His custom was drawn from the population

swarming the pavement: the boot polish boys, for instance, who wandered to and fro with brush and polish in a bag, endlessly soliciting 'Polish, sir, polish!' Rama had a

soft spot for them.

92. __________

It rent his heart to see their hungry hollow eyes. It pained him to see the rags they wore. And it made him very unhappy to see the tremendous eagerness with which

they came to him. But what could he do? He could not run a charity show, that was impossible. He measured out their half-glass of coffee correct to a fraction of an

inch, but they could cling to the glass for as long as they liked.

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93. __________

He lived in the second lane behind the market. His wife opened the door, throwing into the night air the scent of burnt oil which perpetually hung about their home. She

snatched from his hand all the encumbrances and counted the cash immediately.

94. __________

After dinner, he tucked a betel leaf and tobacco in his cheek and slept. He had dreams of traffic constables bullying him to move on and health inspectors saying he was

spreading all kinds of disease and depopulating the city. But fortunately in actual life no one bothered him very seriously. The health officer no doubt came and said,

'You must put all this under a glass lid, otherwise I shall destroy it someday... Take care!'

95. __________

Rama no doubt violated all the well-accepted canons of cleanliness and sanitation, but still his customers not only survived his fare but seemed actually to flourish on

it, having consumed it for years without showing signs of being any the worse for it.

Missing paragraphs

A. Rama prepared a limited quantity of snacks for sale, but even then he had to carry back remnants. He consumed some of it himself, and the rest he warmed up and

brought out for sale the next day.

B. All the coppers that men and women of this part of the universe earned through their miscellaneous jobs ultimately came to him at the end of the day. He put all his

money into a little cloth bag dangling from his neck under his shirt, and carried it home, soon after the night show had started at the theatre.

C. No one could walk past his display without throwing a look at it. A heap of bondas, which seemed puffed and big but melted in one's mouth; dosais, white, round,

and limp, looking like layers of muslin; chappatis so thin you could lift fifty of them on a little finger; duck's eggs, hard-boiled, resembling a heap of ivory balls; and

perpetually boiling coffee on a stove. He had a separate alluminium pot in which he kept chutney, which went gratis with almost every item.

D. His customers liked him. They said in admiration, 'Is there another place where you can get six pies and four chappatis for one anna?' They sat around his tray,

taking what they wanted. A dozen hands hovered about it every minute, because his customers were entitled to pick up, examine, and accept their stuff after proper

scrutiny.

E. They gloated over it. 'Five rupees invested in the morning has produced another five...' They ruminated on the exquisite mystery of this multiplication. Then it was

put back for further investment on the morrow and the gains carefully separated and put away in a little wooden box.

F. But he was a kindly man in private. 'How the customers survive the food, I can't understand. I suppose people build up a sort of immunity to such poisons, with all

that dust blowing on it and the gutter behind.'

G. He got up when the cock in the next house crowed. Sometimes it had a habit of waking up at three in the morning and letting out a shriek. 'Why has the cock lost his

normal sleep?' Rama wondered as he awoke, but it was a signal he could not miss. Whether it three o'clock or four, it was all the same to him. He had to get up and start

his day.

H. When he saw some customer haggling, he felt like shouting, 'Give the poor fellow a little more. Don't begrudge it. If you pay an anna more he can have a dosai and

a chappati.'

Part 5. Read the passage and decide

In which section are the following mentioned? Write your answers on the answer sheet.

96. the influence of external factors other than the colour of food or drink

97. the idea that reaction to colours is not uniform

98. the type of people who are most susceptible to colour influence

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99. a collaboration between people from different backgrounds

100. the effect of impaired vision on eating habits

101. something that interests people but not for its original purpose

102. a hypothetical situation which may disgust us

103. some people’s ability to be more precise than others in describing subtle taste changes

104. the way companies can use psychology to make us eat more

105. a belief that some people are naturally reluctant to taste something

How we taste different colours

We’ve all heard that the first bite is taken with the eye but the link between our visual sense and our flavour perception may be stronger than you think. When I think of

flavour perception, noses and taste buds primarily spring to mind. Sure, other factors such as texture, temperature and touch sensations play a part but taste and smell

are the dominant senses here, right? Well, perhaps not. You only have to consider the insatiable public appetite for food pictures masquerading as cookbooks to see

there is meat to the old adage we eat with our eyes. Charles Spence, the Oxford experimental psychologist who helped Heston Blumenthal develop some of his playful

multisensory signature dishes, places vision right up there with smell, in flavour’s ‘premier league’, if you will. ‘Half the brain is visual in some sense,’ says Spence.

This is, in part, why the colour of our food and drink can not only determine whether it is appetising but its flavour, too.

It is often said that we have an inherent aversion to blue food because it appears so rarely in nature. Another popular theory is that we’re attracted to red food because it

signals ripeness, sweetness and calories. But is this an innate preference? Probably not, thinks Chris Lukehurst, head of research at the Marketing Clinic. How colour

affects appetite is inconsistent and contextual. Think about green food and you might picture fresh, nutritious rocket, watercress or cucumber. Or perhaps under-ripe,

sour fruits. ‘However, If I talk to you about green meat,’ he says, ‘your stomach probably turns.’ It is interesting, though, that a dyed-blue steak will have the same

effect, even if you know it’s perfectly safe. If you get people to eat it in the dark, says Spence, ‘so they think it’s normal, then you turn the lights up and show them the

colour, some will get up and be sick straightaway.’ Such is the powerfully aversive effect of food colour out of context.

As well as tasting the colour of what we consume, we can also taste the shade of its wrapping. Spence has tricked people into confusing salt and vinegar crisps with

cheese and onion flavour merely by switching packets. ‘Many of our subjects will taste the colour of the crisp packet, not the crisp itself,’ he says. Our brains excel in

picking up associations and using them as shortcuts. When the colour makes us expect something to taste a certain way, we’ll taste what we expect unless it’s

shockingly different. Using multiple colours in sweets such as Smarties and M&Ms is a strategy to get you to eat lots of them. People will wolf down more from a

mixed bowl than they will from a bowl full of their favourite colour. And a recent study from Cornwell University showed that you’ll eat more, too, if your food colour

matches the plate, while a contrast will have the opposite effect.

If you can’t see colours, you might expect your other senses to sharpen and compensate but blind people don’t taste or smell any more than anyone else. They are,

however, generally better at naming smells, which most sighted people struggle with. So they may not be tasting more intensely but they can identify flavours better

without visual cues. Not surprisingly, losing your sight can make eating stressful and it is thought to contribute to a diminished appetite in old age. But even losing the

capacity to see colours can have adverse effects. In his book An Anthropologist on Mars, Oliver Sacks told the fascinating story of a man who experienced this after an

accident. He found eating less pleasurable and started to choose black or white foods, or eat with his eyes closed. Following a discussion with Blumenthal, Spence and

his team at Oxford did some research to discover who is the most easily influenced by the effects of colouring and found that those at the super-taster end of the

spectrum rely less on their eyes. ‘Whereas those with fewer taste buds,’ says Spence, ‘will be more easily led astray or say, “Yep, I see red therefore it’s sweet”.’

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IV. WRITING (60 POINTS)

Part 1. Summarize the main contents of the following passage using from 100 to 120 words. Write your answer on the answer sheet.

In order to establish photography as art, members of the Aesthetic Movement modeled their work on classical paintings, even copying the subjects and poses

popularized by artists of the Classical Period. As the movement gained in popularity, photographers made a clear distinction between the elegant, artistic photography

that conformed to the aesthetic standard used for paintings and the work of more realistic photographers that was beginning to appear. Since they were cloudy because

of the gum bichromate plate that allowed for manual intervention, the aesthetic prints were easily distinguished from the more modern prints, which came to be called

straightforward photographs. In contrast, the straightforward photographers produced images that were sharp and clear. Whereas the proponents of the Aesthetic

movement continued to hand color their photographs, adding details and textures to conform to the art of printmakers, the philosophy that surrounded the new

photography rejected manipulation of either the subject matter or the print. The subjects included nature in its undisturbed state and people in everyday situations.

A number of major exhibitions and the formation of photographic clubs during the late nineteenth century provided the impetus for the Photo-Secession Movement.

Founded by Alfred Steiglitz in New York City in 1902, Photo-Secession had as its proposition the promotion of straightforward photography through exhibits and

publications. One of the publications, Camera Work, has been recognized among the most beautiful journals ever produced. By the 1920s, the mechanical precision

that had once been criticized as a defect by members of the Aesthetic Movement had become a hallmark of modern photography. Chiefly through the efforts of

Steiglitz, modern photography had seceded from painting and emerged as a legitimate art form. In summary, the Aesthetic Movement rejected reality for beauty, but

the Photo-Secessionists embraced realism as even more beautiful.

Part 2. The bar chart illustrates the percentage of businesses in the UK who had a social media presence from 2012 to 2016.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write your answer on the answer sheet.

Part 3. Write an essay of about 350 words on the following topic

Some people think that hard working and determination are the key factors for being successful in the life, while other people feel that other factors are important.

Discuss both sides and give your opinion.

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