THSLST Chapter 2

Ton Duc Thang University - Đại học Tôn Đức Thắng
Faculty of Applied Sciences - Khoa Khoa học ứng dụng
TIẾN HOÁ VÀ SINH LÝ SINH THÁI
EVOLUTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 1

CHAPTER 2
THE ORIGIN OF LIFE AND EVOLUTION

1 – The origin of life
1.1 – The formation of earth
1.2 – The first living cell
1.3 – The evolution of photosynthesis
2 – The history of species evolution on earth

2.1 – Historical evolution
2.2 – The emergence of species
3 – The theory of evolution

3.1 – Genetics traits
3.2 – Darwin and the Natural Selection

1. THE ORIGIN OF LIFE

1.1 The formation of earth

The formation of earth
Collapse of a cloud of dust and gas may

have created our galaxy 10 Ga years ago.
Big bang theory 14 Ga Universe is in expansion

(gigaannus) years ago. (George Hubble)
Birth of universe after an Elementary particles formed hydrogen shortly
explosion from an infinitely after the Big Bang, and Hydrogen produces
dense point further all other elements

Our solar system has been formed

4.6 Ga years ago.
Earth is the same age, but oldest

minerals date from 4.4 Ga
(Zircon Rocks).
Earth was created by collision
and aggregation of smaller
bodies 4.4-4.6 Ga years ago.
Moon was created following a

major collision (Theia impact
hypothesis)

During the Hadean (-4.6

to 4.0 Ga). Earth is
bombarded by asteroids
and comets


During the Archean (-4.0 to 2.5 Ga).

Earth is under intense volcanic activity-
created primitive atmosphere
A primitive ocean is formed by

condensation of water

First Amino Acids
Primordial soup:
The Miller Urey EXPERIMENT

(1952) shows how first amino
acids could have been created
from NH3, CH4 and H2

First evidence of life

comes from the Stromatolites are layered mounds,
stromatolites columns, and sheet-like sedimentary
(Archean -3.8 Ga). rocks.
… originally formed by the growth of

cyanobacteria, single-celled
photosynthesizing microbe that can
live in a wide range of environments

Continents united in a main continent Pangea

Due to continental drift (Wegener) continents separated since 300 Mya.

1.2 The first living cell

The first living cell

PROKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE

Carl Woese (1977) Three domains
Delsuc, et al Phylogenomics and the reconstruction of the tree

of life Nature Reviews Genetics 6, 361-375 (May 2005)

Lipid membranes can form spontaneously
An essential property for apparition of

compartments and future cells with
isolated DNA
LUCA
Last Universal Common
Ancestor
Delsuc, et al Phylogenomics and the reconstruction of the tree

of life Nature Reviews Genetics 6, 361-375 (May 2005)

1.3 The evolution of photosynthesis

The evolution of photosynthesis
What is photosynthesis?
“…is the process used by plants, algae and some bacteria to

transform energy from sunlight into chemical energy”

Chloroplasts and Cyanobacteria

Theory of endosymbiosis

The origin of life: summary of major events




2. THE HISTORY OF
SPECIES EVOLUTION

2.1 Historical evolution

Historical evolution: the Ediacarian fauna
In 1946, "jellyfishes" in the Ediacara Hills of Australia.
The Ediacaran biota consisted of tubular and frond-shaped, mostly sessile

organisms that lived during the Ediacaran Period (635–542 Mya).
Trace fossils of these organisms have been found worldwide
Dickinsonia costata,
Earliest known
complex multicellular
organisms
01/2018 603067 603067

Evolution and Physiological
Evolution Ecology
and Physiological Chapter
Ecology Chapter22 28
29
Historical evolution: the Ediacarian fauna
The Ediacara radiated during the Avalon explosion, 575 million

years ago. Ediacara organisms disappeared with the Cambrian
explosion

Historical evolution
The Cambrian explosion

consisted of the sudden
increase of species number
in short evolutionary time
(-540 -485 Mya).
Many Burgess Shale

organisms represent
ancestors of the modern
animal phyla,
Life in the Cambrian (-540 Mya)

The Burgess Shale fossils from Cambrian
The Burgess shale

508 million years: one of the earliest fossil
beds containing soft-part traces.
Burgess shale is made of various

organisms. Free-swimming organisms are
rare, the majority being bottom dwelling
(benthic) — either moving or attached to the
sea floor (sessile).
About 66% of the Burgess Shale organisms lived by feeding on the
organic content in the muddy sea floor, while 33% filtered out fine particles
from the water. Under 10% of organisms were predators or scavengers.

From Silurian – Devonian to

Carboniferous: adaptation to
terrestrial life in arthropods,
plants and…vertebrates (440-
350 Mya).
You took time!


2.2 The emergence of species

The emergence of species
SPECIATION: origin of two or more species from

one common ancestor
Usually occurs after geographic separation of two populations,

geographic separation causes genetic differentiation

Allopatric vs Sympatric speciation

YES
MANY
CASES
• Peripatric speciation
• Parapatric speciation

The case of
RING species
A ring species is a connected series of

populations that can interbreed with
relatively closely related populations, but
with at least two "end" populations in the
series that can not breed.

Adaptive radiation
In fishes
(cichlids)

adaptive radiations
Adaptive radiation is divergent

evolution of numerous
In birds
lineages within a short time.
New characteristics are

adapted for different
environments or types of food.

Adaptive radiation
In mammals

Adaptive radiation
In plants




3. THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

3.1 Genetic traits

Genetic traits
Gregor MENDEL : Laws of Inheritance
- Particulate Inheritance ; characteristics or

“TRAITS” that we “INHERIT” through
“GENERATIONS”
- Segregation of alleles: two alleles are

separated during gamete formation (meiosis)

Genetic traits
Gregor MENDEL : Laws of Inheritance
- Dominance : one allele can express over

another allele (dominant vs recessive)
- Independent assortment: alleles from

different chromosomes separate
independently

Genetic traits

Genetic traits

3.2 Darwin and the
Natural Selection

Darwin and the Natural Selection
 Individuals from populations are competing for

resources
 Resources are limited
 Each individual has different ability to adapt to its

environment
 Organisms produce more offspring that can survive
 There is change in populations and only the most

adapted organisms survive (‘struggle for life”) due
to NATURAL SELECTION


 Common ancestor: all organisms living on earth

have descended with modification from on
common ancestor
 Natural selection: is a main cause of change

/evolution of populations
 Change (“variation”) of characters / traits occur

because of modifications (mutation)
 Heritable information transmitted (gene) to the

offspring through reproduction

Consequences:
 EVOLUTION is CHANGE, no more “divine”

reason for species evolution
 Biological phenomena can be explained
 Characteristics of an organism/ species can be

understood in the “light of evolution”
 Variation is fundamental / IMPORTANT for

evolution



READINGS
• Begon M, Townsend CR & Harper JL (2006) Ecology, from

individuals to ecosystems, Fourth Edition, Blackwell publishing,
759 pages.
• Futuyma DJ (2013) Evolutionary biology, Third Edition, Sinauer

Associate, 656 pages.
• Willmer P, Stone G & Johnston I (2005) Environmental

physiology of animals, Second Edition, Blackwell publishing, 754
pages.
• Lambers H, et al (2008) Plant physiological Ecology, Second
Edition, Springer, 604 pages.


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Ton Duc Thang University - Đại học Tôn Đức Thắng

Faculty of Applied Sciences - Khoa Khoa học ứng dụng

TIẾN HOÁ VÀ SINH LÝ SINH THÁI

EVOLUTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 1

THE ORIGIN OF LIFE AND EVOLUTION

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 2

2 – The history of species evolution on earth

3 – The theory of evolution

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 3

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 4

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 5

Collapse of a cloud of dust and gas may

Big bang theory 14 Ga Universe is in expansion

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 6

Our solar system has been formed

Earth is the same age, but oldest

Moon was created following a

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 7

During the Hadean (-4.6

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 8

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 10

During the Archean (-4.0 to 2.5 Ga).

A primitive ocean is formed by

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 11

First Amino Acids

The Miller Urey EXPERIMENT

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 12

First evidence of life

… originally formed by the growth of

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 13

Continents united in a main continent Pangea

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 14

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 15

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 16

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 17

Carl Woese (1977) Three domains

Delsuc, et al Phylogenomics and the reconstruction of the tree

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 18

Lipid membranes can form spontaneously

An essential property for apparition of

Delsuc, et al Phylogenomics and the reconstruction of the tree

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 19

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 20

“…is the process used by plants, algae and some bacteria to

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 21

Chloroplasts and Cyanobacteria

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 22

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 23

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 24

2 – The history of species evolution on earth

3 – The theory of evolution

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 25

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 26

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 27

The Ediacaran biota consisted of tubular and frond-shaped, mostly sessile

Trace fossils of these organisms have been found worldwide

01/2018 603067 603067

The Ediacara radiated during the Avalon explosion, 575 million

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 2 30

The Cambrian explosion

Many Burgess Shale