PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
 Earth history enables us to
understand more changes which no
human has ever seen and to relate
them to modern changes
EVENTS INCLUDE
 The rise and the extinction of the
dinosaurs
The humans like us thrive from different
events
Earth’s Formation - Land, Water and Air -
Living Things
Unit 1: Historical Roots of Todays People and
Earth
 Earth is Born
 Date: 4.5 Billion years ago
 Title: Birth of a Planet
 INFORMATION
 Grew from a cloud of dust
and rocks .
 Formed when some of these
rocks collided (massive
enough to attract with the
force of gravity).
 Moon formed, when planet-
sized chunk of rocks smashed
into the earth and threw
huge debris.(condensed into
the moon)
1. THE ORIGINS OF LIFE
 Date: 4-3.5 Billion years ago
 Title: First Organisms
 INFORMATION:
 Prokaryotes
 Single-celled organisms
 Oldest fossil
 3.5 Billion years old
 May have begun
 Earlier while huge rocks were still
raining down on earth.
 Warm alkaline vents on the seabed,
open water or land.
2. LIFE HARNESS THE POWER OF
SUNLIGHT
 Date: 3.4 Billion years ago
 Title: Photosynthesis
 INFORMATION
 All life needs energy
 Sun is the biggest source
 Early microorganisms use the
energy from sunlight to make
sugars
 First photosynthesis organisms
did not release oxygen as a
waste product
 No oxygen in air
 Organisms called protobionts
 First living organism
that exist here in
Earth.
 They didn’t have
source of food; they
just want to live in
the formation of
Earth.
 How the protobiont lived?
 Because of the gas
stage, liquefied stage,
and the land stage;
they are the reason to
create life in the way
of what we called the
Frankenstein Effect.
 Frankenstein Effect – by the
use of lightning, it creates life.
This is fuel or the one who
energizes to join together the
living components and to
creates an organism which is
called the protobiont.
 TRIVIA
 STROMALITES
 Layered rocks
 Rocky structure made by
photosynthetic
cyanobacteria
 Microfabric, microbes
secrete sticky compounds
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
that bind together sediments
grains.
 3.5 billion years ago showed
up
 Earliest manifestation of life
on earth dominated 2 billion
years ago
 Johan Bernhard- geobiologist
at Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution
(WHOI) said they were one of
the earliest example of
intimate connection
between-living things and
geology. Also, diversity and
abundance begin to take a
nosedive around one billion
years ago.
 created by the
cyanobacteria.
 Continuously of being
abundant in Earth.
 They are the ancestors of the
animals, plants, and the other
living organisms including us.
 They can be found in the
seashores.
3. THE BEGINNING OF PLATE TECTONICS
 Date: 3 billion years ago
 Title: Continents form
 INFORMATION
 Earth surface divided into a
few dozen plates of rock.
 Plate tectonics, sometimes
ploughs under another to be
destroyed in the planets
molten heart
 Around 3 billion years ago
 First continent when plate
tectonics had operations,
nicknamed “Ur”
4. THE GREAT OXIDATION EVENT
 Date: 2.4 billion years ago
 Title: Breathable air
 INFORMATIONS
 First half of Earth’s history
hardly any oxygen in the air.
 Same bacteria began
harnessing sunlight to make
sugar from carbon dioxide
and water.
 Microbes pumped out
oxygen as a waste product
 Snowball earth, oxygen
caused the entire planet to
freeze by stripping the
greenhouse gas methane
from the air
5. ENDOSYMBIOSIS
 Date: 2.4 billion years ago
 Title: Complex Cells
 INFORMATION
 Modern bacteria- first
organisms
 Eukaryotes- developed lots of
specialized equipment within
their cells
 Endosymbiosis – is engulfing
or food of bacteria to the
other bacteria.
 New source of energy
1. Sausage shaped objects called
Mitochondria
2. Endosymbiosis, absorbed in a
process
 Eukaryote,both plant and
animal
6. THE FIRST SEX
 Date: 2 billion years ago
 Title: Origin of Mating
 INFORMATIONS
 1.8 billion and 800 million
years ago
 Boring Billion, fairly dull 1.2
billion years ago
 fossils of red algae
forming specialized sex
cells such as spores
7. MULTICELLULAR LIFE
 Date: 1.2 billion years ago
 Title: Big Organisms
 INFORMATION
 Life was not made up of
single cells
 Teaming up in mouths, limbs
and sense organs
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
 Dating back 2.1 billion years
ago fossils of large organisms,
have been colonies of
bacteria
 Different groups of organisms
probably evolved
multicellularity independently
w/plants before animals
8. SNOWBALL EARTH
 Date: 850-365 million years ago
 Title: A frozen world
 INFORMATIONS
 200 Million years, earth froze
over again, twice.
 Ice stretched from the poles
to the equator
 Snowball period, triggered
the evolution of the first
complex animals
 Ediacarans, tube and frond
shaped.
9. THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
 Date: 535 million years ago
 Title: Evolutionary Leaps
 INFORMATIONS:
 After animals evolved went
through 2 major growth spurts
 Modern animals appeared
within tens of millions of years
 Explosion partly down to
better fossilization
 489 million years ago
expanded in Great
Ordovician Biodiversification
event
 TRIVIA
 Anomalocaris
 During Cambrian period,
marine animals were tiny but
few inches long called
abnormal shrimps
 3 ft from head to tail
 Giant invertebrate
 With stalked
 Compound eyes
 Wide mouth looked like ring
of a pineapple
 Undulating arms
 Wide fan-shaped tail used to
propel
 Stephen Jay Gould mistook
anomalocaris for a previously
unknown animal phylum
about the Burgess shale.
’Wonderful Life’
10. PLANTS COLONIZE THE LAND
 Date: 465 million years ago
 Title: Out of the sea
 INFORMATIONS
 Ventured as far back as 500
million years ago; animals for
them to lay eggs w/o
predators
 Plant were first to take up
permanent residence.
 First land; relatives of green
algae
11. THE FIRST MASS EXTINCTION
 Date: 460-430 million years ago
 Title: Ordovician Period
 INFORMATIONS
 Time when life flourished
 Dramatically and ice sheets
spread from poles
 Andean-Saharan, ensuring
ice age
 Evidence came from Andes
Mountains and Sahara
dessert.
 Ordovician-Silurian, second-
worst mass extinction
 85% of marine species wiped
out
 Fish become much more
common.
 Massive marine life
diversification (Ordovician
Fossils)
 Named after a Celtic tribe
called the Ordovices.
 Most of animals they have
tentacles to glide around in
the water and to easily
transport their body from one
placed to another.
 Trilobites – are using their feet
and hard shells to move
around the water.
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
 Nautilus – another animal
that existed during
Ordovician period.
12. FISH THAT WALK ON LAND
 Date: 375 million years ago
 Title: From fins to legs
 INFORMATIONS
 Insects were first around 400
million years ago
 Backboned animals such as
Tiktaatik fish looked-like
salamander
 Four limbs; give rise to
amphibians reptiles and
mammals.
 Late Devonian Extinction
wiped out many marine
animals, including armored
fish
 TRIVIA
 TIKTAATIK
 375 million years old
announced April 2006
 Led by Neil Shubin, Edward
Daeschler, Farish Jenkins;
researchers
 Technically a fish; has
flattened head of crocodile&
unusual fins
 Have thin ray bones, sturdy
interior bones props itself up
in shallow water
 Four-legged
 Evolutionary transition
between swimming fish and
their descendants the four-
legged vertebrates;
amphibians; dinosaurs, birds,
mammals and humans
13. DAWN OF REPTILES
 Date: 320 million years ago
 Title: Reptilian evolution
 INFORMATIONS
 Late Paleozoic Age, was in
the middle of a long cold
snap
 Evolves like amphibians
 Tough, scaly skin and laid
eggs
 Dominant land animals
 Like Dimetrodon reached 4.5
meters long, it was not a
dinosaur
 TRIVIA
 DIMETRODON
 Lived 286 to 270 million years
ago during Permian Period
 Found in North America
 Carnivore;3.5 meters length
(11.5 ft. ) large sail on its back
 The sail; elongated spine
connected by membrane
 The skull; high and narrow,
long eyes, teeth were several
sizes
14. PANGEA
 Date: 300 million years ago
 Title: Supercontinent
 INFORMATIONS
 One giant supercontinent
 Spanning ocean,
Panthalassa
 Lasted 175 million years ago
 Familiar modern continent
 Northern component,
Laurasia
 Gondwanaland ( South
America, Africa, Australia,
Antartica, Indian Ocean
Plates)
15. THE GREAT DYING
 Date: 252 million years ago
 Title: Permian Extinction
 INFORMATIONS
 Flourishing
 Worst mass extinction, 96 %
marine species
 Siberian traps, massive
volcanic eruptions.
 First dinosaurs evolved
 Most of the creatures die
before the dinosaurs exist.
 Due to plate tectonic, the
production of magma
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
became abundant and it
produces lava.
16. THE FIRST MAMMALS
 Date: 220 million years ago
 Title: Hairy beast
 INFORMATIONS
 Dinosaurs were spreading
and diversifying
 Cynodonts, ancestors were
reptiles
 Dogs may have fur or
whiskers
- Early mammals, Morganucodon,
small and shrew-like, active at
night.
- Warm-blooded; ability to keep
their temperature constant
- This is started when the creature
become complex when they
have mammary glands.
-  TRIVIA
17. THE TRIASSIC EXTINCTION
 Date: 201 million years ago
 Title: Dinosaurs unleashed
 INFORMATIONS
 Flourishing on land
 Sea giant reptiles,
Ichthyosaurus; top predators
 Killed 80% species
 Became dominant land
animals
 Reached titanic sizes
 Dreadnoughtus schrani,
biggest species, weighed 59
tons
 TRIVIA
 Dreadnoughtus Schrani
 Titanosaurian Sauropod
Dinosaurs,most diverse and
abundant large bodied
herbivores during final 30
million years ago of Mesozoic
era
 Most massive land-living
animals
 Very incomplete fossils
 From upper cretaceous in
southern Patagonia,
Argentina
 70 % postcranial skeleton +
craniodental
 Most complete titonasaur
 59 metric tons; estimated mass
 The bones were still growing at
the time of death
18. THE FIRST BIRDS
 Date: 160 million years ago
 Title: Feathered flight
 INFORMATIONS
 Modern birds are
Velociraptors : with beaks
instead of snouts and wings
instead of arms
 Famous early bird,
Archaeopteryx lived 150
million years ago
 Older fossils: Xiaotingia and
Aurornis have been found in
China
ARCHAEOPTERYX
 Paleontologist viewed as
transitional fossil between
dinosaurs and modern birds.
 Blend with avian and reptilian
features
 Discovered 1860, referred to
Urvoges, German word for
original bird or first bird.
 Combination two ancient
greek words
 Archaios- Ancient
 Pteryx- feather of wings
 Two species: Lithographica &
A. siemensii
 Lived around 150 million years
ago during Tithonian stage in
the late Jurassic Period- now
Bavaria, Southern Germany.
 Florida providing this basal
bird or stem bird; fairly warm-
through likely dry-climate
 SPINOSAURUS
- Biggest of all the carnivorous
dinosaurs larger than:
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
Tyrannosaurus and
Gigantosaurus
- Live during part of the
cretaceous period, 112
million to 97 million years ago
- Means; spine lizard
- Had very long spines
growing, sail referred
- 7 feet(2.1 meters)
- First dinosaurs able to swim,
spent most time in water
- September 2014, had shorts
hind limbs, dense and
compact bones, wide and
flat claws
19. THE FIRST BIRDS
 Date: 130 million years ago
 Title: Plant Revolution
 INFORMATIONS
 Flowers are a recent
invention
 465 million years ago, yet
there were no flowers for over
two-thirds
 Appeared in the middle
dinosaur era.
 Old fossil are 70 million years
old
20. DEATH OF THE DINOSAURS
 Date: 65 million years ago
 Title: The 5th extinction
 INFORMATIONS
 Extinct
 65 million years ago
 A huge chunk of rock, now
Mexico
 Dust was thrown into the
upper atmosphere and
blocked out sunlight
 Earth suffered its 5th and last
mass extinction.
 Most famous casualties
 Pterosaurs and giant marine
reptiles were also wiped out
21. THE FIRST PRIMATES EVOLVES
 Date: 60-55 million years ago
 Title: Living in the trees
 INFORMATIONS
 Almost wiped out
 Mammals evolved nourish
using placenta.
 Give rise to monkeys, apes
and humans
 Oldest primate skeleton,
Archicebus Achilles
 Weighed more than 30 grams
 Lived in humid and hot
rainforest of Asia.
22. SUPER PLANTS
 Date: 37-25 million years ago
 Title: 64 photosynthesis
 INFORMATIONS
 Harnessing sunlight to make
sugar for hundreds of millions
of years called photosynthesis.
 More efficient than normal
 Allowing to cope with harsh
conditions
 Trying to engineer rice to help
feed the growing population
23. THE FIRST HOMININS
 Date: 13-7 million years ago
 Title: The read to humanity
 INFORMATIONS
 Apes appeared in Africa, 25
million years ago
 Group split; modern humans
ancestors of modern apes
 Oldest unknown hominid,
Scehelanthropus tchaedensis,
7 million years ago made
from: sling, bow, bolo, fish
hook , spear thrower
 Hunting, lighting and cooking,
apes discovered fire and use
it in different ways,
 Knowledge and technology
are creating new possibilities
to create great impact on the
development of the brain
 Hominids try to use fire
 Friction can create spark
24. THE HUMAN RACE
 Date: 200,000 years ago
 Title: The thinking ape
 INFORMATIONS
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM

 Homo sapiens, ridiculously  Galileo Galilei discovered or

young
 Exist for a 5th of a million years
 Expanded from our African
birthplace
 Human gains knowledge and
the agricultural system.
 Development of agriculture
 They start to harness metals
instead of stone.
 Agriculture is accidentally
discovered.
proposed the idea of
Heliocentric model but he is
not the founder.
 Galileo said that the Earth is
actually not the center of the
universe instead the sun. In the
way of his explanation about
the four moons that Jupiter
have.

25. DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE 27. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

 Date: 11,000 years ago  Date:1760
 Title: Farming and Metal  Title: Machine and Cities
 INFORMATIONS  INFORMATIONS
 10,000 years ago of 800 B.C.E  Changed the environment
 People made:  Saw a major increase in
 Major technological population
advance of  Use of chemicals and fuel in
domesticating animals factories
and plants  Increased air and water
 Before the Agricultural pollution and use of fossil
Revolution, people fuels
knew how to raise  Machine were created to
crops and keep lessen the effort need for
animals work
 Electricity came by to
26. MODERN SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION produce light to more
 Date:1543 productive humans
 Title: Science  Transportations invented that
 INFORMATION time which made a leap in
 Scientific evolution, transporting different goods
emergence of modern  It is the start of machines and
science cities that improves the way
 Mathematics of life of the humans.
 Physics
 Astronomy
 Biology 28. THE BEGINNING OF SPACE AGE
 Chemistry  Date: 1957
 changing perceptions  Title: The long Journey ahead
about the role of  INFORMATIONS
scientist, value of  Has been universal and
experimental or enduring
observed evidence  Human are driven to explore
scientific the unknown, discover new
methodology. worlds, push the boundaries
 We created science during and technical limits.
the 1500’s.
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
 Human space exploration
helps to address about our
place in the universe and
solar system
 Addressing the challenges
 Expand technology
 Create new industries
 Helps to foster a peaceful
connections.
 Curiosity and exploration are
vital to human spirit and
accepting the challenge of
going deeper into space.
29. TODAYS CONDITION
 Humans are increasingly that
they have shaped the planet
to an unprecedented extent
 Industrial Revolution- 200
years ago
 Agricultural Revolution- 8000
years ago
 Modified the whole chemistry
- Cyanobacteria
- Vascular plants
- Plankton
 Shaping into collision
 Climate change will change
the history of life
 Mid-20th due to human
activities
Additional Informations
 46 Billion years ago
 THE BEGINNING OF EVERYTHING
 Big Bang Theory – explains that we
are all from the “singularity” which is
allocation where the objects meet
and has infinite value.
 Singularity – continue to expand not
explode and it creates time and
speed.
- By the way of space today, it
creates differences and energy.
 NUCLEOSYNTHESIS ERA 1s
 The energy creates different kinds of
particles in the way of by the use of
collision.
 These particles named as proton,
neutron and electron.
 Proton – positively charged particle
 Neutron – neutrally charged particle
 Electron – negatively charged
particle
 These are the things that we
use to create atoms.
 By the use of energy, it
connects all the things that
includes gravity.
 These energies collided with
each other and it creates the
nucleus.
 Nucleus – contains neutrons
and protons. Later, there are
electrons so, it creates an
atom.
 These atoms joined another
that creates elements and
the elements joined another
element that creates
compound.
 The compound joined
another compound turns out
to the continuous changing
of our universe until we can
create stars.
 When the stars explode or
die, it creates planetesimals
or debris that can we see in
the universe during that time.
 The debris have mass and
attracts with each other to
form the planets.
 Planets – was actually the
collection of garbage or
debris from the dead star.
 4.4 BILLION YEARS AGO
 VAPOR INTO LIQUID
 The Earth was
continuously formed;
therefore, it has a rotation
and because (nauubos
na ung object na
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
tumatama sa kanya and
continuously nag co-
collide sa kanya,
bumabagal na din ung
rotation ng Earth) so we
have the first physical
form which is known the
solid.
 When the solid is cooling
down it creates vapor or
objects that are in the
second physical form
which is known as gas or
a matter.
 The solid, liquid, and gas
are matter.
 Matter – is anything that
occupies space and has
mass.
 The vapors or the
gaseous material that are
from the land or in the
cool-down of the Earth.
These gives way to form
the ¾ of the Earth’s
content which is water
and ¼ of land.
 Chemicals – comes from
the collisions of objects in
the Earth.
Chemicals that are present:
 Nitrogen
 Nitrogen Oxides
 Carbon Dioxides
 Methane
 Ammonia
 Hydrogen
 Hydrogen Sulfide
 The nucleus of the elements is
continuously splitting, that’s why we
create different sets of elements.
 These materials start to become the
stage of life formation.
 The cell contains nucleus, and in the
inside of a nucleus we can see our
RNA (ribonucleic acid) and the DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid).
 3.9 – 3.5 Billion Years Ago
 ARCHAEA
 The protobionts started to join with
each other and it creates complex
organism which is known as bacteria.
 Archaea exist 3.9 – 3.5 Billion years
ago.
- These bacteria use
photosynthesis in order to get
food.
- They use the sun’s energy in
order to have food.
 The Archaean changed overtime,
along the way there are changes.
The other bacteria turned out to be
prokaryotic and the other is
eukaryotic bacteria.
Two types of cell
 Prokaryotic – single-celled organisms
 Eukaryotic – multi-celled organisms
 Eon – half a billion years or more
 Era- several hundred million years
 Epoch – tens of millions of years
 3.5 – 2.1 Billion Year Ago
 Prokaryotic Bacteria
 Are alone, they are single-
celled organism.
 The formation of Earth
changed; the land formation
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
changed including also the
bodies of water. So, there is
a change in their habitants.
Therefore, they evolved to
an organism that can
absorbs oxygen.
 For example, the archaea or
prokaryotic bacteria, harness
oxygen and also produces
oxygen.
 Oxygen comes from the
prokaryotic bacteria that are
evolved, so from nothing
there are 10% out from
nowhere.
 Cyanobacteria – is a
bacteria that you can see in
water and these bacteria
are a eukaryotic bacteria
that has an ability to create
oxygen.
 They are complex than the
prokaryotic cells in an
archaea.
 Mitochondria – the
powerhouse of a cell.
 1.5 Billion Years Ago
 Algae
 oxygen producers
 The reason on how the
oxygen starts and
become a way to start
living organism in land.
 The bacteria are
continuously evolved
into a complex animal
that can only see in
water.
 They started to created
organ system, that
causes to the diverse
way of living for the
animals.
 The basic feature
animals that exists during
the first era was their
skeletal system.
 Their skeletal system is
located outside of their
body.
 Exoskeleton – it is the
outside skeletal system.
 Trilobites – animals that
have exoskeleton.
 CAMBRIAN PERIOD (544 TO 505 mya)
 Most major animal groups
appear (Cambrian Fossils)
 We started to create different
types of animals that have
exoskeleton.
 Bryozoa – plants or “moss
animal”
 SILURIAN PERIOD (440 TO 410 mya)
 Life gains a foothold on land.
(Silurian Fossils)
 Named after a Celtic tribe
called Silures
 The way of life during that
time, it starts from the plants
before the animals.
 There are some creatures
that starts to evolved; scales,
teeth, and hard parts in their
body. Also, their muscle was
developed.
 DEVONIAN PERIOD (410 TO 360 mya)
 “The Age of Fishes”
 Colonization of the land
(Devonian Fossils)
 Some of things that exists like
the trilobites; they become a
much better creative on
gliding at the water or what
we called fishes.
 Some of them became
predators, carnivorous, and
some of them become
Anthropods.
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
 Anthropods – animals that
has exoskeleton but in the
land.
 A phylum of animals like the
vertebrate animals which are
the tetrapod’s, four legged-
animals. And the Anthropods.
 CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD (360 TO 286
mya)
 “The Age of Plants”
 Reptiles and the amniotic
egg appear (Carboniferous
Fossils).
 Because of many plants the
oxygen in land increases.
 This has been a habitual area
for any kinds of living
organism.
 The living organism was
diversified, definitely they
grow more.
 The predators during that
time was the insects. They eat
tiny animals, for example the
You may see also the:
Meganeura.
 Meganeura – the largest
insect with a largest wing
span.
 The largest insect during that
time was a bug known as
millipedes which is called as
the Arthropleura.
 PERMIAN PERIOD (286 TO 245 mya)
 The last geological period of
the Paleozoic Era.
 Permian was named in the
1840’s by Sir Roderick
Murchison, a British geologist,
from the extensive Permian
exposures near Perm in
Russia.
 During this period the animals
tries to create this defensive
mechanism. (Spines)
 “The Comeback of the
Animals” but there is
extinction during this period.
 Some of the animals cannot
adapt to the climate
change.
MESOZOIC ERA
 Continental Drift
 Different formation of land
 From Alfred Wegner in 1912
 Evidences
 Fossils- can be seen in
different places
 Urkontinent- before it called
Pangea
 Continental Drift Controversy
– because Alfred Wegner
can’t explain well the
continental drift.
 Kontinent- land mass
 Ur- large
 Pangea – large land mass
 The origin of continents and
oceans – a book published
by Alfred Wegner to explain
the icebreaker
 Icebreaker- term used by
Alfred Wegner or the reason
to form different land masses
 The incredible shrinking
planet – because according
to Wegner the objects are
shrinking/ tiny discrepancy of
land.
 Evidences for continental drift
– plants.
 It is called the
Seafloor Spreading
 In the first book of Alfred
Wegner, he proposed the:
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
 Titan
 There are differences in
plants because they are
adapting to the climate.
 Gymnosperms –
plants that produces
seeds or cone.
 TRIASSIC PERIOD
 In the late Triassic, dinosaurs
are existed but most if them
became abundant during
the Triassic Period.
 Dinosaurs – are land- based
animals which lived from 230
million to 60 million years ago.
2 Main Types of Dinosaurs
 Saurischia – both carnivores
and herbivores
 Ornithischia – only herbivores
 Saurischia: Lizard- Hipped
- Large lizard like pelvises and
clawed feet.
- Both carnivores and
herbivores
- Divided into 2 sub-orders:
Theropods and Sauropods
 Theropods: Breast- footed
- Carnivores (meat eaters)
- Sharp shining teeth & clawed
- Fast and agile
- Strong legs with 3 toed clawed
feet
- Bipedal walk (walked on 2 feet)
 Sauropods: Lizard Footed
- Herbivores (plant eaters)
- Small heads and brains
- Usually walked on 4 legs
- Slow moving
- Largest land animals ever
 Ornithischia: Bird Hipped
- Hips similar to modern birds and
hoofed toes.
- Only herbivores
 Four different types:
 Ornithopoda
 Thyreophara
 Pachycephalosauria
 Certopsia
 Ornithopoda
- Bird-footed with 2 legs
- No armor on body & spiked
hands.
 Pachycephalosauria
- Walked on 2 legs
- Huge bony skull
 Thyreophora
- Walked on 4 legs
- Had an armor- plated body
 Certopsia
- Walked on 4 legs
- Had beaks & horns on face
 There were other types of dinosaurs
 Pterosaurs
- Flying bird-like reptiles
 Ichthyosaurs
 Plesiosaurs
 Many dinosaur bones have
quill barbs-bumps showing
that the dinosaurs, such as
the Velociraptor had
feathers.
NICHE
 Living purpose of the animal
 The way of living of an animal
 Angiosperm – flower or fruit bearing
plants.
 Coevolution – it means that the
environment helps or the factors like
the predators to change the
structure of the body.
 THE CENOZOIC ERA
 Known as the age of animal
 Human evolution, the process
by which human beings
developed on Earth from
now-extinct primates.
 We are from to a looked-like
ape man
 Homonini
 refer to as the human tribe
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
There is a fossil evidence that
indicates that we were
preceded.
 Homo neanderthalensis
 example of human like
creature or our ancestors
who made different tools.
INTRODUCTION
Science - systematized body of
knowledge that is gathered through
data, information, experimentation,
observation. And it's very repetitive.
Science - to achieve the truth but
not exactly the truth.
Science - could also mean that you
can create life, you could create
impossible things and make it
possible.
the real meaning of science is the
study of everything.
 S- TART
 C-HRONOLOGICAL - is a step by step
procedure that depends on time.
(By the use of scientific method
 Scientific Method
1. Identifying the problem
2. Gathering data - what will you
get in the end.
3. Formulating and making a
hypothesis
- Hypothesis is an educated
guess
4. Experimentation
5. Conclusion - you're going to
conclude if your research is
correct.
6. Publication - going to finish up
whatever you have done in one
to six. Put it up in a summary
which everyone can understand.
7. Apply in a real situation
 I-NTEGRATED - science should be
integrated. - The branches connect
with each other or it interconnects in
order to answer a certain problem.
 E-NTERTAINING - It includes a lot of
problems that cannot be solved.
 N-OBLE - means being patient
- you cannot instantly get
things, you cannot simply
answer things without
knowing the basic functions,
the fundamentals.
 C-ALCULABLE - science should be
mathematical form in order to be
accepted.
 E-ND
4 Major Branches of Science
1. Biology - study of life
2. Chemistry - study of chemicals
3. Physics - study of non- living things and
how these non-living things affect living
things.
4. Mathematics - study of numbers and how
does numbers help us achieve the truth.
Other info:
Buoyancy - tends to make things float by
using the force or the pressure that is on the
water.
 People - mankind, how they interact
 Earth - where the humans, animals,
and living things lived.
 Ecosystem - the study of non- living
things and living things affecting
each other or what is their
relationship with each other.
- how does life happen
 Definition of terms
• Ecology
 Ethymology is oikos + logy.
 Oikos - means house or dwelling
 Logy - means to study
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
• Ecology
 the study of the relationship and
interactions of living things and its
surrounding environment.
• Environment
 is a factor
 refers to the surroundings
 2 Factors or Components
• Biotic
 refers to living things
 includes surrounding plant & animal,
communities and microorganisms.
• Abiotic
 non-living things
 - includes soil, sunlight, topography,
water, atmosphere, nutrients.
 Ecology + Environment = Ecosystem
• Ecosystem
 the functional unit.
 it means what our senses perceive,
how does it function, how does an
environment and ecology combine
together to create this livable
material or life.
 group of communities
 Microorganisms
Cell - basic unit of life
Tissue - combined cells
Organelles - combined tissue
Organism - combined organelles
Population - organism join other
organism
Community - a group of population,
or group of different things
interacting together.
•Biosphere
 the totality of how life is formed, how
life functions and how life ends.
 What is life
 The evidences that we are alive
 - In mnemonics we called that thing
MRS. GREN Components of MRS.
GREN
• M- ovement
 if the organism could actually go
from one place to another
• R- espiration
 means the adding of oxygen and
carbon dioxide on a body or
producing carbon dioxide or
oxygen from the body. Therefore
use that thing in order to produce
energy.
• S- ensitivity
 the way of organisms respond to
their environment - senses
• G- rowth
 an irreversible change in mass -
continuous
• R- eproduction
 the production of offspring.
• E- xcretion
 removal of waste products
• N- utrition
 primary components to help us
produce energy or these are
essential things that you need to
take in order to survive.
 that's the food intake in our body
and taking the nutrients from the
outside sources.
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM

• Homoestasis its environment, and can adapt

to changes.
 to balance out the temperature of
 The process by which random
the body when you are sick or when
evolutionary changes are
the body needs moisture, when the
selected for by nature in a
body needs heat.
consistent, orderly, non-random
 when the factors in your
way
surroundings affect you.
LESSON 1: EVOLUTION
• Control
 Five generally agreed upon criteria for
 the way organisms are able to
life:
preserve the environment inside of
 Need for energy
their cells and organs to a certain set
 Organization in membrane-bound
of conditions.
cells
 the idea that you are able to
 Genetic information
balance your body upon a certain
 Ability to replicate
circumstances.
 Change over time

 Evolution as an emergent property of life

MODULE 2.1
 In 1859
 Charles Darwin published his
theory of natural selection amid
an explosion of controversy.
 Copernicus in the 16th century
revealing the movement of the
Earth
 Darwin argued that all individuals
struggle to survive on limited
resources: some have small,
heritable differences that give
them a greater chance of
surviving or reproducing.
 Biological Evolution
Evolution has several facets:
 Theory that all living species are the
modified descendants of earlier
species. All species are therefore
related via a vast tree of life
 Evolution is driven by a process of
 Evolution
natural selection or the – “survival of
the fittest “.
 Natural selection
 therefore works to create a
population that is highly suited to
definition of life is that living organisms
reproduce:
 The reproduction is imperfect. When
cells divide, they have to replicate
their DNA.
 The population of a given type of
organism will tend to grow
exponentially, but will reach a limit,
where the individuals have to
compete with each other for the
limiting resource (food, space,
mates, sunlight, etc.)
 A larger and larger proportion of the
population will consist of individuals
with the superior heritable variants.
 Change in the heritable
characteristics of a population over
succeeding generations.
 defined as change in the gene pool
of a population, measurable as
changes in allele frequencies in a
population.
 change in the heritable
characteristics of a population over
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
generations, evolution can occur by
means other than natural selection.
 powered by natural processes
 Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace
were the first to propose that
evolution by natural selection could
explain the origin of all the multitudes
of species on Earth.
 Darwin proposed that all of life on
Earth descended from a common
ancestor, via slow, incremental
accumulation of heritable (genetic)
changes.
Evolution is a theory, not just a
hypothesis
Origin of Species (1859)
 All living things are related
 Darwin published his theory of
evolution with carefully reasoned
evidence to support this theory.
 has been tested in numerous ways
by the work of many thousands of
scientists.
 now forms a framework for
biological thinking, so that one
famous evolutionary biologist wrote
that “Nothing in Biology Makes
Sense Except in the Light of
Evolution” (Dobzhansky, 1973).
 Scientific Theory
 an overarching, unifying explanation
of phenomena that is well supported
by multiple, independent lines of
evidence.
 Comparative Anatomy
 Embryology and
Development
 Fossil Record
 DNA Comparisons
 Species Distribution
 Evolution Observed
 Predictive Power of
Evolution
 Nested Hierarchies of Traits
A few key lines of supporting
evidence:
 Geological and fossil record,
showing that the Earth is about 4.5
billion years old
 Homologies in body plans,
structures, and DNA sequences
indicative of common ancestry
 A common biochemistry for all life
on Earth – the same amino acids,
the same biological building
blocks, the same genetic code
 Inference of evolutionary
relationships from gene sequence
comparisons largely agree with the
fossil record, and are consistent
with a common origin for all extant
life on Earth.
 The Fossil Record
 Remains of animals and plants
found in sedimentary rock.
 The evidence also shows that
what have appeared to be gaps in the
fossil record are due to incomplete data
collection.
 gaps or "missing links in the chain
of evolution" are filled with transitional
fossil specimens.
 One of the first of these gaps to
be filled: small bipedal dinosaurs and
birds.
 Darwin published On the Origin of
Species, a 145-150 million years old fossil of
Archaeopteryx was found in Southern
Germany.
 Since the 1920's, there have been
literally hundreds of well-dated
intermediate fossils found in Africa that
were transitional
species leading from apes to humans over
the last 6-7 million years.
 provides abundant evidence
that the complex animals and plants of
today were preceded by earlier simple
ones.
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
 Chemical and Anatomical Similarities
 simple single-celled protozoa the
preceding term pronounced or
highly complex organisms with
billions of cells, they all begin as
single cells that reproduce
themselves by similar division
processes.
 99% of the proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, and other
molecules of living things are
made from only 6 of the 92 most
common elements.
 Fundamental Molecular Unity of Life
 made of only 20 kinds of amino
acids.
 Molecular biologists have
discovered that genes are, in fact,
segments of DNA molecules in our
cells.
 most living things are alike in that
they either get the energy needed
for growth, repair, and
reproduction directly from sunlight,
by photosynthesis, or they get it
indirectly by consuming green
plants.
 Geographic Distribution of Related
Species
 found in the natural geographic
distribution of related species.
 before humans arrived 60-40,000
years ago
 Australia had more than 100
species of kangaroos, koalas, and
other marsupials.
 Land mammals were entirely
absent from the even more
isolated islands that make up
Hawaii and New Zealand.
 existence of Australia's, New
Zealand's, and Hawaii's mostly
unique biotic environments.
 Genetic Changes Over Generation
 The earth's environments are
constantly changing
 As Charles Darwin observed,
however, not all individuals always
perish.
 natural populations have genetic
diversity
 can be easily demonstrated over
a 24- hour period in a laboratory
Petri dish of bacteria living in a
nutrient medium.
 a few of the bacteria usually are
immune and survive.
 People have developed many
new varieties of plants and
animals by selective breeding.
 Homologous
 similarity is due to inheritance from
a common ancestor. (e.g tail fins)
 Analogous
 evolved independently in sharks
and marine mammals.
 the tail fins of orcas and sharks
are not homologous, because the
common ancestor of all mammals
did not have tail fins.
MODULE 2.2
 Evolution by Natural Selection
 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel
Wallace articulated the theory of
evolution by natural selection
without a modern understanding
of genetics.
 DNA is composed of nucleotide
bases: A, T, C, and G.
 DNA is organized into one or more
chromosomes: linear or circular
structures
 An organism’s genome is the
complete set of genes.
 A gene is a hereditary factor that
determines (or influences) a
particular trait.
 A gene is comprised of a specific
DNA sequence and is located on a
specific region of a specific
chromosome. Because of its
specific location, a gene can also
be called a genetic locus.
 An allele is a particular variant of a
gene.
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
 An organism’s genotype is the
particular collection of alleles
found in its DNA.
 An organism with two of the same
alleles for a particular gene is
homozygous at that locus;
 an organism with two different
alleles for a particular gene is
heterozygous at that locus.
 An organism’s phenotype is its
observable traits, which can
include physical features and
behaviors.
 A mutation is a change in the DNA
sequence. Some mutations are
deleterious (‘bad’), have no effect
(‘neutral’), and beneficial (‘good’).
 Mutations create new alleles, so
without mutations, there would be
no new genetic variation.
 Natural Selection
 It is a non-random change in
allele frequencies from one
generation to the next.
 On the Origin of Species by
Natural Selection (1859),
Charles Darwin described four
requirements for evolution by
natural selection:
 the trait under selection must be
variable in the population, so that
the encoding gene has more than
one variant, or allele.
 the trait under selection must be
heritable, encoded by a gene or
gene.
 the struggle of existence, that
many more offspring are born
than can survive in the
environment.
 individuals with different alleles
have differential survival and
reproduction that is governed by
the fit of the organism to its
environment.
 Fitness
 quantified relative to the average
individual in the population;
individuals that produce more
viable progeny (progeny that can
live and reproduce themselves)
than average have greater fitness.
 Artifical Selection
 The breeding of plants and
animals by humans.
 Geographic Distribution
 Natural arrangement and
apportionment of the various
forms of animals and plants in the
different regions and localities of
the earth.
 Descent with Modification
 Idea that species change over
time, give rise to new species, and
share common ancestor.
Darwin’s thinking about
evolution was influenced by
things that he observed on this
voyage around the world in the
HMS beagle
 Giant land on the Galapagos
 Climate, animal and land
similarities of near isle to the
continents
 Birds known as finches on the
Galapagos
 Stabilizing Selection
 In which population mean
stabilizes on a particular non-
extreme trait value.
 Directional Selection
 Extreme phenotype is favored
over other phenotypes, causing
the allele frequency to shift
over time in the direction of
that phenotype.
 Diversifying Selection
 The variance of the trait
increases and the population is
divided or diversified into two
distinct group.
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM

 Tissue
 A group of specialized cells that work
Major Animal Phyla
together for a particular function.
Kingdom Animalia Cladogram  Organ
 A distinct structure made up of
different tissues that have a specific
function.
 Organ System
 A collection of organs that carry out
specific functions within an organism
 Organism
 A living thing that carries out all of life’s
functions.

No symmetry (e.g Porifera)

 Animal body tissues and
Radial symmetry (e.g Cnidaria)
multicellularity
Bilateral Symmetry (e.g arthropod)
 Why multicellular?
 One cell has to do all the jobs
 Bony vs Cartilaginous Fish
needed to live.
 Differ not only in their gill and
 Multicellular organisms can have
endoskeletal structure, but also in their
specialized groups of cells with the
response to meeting the challenges of
same function (movement,
an aquatic existence. (see slide 11)
protection, etc.)
 What do you need to circulate as an
animal?
 Multicellular organisms need to be
able to transport oxygen, glucose
and other
materials to every cell in their body.
 Animals also have to get rid of
wastes from cell metabolism.
Level 1- Small organic
molecules
Level 2 – Macromolecules
Level 3- Supramolecular
structures
Level 4- The cell

 The Hierarchy of Life

 Cell
 Is the smallest functional unit that
can perform all of life’s tasks
 A living organism may consist of a
single cell or a huge number of cells.
 Basic unit of life
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM

 Phylum Platyhelminthes flatworms

 First animals to exhibit bilateral
symmetry
 Have primitive brain
 3 tissue layers
 Includes free-living flatworms and
parasitic flatworms (tapeworms, flukes)

 CLASSES OF FLATWORMS
 Class Turbellaria – free-living
 Phylum Porifera (sponges)
flatworms
 Have no definite shape –
 Class Cestoda – tapeworms
asymmetrical;
 Class Trematoda – flukes
 No tissues or organs
 Colony of specialized cells
 Phylum Annelida segmented worms
 Immobile
 Earthworms, sandworms, leeches
 Good powers of regeneration
 One-way digestive system
 Skeleton of spongin and spicules
 Have well-developed digestive
and circulatory systems
 CLASSES OF SPONGES
 CLASSES OF ANNELIDS
 Class Calcarea – has calcium
 Class Oligochaeta –
carbonate spicules
earthworms, bloodworms;
 Class Hexactinellida – glass
oligo- means “few” and
sponges with spicules of silica
chaeta means a “bristle” or
 Class Demospongiae – no
stout hair
spicules, only sponging
 Class Polychaeta – many
bristles and parapodia
 Phylum Cnidaria stinging-celled animals
(fleshly lobes to “walk” with
 Jellyfishes, corals, anemones
 Class Hirudinea – leeches
 Radial symmetry
(most are NOT bloodsuckers)
 Two tissue layers with inner mesoglea
 Phylum Mollusca- soft bodied animals
 Primitive nerve net but no brain
 includes snails, slugs,
 2-way digestive tract
nudibranchs, chitons, limpets,
 Stinging cells for capturing food.
clams, oysters, squid, octopus,
nautilus, etc.
 CLASSES OF CNIDARIANS
 Either have no shell, one shell, or
 Class Hydrozoa – Hydra,
two shells
Portuguese-Man-of-War,
 Many have hard mouth parts
Obelia; mostly polyp or
(radula in gastropods, beak in
hydroid stage
cephalopods).
 Class Scyphozoa – true
 CLASSES OF MOLLUSCS
jellyfishes; mostly medusa
 Class Gastropoda – snails,
stage
slugs, conchs, nudibranchs;
 Class Anthozoa – corals,
have either no shell or one
anemones
shell; name means “stomach
 Class Cubozoa – box jellies
foot”
 Class Bivalvia – clams, oysters,
mussels; have two shells that
hinge together
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
 Class Polyplacophora –
chitons; snail-like with 8
embedded plates on its back
 Class Cephalopoda – squid,
octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish;
name means “head foot”;
well-developed nervous
system
 Phylum Arthropoda – joint-legged
animals
 includes insects, crustaceans,
centipedes, millipedes, and
arachnids
 exoskeleton made of chitin
 must shed shell to grow
 CLASSES OF ARTHROPODS
 Class Crustacea – shrimps,
lobsters, crabs, crawfishes
 Class Amphipoda – small;
called scuds
 Class Isopoda – sea lice;
some are parasitic
 Class Stomatopoda – mantis
shrimps
 Class Pycnogonida – sea
spiders
 Class Merostomata –
horseshoe crabs
 Class Cirripedia – barnacles
 Phylum Echinodermata – spiney-skinned
animals
 includes sea stars, brittle stars,
sea urchins, sand dollars, sea
cucumbers, and crinoids
 reverted back to radial symmetry
(radial in adults / bilateral in
larvae)
 tube feet and water vascular
system
 Most exhibit pentamerism
 CLASSES OF ECHINODERMS
 Class Asteroidea – sea stars
 Class Ophiuroidea – brittle
stars, serpent stars
 Class Echinoidea – sea
urchins, sand dollars
 Class Holothuroidea – sea
cucumbers
 Class Crinoidea – sea lilies,
feather stars
 Phylum Chordata
 Includes fish, amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and mammals
 Chordate characteristics:
 Dorsal hollow nerve tube
 Pharyngeal gill slits
 Post anal tail
 CHORDATE CLASSIFICATION
 The Protochordates -
invertebrate chordates
 Subphylum Urochordata –
sea squirts, salps, and
ascidians
 Subphylum Cephalochordata
– lancelets
 True Chordates:
 Subphylum Vertebrata
 SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
 Class Agnatha – jawless fishes;
lampreys and hagfishes
 Class Chondrichthys –
cartilaginous fishes; sharks, rays,
skates, chimeras
 Class Osteichthys – boney fishes
 Class Amphibia – frogs,
salamanders
 Class Reptila – turtles, snakes,
lizards, and crocodilians
 Class Aves – birds
 Class Mammalia - mammals
 VERTEBRATE BODY PLAN
 Recapitulation Theory –
Ontogeny recapitulates
Phylogeny
 The embryological and
developmental changes an
organism goes through
restates its evolutionary
history
 Evolution cannot go back
and change history…it can
only modify what is pre-
existing
PEOPLE AND THE EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM

Taxonomic groups: 5 kingdoms see

slide 125

Taxonomic groups: Major phyla and

classes of the Animal Kingdom ( There
are 33 phyla) see slide 126