CCNA

Cisco Certified Network Associate

200 - 301

Session 2

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 1. CCNA
2. OSI & TCP/IP

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 OSI Layers

Open Source Interconnect (OSI)

model

Help vendors to communicate

To describe how and the network

Are communicated from physical
layer to application layer

Help in the network troubleshooting

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OSI Layers
Network
Layer Encapsulation Protocol
Devices
HTTP- FTP-

Upper Layers
7 Application Data SMTP- POP3 -
DNS
JPG – AVI -
6 Presentation Data
SWF
5 Session Data SQL

4 Transport Segmentation TCP – UDP

Lower Layers
3 Network Packet Router IP - ICMP

ARP – Ethernet
2 Data Link Frame Switch
MAC Address

1 Physical Bits Hub - Repeater Cable - RJ

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers
Physical Layer

This is the first layer, which describes the electrical and physical
specifications for devices such as, cables, connectors, hubs, repeaters
and more. Troubleshooting start in layer one, which means ensure that
everything is plugged in, turned on, using the right cables and
connectors.

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OSI Layers
Data Link Layer
This is the second layer, which works to ensure that the transferred data
are free of errors. This layer encompasses basic protocols such as “802.3
for Ethernet” and “802.11 for Wi-Fi” perform :
1. Framing
2. Error detection and correction
3. Flow control
This layer provides connections between hosts on the same networks.

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OSI Layers
Data Link Layer

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 Data Link Sublayers

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 Data Link Sublayers

 Logical Link Control (LLC) places information in the

frame that identifies which Network layer protocol is
being used for the frame.
 Media Access Control (MAC) provides Data Link layer
addressing and delimiting of data according to the type
of Data Link layer protocol in use.
 Separating the Data Link layer into sublayers allows for
one type of frame defined by the upper layer to access
different types of media defined by the lower layer.

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OSI Layers
Encapsulation

1 MAC ( Medium Access Control )

 The MAC address is a hardware address or burned in address, specific

to a particular interface.
 It consists of 48 bits, usually written in hex pairs thus
aa : bb : cc : dd : ee : ff
 The first three pairs form the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI).
This is assigned to a manufacturer.
 The last three pairs form a unique serial number.

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OSI Layers
Encapsulation

1 MAC ( Medium Access Control )

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OSI Layers
Network Layer

1. This is the third layer, which determines the path of the data
packets (Source and destination ) “ Routing”
2. At this layer, we can see the IP Addressing for routing of data
packets.
3. this layer includes routing protocols such as, Routing Information
Protocol (RIP) & the Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP).
4. This layer provides connections between hosts on different
networks.

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OSI Layers
Network Layer

IPV4

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OSI Layers
Network Layer

Packet

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OSI Layers
Transport Layer

This is the fourth layer that ensures the transport/sending of data is

successful. This function can include error checking operation; along
with the ability to keep data message in sequence. This layer is an
example of an end-to end connections such as Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) & User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

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OSI Layers Transport Layer

Service Point Addressing: Transport Layer header includes service point

address which is port address. This layer gets the message to the correct
process on the computer unlike Network Layer, which gets each packet to the
correct computer.

Segmentation and Reassembling: A message is divided into segments;

each segment contains sequence number, which enables this layer in
reassembling the message. Message is reassembled correctly upon arrival at
the destination and replaces packets which were lost in transmission.

Connection Control: It includes 2 types:

Connectionless Transport Layer : Each segment is considered as an
independent packet and delivered to the transport layer at the
destination machine.
Connection Oriented Transport Layer : Before delivering packets,
connection is made with transport layer at the destination machine.
Flow Control: In this layer, flow control is performed end to end.
Error Control: Error Control is performed end to end in this layer to ensure
that the complete message arrives at the receiving transport layer without any
error. Error Correction is done through retransmission.
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 TCP and UDP
 UDP is a simple, connectionless protocol
 Applications that use UDP include:
–Domain Name System (DNS)
–Video Streaming
–Voice over IP (VoIP)

 TCP is a connection-oriented protocol

 Applications that use TCP are:
–Web Browsers
–E-mail
–File Transfers

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 UDP header

1. Source Port-
•Source Port is a 16 bit field.
•It identifies the port of the sending application.

2. Destination Port-
•Destination Port is a 16 bit field.
•It identifies the port of the receiving application.

3. Length-
•Length is a 16 bit field.
•It identifies the combined length of UDP Header and Encapsulated data.

4. Checksum-
•Checksum is a 16 bit field used for error control.
•It is calculated on UDP Header, encapsulated data and IP pseudo header.
•Checksum calculation is not mandatory in UDP.
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 TCP header

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 Because different applications have different requirements,
there are multiple Transport layer protocols.

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 Transport Layer Functions
• TCP/UDP FUNCTIONS.
1. Multiplexing of upper layer application using port numbers
2. segmentation of data
3. error detection
TCP Additional functions
1. Establishment of connection (3-way handshake)
2. Management of connection
 reliability (sequencing and acknowledgements)
 error correction
 flow control (Buffering, congestion avoidance,
windowing)
3. Termination of connection (4-way handshake)

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OSI Layers
What is 3 way handshake?

This is a protocol to transmit data after a connection is made. You use

TCP when you request a website for example. The handshake is what
happens behind the scene.

When you request a website, your computer (client) will first send a
packet with a SYN flag to the web server. SYN is short for Synchronize.
It's an attempt to open a connection. The server then respond with SYN
flag and ACK flag to Acknowledge the connection. Then your computer
sends an ACK flag to confirm the handshake
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 TCP / Window size

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 TCP / Window size

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 Port Addressing
 Identify how a port number is represented and describe
the role port numbers play in the TCP and UDP
protocols.

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 Layer 4 Addressing

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192.168.1.101 Destination
Source
Port
Port 198.133.219.25
49888 80
49890
80

172.16.5.5 Source
www.cisco.com
Port
49888 66.13.29.25

80

www.yahoo.com

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TCP
or Source IP Destination IP Connection State
UDP Source Port Destination Port

www.google.com www.cisco.com netstat –n

 Note: When downloading a web document and its objects it is common
that there will be several TCP sessions created.
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 Port Numbers

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 Summary
TCP vs. UDP
 TCP provides:  UDP provides:
Reliable delivery Unreliable delivery
Error checking No error checking
Flow control No flow control
Congestion control No congestion control
Ordered delivery No ordered delivery
(Connection establishment) (No connection establishment)
Applications: Applications
HTTP DNS (usually)
FTP SMTP
Telnet RTP (Real-Time Protocol)
MSN messenger VoIP
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OSI Layers
Session Layer

Dialog Control : This layer allows two systems to start communication

with each other in half-duplex or full-duplex.

Token Management: This layer prevents two parties from attempting

the same critical operation at the same time.

Synchronization : This layer allows a process to add checkpoints

which are considered as synchronization points into stream of data.
Example: If a system is sending a file of 800 pages, adding checkpoints
after every 50 pages is recommended. This ensures that 50 page unit
is successfully received and acknowledged. This is beneficial at the
time of crash as if a crash happens at page number 110; there is no
need to retransmit 1 to100 pages.

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 Connection types

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Methods of Sending Data

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OSI Layers

Presentation Layer

This is the sixth layer that provides a translation of data to the next
layer (Prepare the data to the Application Layer). Encryption and
decryption protocols happen in this layer such as, Secure Socket Layer
(SSL). In addition, compression and installing programs like (java)

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OSI Layers
Application Layer

This is the seventh layer, which functions as the user interface platform
(including software within the system). For example, the protocols that
we interact with on a daily basis such as, Mail, Web (HTTP), FTP and
many more.

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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
HTTP [ Hyper Text Transfer Protocol]

HTTP HTTP
Server Client

Browser – The user agent for

Web page (html document)
the Web.
Web page consists of Objects
Displays requested Web
HTML file ,JPEG image
page and provides
,GIF image ,JAVA applet,
navigational and
Audio file
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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
DNS [ Domain Name Services ]

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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
DNS [ Domain Name Services ]
Domain Name Servers (DNS) are the Internet's equivalent of a
phone book. They maintain a directory of domain names and
translate them to Internet Protocol (IP) address

DNS Caching

When a DNS server receives a DNS reply (mapping hostname to an IP

address) it can cache the information in its local memory.

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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
DHCP [Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ]

is a client/server protocol that automatically provides an Internet

Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other related configuration
information such as the subnet mask and default gateway

IP addresses and other information can be obtained:

Statically - Dynamically (DHCP)

DHCP Information can include:

IP address - Subnet mask - Default gateway - Domain name - DNS Server

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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
DHCP [Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ]

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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
DHCP [Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ]

If the dynamic IP assigning has problem

Yellow sign will show below

The device will get special IP

(APIPA) ( Automatic private IP address)

169.254.X.X

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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
DHCP [Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ]

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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
Telnet
 Allows a user to remotely access
another device (host, router, switch).

 A connection using Telnet is called a

Virtual Terminal (VTY) session, or
connection.

 Telnet uses software to create a

virtual device that provides the same
features of a terminal session with
access to the server command line
interface (CLI).
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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
Telnet
• Telnet supports user authentication,
but does not encrypt data.
• All data exchanged during a Telnet
sessions is transported as plain text.
• Secure Shell (SSH) protocol offers an
alternate and secure method for server
access.
Stronger authentication
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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

 FTP was developed to allow for file

transfers between a client and a
server.

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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
SMTP (Simple mail transfer protocol)

Internet mail involves:

User agents
Allows users to read, reply, compose, forward, save, etc., mail messages
GUI user agents: Outlook, Eudora, Messenger
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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
SMTP (Simple mail transfer protocol)

Mail servers
Stores user mail boxes, communicates with local user agents and other mail
servers.
SMTP
Principle application layer protocol for Internet mail
Sent over TCP
Mail access protocols: POP3, IMAP, HTTP (Web-based email)
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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
SMTP (Simple mail transfer protocol)

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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
SMTP (Simple mail transfer protocol)
Mail software, processes used: MTA and MDA
MUA (Mail User Agent) – Email client software.
MTA (Mail Transfer Agent) – Software that governs transfer of email between
mail servers.
Includes UNIX send mail, Microsoft Exchange Server, Postfix, and Exim
MDA (Mail Delivery Agent) – Software that governs transfer of email from mail
servers to clients.
.

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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
POP3 (Post office protocol 3)

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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
POP3 (Post office protocol 3)

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OSI Layers
Protocols
7 Application layer
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)

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 OSI and TCP/IP Models

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 Course Instructor

(Eng . Sherif Khalil )

01014746164

Facebook.com/EngSherifKhalil

Youtube.com/SherifKhalil

instagram.com/sherifkhalil91/
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