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Basic Communications Model
Standards are needed at all Layers
User Layer
Application Layer
Transmission Layer
Subnet Layer
Station A Station B
2
1 2
1 4
3
Transmission of Messages
1. Within a Single Subnet, or
2. in Point-to-Point Links Between Subnets
Internet Layer
Station A Station B
1 4
3
Routing of Messages
Across multiple subnets in an internet
Internetting
Station A Station B
1 4
3
Network Interface
Card (NIC)
In each PC
LANs, MANs, & WANs
• WAN
– Wide area network
– Intercity, international
– 9,600 bps to 1 Mbps common to the desktop
– Links with higher speed are usually shared
(multiplexed) by several desktops
• Emerged before LANs, due to high cost of
long-distance telephone charges
Microsoft Layered Network
Architecture
7. Application User Mode
3. Network
Transport Protocols
2. Data Link
LLC NDIS Interface Streams
MAC Network Adapter Card Drivers
1. Physical Network Interface Card
Some basic concepts
• NDIS Interface: Network Driver Specification Interface,
wraps NIC drivers and allow communication with multiple
protocols, binds a NIC to a protocol.
• Streams: multiple channels allowing broader bandwidth
for data transfer, envelop the protocols.
• Transport Driver Interface: allows software drivers
(server, redirector, etc) to communicate with protocols.
• Redirectors: software in WS that redirect network
drives, printers requests to network I/O requests.
• Servers: software that allows a device to accept requests
from other devices.
Standard protocols
• NetBEUI - NetBIOS Extended User Interface, “native”
Windows protocol, not routable.
• TCP/IP - implemented through WinSock, routable,
supports SNMP, DHCP, WINS.
• NWLink (IPX/SPX) - used to connect to Novell
NetWare, just a protocol, not access.
• DLC - Data Link Control, used to connect to IBM
mainframes and HP printers directly connected to a
network (server).
Data Link Layer
OSI Logical
LogicalLink
LinkControl
ControlLayer
Layer
Data Link
Layer
(Layer 2) Media
MediaAccess
AccessControl
Control(MAC)
(MAC) Layer
Layer
OSI
OSIData
DataLink
LinkLayer
Layerisissubdivided
subdividedinto
intotwo
twolayers
layers
Media
Mediaaccess
accesscontrol
control
Logical
Logicallink
linkcontrol
control
LAN Using Ethernet 10Base-T
RJ-45 jacks
10Base-T Hub (Multiport Repeater)
10Base-T
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Wiring UTP Wiring
(4-Pair Bundle) Bundles:
4 Pairs
EIA
Category
3, 4, or 5
PC Network
Interface
Card
NIC RJ-45
Jack
NICs
• Network Interface Cards
– Implement Physical Layer
• Plug and Electrical Signaling
– Implements the Data Link Layer (data
packaging, access control, etc.)
• LLC (802.2)
• MAC (802.3 MAC)
Wiring
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
– Twisted several times per foot to reduce interference, T in
10Base- and Unshielded
• No protection except for plastic coating
• Distance limitation: 100 meters (attenuation, distortion, noise and
interference, crosstalk) -- propagation
101010 001110
X
Collision
Ethernet 10Base-T LAN with Multiple Hubs
Hub 2 Hub 3
Hub 1
UTP
Wire
UTP UTP
Wire Wire UTP Station
Wire Hub 4 C
Daisy
Daisychain,
chain,
no
noLoops
Loops
Station Station allowed!
allowed! UTP Wire
A B Maximum distance
Station
between farthest Stations is D
4 Hubs/5 100 meter segments
Switches
With a switch, multiple
stations may transmit
simultaneously: no Switch
congestion as traffic
grows.
Station
Station
Connection 1 C
A
A-C
Connection 1
A-C Station
Station Connection 2 D
B B-D
Connection 2
B-D
Wireless LAN
Broadcast Antenna
Signal
Cluster
Transceiver
Receiving
Transceiver
Transmitting
Hub Controller
Transceiver
Receiving
Wireless LAN
Wireless LAN with Access Points
Access Point
Industry
Standard
Coffee
Cup Wireless
Notebook
NIC
Antenna
PC Card To Ethernet
(Fan)
Connector Switch
802.11 Wireless LAN Speeds
• 802.11 2 Mbps (rare)
2.4 GHz band (limited in bandwidth)
• 802.11b 11 Mbps,
2.4 GHz 3
channels/access point
• 802.11a 54 Mbps,
5 GHz (> bandwidth than 2.4 GHz)
11 channels/access point
• 802.11g 54 Mbps, 2.4 GHz
limited bandwidth
Addresses
• Ethernet address (MAC address )
48-bit unique addresses hard wired in NICs (280 trillion)
12 hex numbers, e.g. 00-A0-C9-9F-00-07
first three identify company, Intel in the example
how to see: IPconfig, or System Information
• IP address (number)
32-bit value, not hard coded (4 billion), assigned manually
or by DHCP
four dotted quads, each quad a decimal from 0-255,
corresponding to eight bits, e.g. UBMAIL IP address is
198.202.0.25
to convert open Calculator select View, Scientific, decimal
and type dotted quad decimal value, then select binary.
Interneting
• FQDN
Fully Qualified Domain Name
name of a host like: machine.org.domain, e.g.
ubmail.ubalt.edu, with a DNS assignment to an IP
Setting static IP addresses
• Open Control Panel and select Network Connections
• Under LAN or High-Speed Internet select local area
connection,
• right-click and select properties
• select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and click on properties
• fill in IP number, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway and
DNS server
• click OK, close.
• Use ping to test your setup.