Instructor: Aziz Popalzai

What Is Going To Be Covered In This Chapter…?

 OSI Layers
1. Protocols
2. Port-Numbers
3. Application
4. Presentation
5. Session
6. Transport
7. Network
8. Data-Link
9. Physical
10. Encapsulation &
De-Encapsulation
Protocol

 A set of rules that computers use to communicate across the network.

 IP
 IPX
 DHCP
 DNS
 HTTP
 FTP
 SMTP
 POP3
 OSI
• Stands for Open System Interconnecting
• Developed in 1970-1974 By ISO ( International Standard Organization )
• Became an International Standard Between 1980-1984
• Consists 7 Layers
• Each Layer has a different and Specific responsibility.
• Each Layer has a PDU ( Protocol Data Unit )

Why OSI Developed …?

• Creates standards for equipment manufacturing
• Allows vendors to focus in specialized areas of network
• Helps to understand how a network works (Network Functions)

Why Do We Study OSI…?

We Study OSI For Troubleshooting.
OSI Cont.
 OSI Cont.
OSI Layers
Application
• Upper Layer
Data/Massage Presentation • Software Layer
• Host Layer
Session
Segment Transport
Packet Network • Lower Layers
• Transport Service
Frame/Cell Data-Link • Media Layers

Bit Physical
 Application Layer
 Is responsible to provide an interface between a user application and network service.
 The most familiar layer because it’s usually what you see ( the application itself)

 GUI ( Graphical User Interface )

Web-Browsers

 CUI ( Command Line User Interface )

Putty
Terra-Term
Secure CRT
Presentation Layer

 Responsible formatting of data

 Encryption
 De-Encryption
 Compression
Session Layer
 Responsible for establish, maintain and terminating of a connection.
 Hello Packets
 Error Notification
 Organize Communication Type
Simplex
Half-Duplex
Full-Duplex
Transport Layer

Responsible for End to End Data Transfer using TCP or UDP

 Segmentation
 Sequencing & Reassembling
 Flow Control
 Error Correction
 Identifying Service
 Multiplexing and De-multiplexing
Network Layer

 Responsible for addressing, finding best path and routing (forwarding) the packets to
reach to the destination
 Logical addressing is works on this layer.
 Routed Protocols
 Ex: IP, IPX, APPLE-TALK

 Routing Protocols
 RIP, OSP, EIGRP

Packet Filtering
Packet Blocking
Data-Link

 Divided into 2 sub-layers

 LLC: Logical Link Control : works with WAN Protocols (HDLC, Frame Relay, PPP)
 MAC: Media Access Control

 Responsible for Physical Addressing ( MAC )

 Error Detection
Physical

 Responsible for Converting frames to BITs [Binary Integer (0-1)]

 Converting bits to electronic signals.
 Send the Signals to Network Media ( Cables )
Encapsulation and De-Encapsulation
How to Memorize… ?

Down Layers Up Layers

 All  Application  Away  Application
 People  Presentation  Pizza  Presentation
 Seem  Session  Sausage  Session
 To  Transport  Throw  Transport
 Need  Network  Not  Network
 Data  Data-Link  Do  Data-Link
 Processing  Physical  Please  Physical