2019/4/14 Security Level:

LTE Basic Principle

 C&Wi售前网络规划部

www.huawei.com
www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

 LTE Background Introduction
 SAE Brief Introduction
 SAE（System Architecture Evolution）considers evolution for the whole system architecture, including：

 Flat Functionality. Take out the RNC entity and part of the functions are arranged on e-NodeB in order to reduce the
latency and enhance the schedule ability, such as interference coordination, internal load balance, etc.

 Part of the functions are arranged on core network. To enhance the mobility management, all IP technology is applied,
user-plane and control-plane are separated. The compatibility of other RAT is considered.

GERAN

SGSN HSS
UTRAN

S3 S6a
S1-MME
MME
PCRF
S4 Rx+
S11 S7
S10
“LTE-Uu”
Serving S5 PDN SGi
UE EUTRAN Operator ’s IP Services
SAE SAE (e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)
S1-U Gateway Gateway

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2

 LTE Network Architecture
 Main Network Element of LTE Compare with traditional 3G network, LTE
 The E-UTRAN consists of e-NodeBs, providing the architecture becomes much more simple and
user plane and control plane. flat, which can lead to lower networking cost,
 The EPC consists of MME, S-GW and P-GW. higher networking flexibility and shorter time
delay of user data and control signaling.
 Network Interface of LTE
 The e-NodeBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface, which enabling direct
transmission of data and signaling.
 S1 is the interface between e-NodeBs and the EPC, more specifically to the MME via the S1-MME and to
the S-GW via the S1-U eNB
RRC: Radio Resource Control
Inter Cell RRM PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol
RB Control RLC: Radio Link Control
Connection Mobility Cont.
MAC: Medium Access Control
MME / S-GW MME / S-GW
MME PHY: Physical layer
Radio Admission Control
NAS Security EPC: Evolved Packet Core
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
MME: Mobility Management Entity
Idle State Mobility
Handling
S-GW: Serving Gateway
Dynamic Resource
P-GW: PDN Gateway
S1

S1

Allocation (Scheduler)
EPS Bearer Control
RRC
S1

S1

PDCP
X2 E-UTRAN S-GW P-GW

eNB eNB RLC

Mobility UE IP address
MAC Anchoring allocation
X2

X2

S1
PHY Packet Filtering
internet

eNB E-UTRAN EPC

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3

 Charter 1 LTE Physical Layer Structure
Introduction
LTE Supports Frequency Bands

Radio Frame Structure

Physical Channels

Physical Layer Procedures

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 4

 Frequency Band of LTE
 From LTE Protocol:
 Duplex mode: FDD and TDD FDD Frequency Band

 Support frequency band form 700MHz to 2.6GHz E-UTRA Uplink (UL) Downlink (DL) Duplex
Band FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high Mode
 Support various bandwidth: 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz,
1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD
10MHz, 15MHz, 20MHz 2 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz FDD

 Protocol is being updated, frequency information 3 1710 MHz – 1785 MHz 1805 MHz – 1880 MHz FDD

4 1710 MHz – 1755 MHz 2110 MHz – 2155 MHz FDD

could be changed.
5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894MHz FDD

6 830 MHz – 840 MHz 875 MHz – 885 MHz FDD

TDD Frequency Band
7 2500 MHz – 2570 MHz 2620 MHz – 2690 MHz FDD

E-UTRA Uplink (UL) Downlink (DL) Duplex 8 880 MHz – 915 MHz 925 MHz – 960 MHz FDD
Band FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high Mode 1749.9 – – FDD
9 1784.9 MHz 1844.9 MHz 1879.9 MHz
MHz
33 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD
10 1710 MHz – 1770 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD
34 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz TDD
1427.9 – 1452.9 MHz 1475.9 MHz – 1500.9 MHz FDD
35 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz TDD 11
MHz
36 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz TDD
12 698 MHz – 716 MHz 728 MHz – 746 MHz FDD
37 1910 MHz – 1930 MHz 1910 MHz – 1930 MHz TDD
13 777 MHz – 787 MHz 746 MHz – 756 MHz FDD
38 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz TDD
14 788 MHz – 798 MHz 758 MHz – 768 MHz FDD
39 1880 MHz – 1920 MHz 1880 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD
… … … …
40 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz TDD
17 704 MHz – 716 MHz 734 MHz – 746 MHz FDD

... … … …

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 5

 Radio Frame Structure (1)
 Radio Frame Structures Supported by LTE:
 Type 1, applicable to FDD
 Type 2, applicable to TDD

 FDD Radio Frame Structure:

 LTE applies OFDM technology, with subcarrier spacing f=15kHz and 2048-order
IFFT. The time unit in frame structure is Ts=1/(2048* 15000) second
 FDD radio frame is 10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots which are 0.5ms.
One slot consists of 7 consecutive OFDM Symbols under Normal CP configuration
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19

One subframe FDD Radio Frame Structure

 Concept of Resource Block:

 LTE consists of time domain and frequency domain resources. The minimum unit for
schedule is RB (Resource Block), which compose of RE (Resource Element)
 RE has 2-dimension structure: symbol of time domain and subcarrier of frequency domain
 One RB consists of 1 slot and 12 consecutive subcarriers under Normal CP configuration

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 6

 Radio Frame Structure (2)
 TDD Radio Frame Structure:
Uplink-downlink Configurations
 Applies OFDM, same subcarriers spacing and
Uplink- Downlink-to-Uplink Subframe number
time unit with FDD. downlink Switch-point
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
configuration periodicity
 Similar frame structure with FDD. radio frame is
0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots which
are 0.5ms. 1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
 The uplink-downlink configuration of 10ms frame
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
are shown in the right table.
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms 6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D

One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms

D: Downlink subframe
U: Uplink subframe
S: Special subframe
One slot,
Tslot=15360Ts 30720Ts

Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9

One subframe,
30720Ts DwPTS: Downlink Pilot Time Slot
TDD Radio Frame Structure GP: Guard Period
DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS UpPTS: Uplink Pilot Time Slot

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 7

 Special Subframe Structure
 Special Subrame Structure: Configuration of special subframe

 Special Subframe consists of DwPTS, GP and Special subframe Normal cyclic prefix
configuration
UpPTS . DwPTS GP UpPTS

 9 types of Special subframe configuration. 0 3 10

 Guard Period size determines the maximal cell 1 9 4

radius. (100km) 2 10 3 1
 DwPTS consists of at least 3 OFDM symbols,
3 11 2
carrying RS, control message and data.
4 12 1
 UpPTS consists of at least 1 OFDM symbol, carrying
sounding RS or short RACH. 5 3 9

6 9 3
2
7 10 2

8 11 1

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 8

 Brief Introduction of Physical Channels
 Downlink Channels：
 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): Carries system information for
BCH MCH PCH DL-SCH
cell search, such as cell ID. Downlink
Transport channels
 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : Carries the resource
allocation of PCH and DL-SCH, and Hybrid ARQ information. MAC Layer

 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) : Carries the downlink Physical Layer

user data. Downlink

Physical channels
 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : Carriers PBCH PMCH PDSCH PDCCH

information of the OFDM symbols number used for the PDCCH. Mapping between downlink transport
 Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : Carries Hybrid ARQ channels and downlink physical channels
ACK/NACK in response to uplink transmissions.
 Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) : Carries the multicast information.

 Uplink Channels： UL-SCH RACH

Uplink
 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) : Carries the random Transport channels

access preamble. MAC Layer

 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : Carries the uplink user Physical Layer
data.
Uplink
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) : Carries the HARQ PUSCH PRACH PUCCH
Physical channels

ACK/NACK, Scheduling Request (SR) and Channel Quality Indicator

Mapping between uplink transport
(CQI), etc.
channels and downlink physical channels

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 9

 Charter 2 LTE Layer 2 Structure Introduction
OFDM Introduction
MIMO Introduction
Schedule and Link Auto-Adaptation Introduction
E-MBMS Introduction

Cell Interference Control Introduction

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 10

 OFDMA & SC-FDMA
 OFDM & OFDMA
 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a
modulation multiplexing technology, divides the system
bandwidth into orthogonal subcarriers. CP is inserted
between the OFDM symbols to avoid the ISI.
 OFDMA is the multi-access technology related with
OFDM, is used in the LTE downlink. OFDMA is the
combination of TDMA and FDMA essentially.
 Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency due to
orthogonal subcarriers need no protect bandwidth.
Support frequency link auto adaptation and scheduling.
Easy to combine with MIMO.
 Disadvantage: Strict requirement of time-frequency
domain synchronization. High PAPR.
System Bandwidth
Sub-carriers
 DFT-S-OFDM & SC-FDMA
 DFT-S-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform Spread
OFDM) is the modulation multiplexing technology
used in the LTE uplink, which is similar with OFDM
but can release the UE PA limitation caused by
high PAPR. Each user is assigned part of the
system bandwidth.
 SC-FDMA（Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Accessing）is the multi-access technology
related with DFT-S-OFDM.
 Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency
due to orthogonal user bandwidth need no protect
bandwidth. Low PAPR.
 The subcarrier assignment scheme includes
Localized mode and Distributed mode.

System Bandwidth Sub-carriers

TTI: 1ms
TTI: 1ms
Frequency
Frequency

User 1
User 1 User 2
User 2 User 3
Time
Time User 3 Sub-band：12Sub-carriers
Sub-band：12Sub-carriers

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 11

 DL MIMO
SFBC (Transmit Diversity) MCW (Spatial Multiplexing)

S Layer 1, CW1, AMC1

User1 UE2
F MIMO
codeword Mod B encoder
and layer
C
mapping UE1

Layer 2, CW2, AMC2

UE1

 Same stream transmitted simultaneously in  Multiple data streams transmitted at the same
certain form of MIMO coding at the same time-frequency resource from different antenna
time-frequency resource from both antenna ports
ports (Rank = 1)
 The terminal must have at least 2 Rx antennas
 Depending on the environment & number of for spatial multiplexing (SM)
antennas, SFBC can reduce fading margin
by 2~8 dB, to extend coverage, and enhance
system capacity

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 12

 Cell Interference Control
 ICIC（Inter-Cell Interference Coordination）
 ICIC is one solution for the cell interference control, is essentially a schedule strategy. In LTE, some coordination
schemes, like SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse) and FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse) can control the interference in
cell edges to enhance the frequency reuse factor and performance in the cell edges.

 SFR Fundamentals
 SFR is one effective solution of inter-cell interference control. The system bandwidth is separated into primary band
and secondary band with different transmit power.

The primary band is assigned to the

Secondary Secondary
users in cell edge. The eNB transmit Band Band
power of the primary band can be high.
Secondary Band Power Cell 2,4,6

Power Cell 1 Frequency

Cell 2,4,6 Primary Band
2
Frequency
Cell 1 Primary Band 7 3 Secondary
Band
The secondary band is assigned to the users 1
in cell center. The eNB transmit power of the
secondary band should be reduced in order 6 4 Power Cell 3,5,7
to avoid the interference to the primary band
of neighbor cells. 5 Frequency
Cell 3,5,7P Primary Band

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 13

Adaptive Modulation and Coding

2 bits per symbol

in each carrier.

4 bits per symbol

in each carrier.

6 bits per symbol

in each carrier.

 The most appropriate modulation and coding scheme can be adaptively selected according to the channel
propagation conduction, then the maximum throughput can be obtained for different channel situation.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 14

 Schedule and Link Auto-adaptation
 User Multiplexing and Scheduling
 Large system bandwidth (10/15/20MHz) of LTE will
facing the problem of frequency selected fading. The
fading characteristic on subcarriers of one user can be
regarded as same, but different in further subcarriers.
 Select better subcarriers for specific user according to
the fading characteristic. User diversity can be achieved
to increase spectrum efficiency.
 The LTE schedule period is one or more TTI.
 The channel propagation information is feed back to e-
NodeB through the uplink. Channel quality identity is the
overheading of system. The less, the better.
Channel Propagation Fading
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
 Link Auto-adaptation
 LTE support link auto-adaptation in time-domain and
frequency-domain. Modulation scheme is selected
based on the channel quality in time/frequency-domain.
 In CDMA system, power control is one important link
auto-adaptation technology, which can avoid
interference by far-near effect. In LTE system, user
multiplexed by OFDM technology. Power control is
used to reduce the uplink interference from adjacent
cell, to compensate path loss. It is one type of slow
link auto-adaptation scheme.
User Multiplexing and Scheduling
Page 15
 Enhance MBMS
 E-MBMS
 All e-NodeBs apply same frequency resource and send MBMS data simultaneously.
 For UE, the signals from different e-NodeBs can be treat as component of multi paths. Not necessary to divide
the signal from e-NodeBs, which can be soft combined by UE.

 E-MBMS Features
 SFN (Single Frequency Network) mode
 MBMS is limited by the cell edge user performance. SFN enhance the performance in cell edge to improve
the MBMS effect.
 Need downlink air-interface synchronization in SFN mode.
 Time delay is much different for e-NodeBs, the signal combination will cause time delay increase. Longer
CP will be configured.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 16

Thank You
www.huawei.com