LABORATORY MANUAL

Of
POWER SYSTEM-II
(Term-II)
THIRD YEAR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (6th Semester)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SHRAM SADHANA BOMBAY TRUST’s
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
BAMBHORI,
JALGAON – 425001 (M.S)
Included under section 2 (f) and 12(B) of the UGC Act, 1956
ISO: 9001: 2008
Website-www.sscoetjalgaon.ac.in Phone No. 0257- 2258393.
Email:sscoetjal@gmail.com Fax No. 0257- 2258392.

Affiliated to North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon (MS)

 Mission of the Institute

To provide conducive environment for preparing competent, value added and

patriotic engineers of integrity of par excellence to meet global standards for
societal development.

Vision of the Institute

Today we carry the flame of quality education, knowledge and progressive

technology for global societal development; tomorrow the flame will glow even
brighter.

Mission of the Program

To provide student-centered conducive environment for preparing knowledgeable,

competent and value-added electrical engineers.

Vision of the Program

To emerge as the leading Electrical Engineering department for inclusive

development of students.

Objectives of the Institute

• To impart innovative teaching and learning

• To provide quality education with futuristic trends in engineering and
technology
• To develop the institute as a research center for academic excellence
• To ensure continual improvement in quality management system
• To inculcate social values, patriotism and professional ethics among the
students
 Programme Educational Objectives (POs)

PROGRAM OUTCOMES(POs)
Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
1 fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems
Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
2 engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
3
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
4 methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis
of the information to provide valid conclusions.
Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
5 engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
6 societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant
to the professional engineering practice.
Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
7 solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
8
norms of the engineering practice.
Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in
9
multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
10
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
11 engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
12
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 Programme Outcomes (PSOs)

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES(PSOs)

Apply principles of engineering, electronics and computer science; basic science,
1 mathematics (including differential equations, discrete mathematics and linear algebra) and
laboratory skills for building, testing, operation and maintenance of electrical systems.
Model, analyse, design, and realize physical systems, components or processes related to
2
electrical engineering systems.
Be prepared to work professionally in power systems engineering, control systems
3
engineering and software industries.

Course Outcomes (COs)

1. Evaluate reactance of synchronous machine on no load and loaded condition.

2. Analyze the effects of symmetrical fault on power system.
3. Analyze the effects of unsymmetrical faults on power system.
4. Compute the Y-bus matrix for a given system.
5. Determine the power flow for a given system
INDEX

1. Static measurement of sub-transient reactance of a salient-pole alternator.

2. Measurement of negative sequence reactance of a synchronous machine.
3. Measurement of zero sequence reactance of a synchronous machine.
4. To perform short circuit analysis for LLL fault.
5. Determination of steady state power limit of a transmission line.
6. Unsymmetrical fault analysis for LG, fault on A.C / D.C network analyzer
7. Unsymmetrical fault analysis for LL fault on A.C / D.C network analyzer
8. Unsymmetrical fault analysis for LLG fault on A.C / D.C network analyzer
9. Formulation and calculation of Y- bus matrix of a system using software.
10. Computer aided solution of power flow problem by Gauss Seidal method.
11. Computer aided solution of power flow problem by Newton-Raphson method.
12. Visit to HV/EHV substation or power generating substation.

Note: Lab file should consist of minimum Eight experiments.

 SSBT’s College of Engineering & Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon
Department of Electrical Engineering
Class: T.E. Subject: Power System-II Semester: VI Year:
Name of student: Roll No. :
Expt. No.: Date of Performance: Date of Completion:

Name: Static measurement of sub-transient reactance of salient pole alternator.

Objectives: To determine the sub-transient reactance of synchronous alternator.

Apparatus:

1. Synchronous Alternator
Synchronous Alternator, 3 phase, 3.0 KVA, 400 V, 4.3 Amp., 50 Hz., 1500 RPM, star
2. Single phase Autotransformer
3. A.C. Voltmeter (0-30 V)
4. A.C. Ammeter (0-10 Amp.)
5. Wattmeter (150 V, 5 Amp.)
6. D.C. Ammeter (0-1 Amp.)

Circuit diagram:

Three Phase Alternator

(3kva, 400v, 4.3A, 50Hz, 1500rpm, star)
M L
P A
R
(0-10A) C V

1-Phase
230 V V (0-30V)
50 Hz
AC Supply

N B
ICDP Y
1 Phase
Auto-
F1 F2
Transformer

A
(0-1A)
Theory:
Sub transient reactance is related to behavior of an alternator under transient conditions, In
purely inductive closed circuit the total flux linkages cannot change suddenly at the time any
disturbance. Now, if all the three phases of an unloaded alternator with normal excitation are
suddenly short circuited, then there will be short circuit current flowing in the armature. As the
resistance is assumed to be zero this current lag behind the excitation voltage by 90º and the
mmf produced by this current will be in d-axis and the first conclusion is that, this current will
be affected by d axis parameters Xd, Xd’, and Xd” only.
Further there will be demagnetizing effect of this current but as the flux linkages with field can
not change the effect of demagnetizing armature mmf must be counter balanced by a
proportional increase in the filed current. This additional induced component of filed current
gives rise to greater excitation, under transient state and result in more short circuit current at
this time than the steady state short circuit.
If filed poles are provided with damper bars, then at the instant of three phase short circuit the
demagnetizing armature mmf induce current in which in turn produces filed in the same
direction as main field and hence at this instant the excitation, further increases in short circuit
armature current. This for a very short duration. Normally 4 to5 cycles and this period is known
as sub-transient period. Since the field voltage are constant, there is no additional voltage to
sustain this increased excitation during sub transient period or transient period. Consequently
the effect of increased field current decrease with atime constants determined by the field and
armature circuit parameter and accordingly the short circuit armature current also decays with
the same time constant.
The reactances offered by the machine during sub transient periods are known as sub
transient reactances. In direct axis it is Xd” and in quadrature axis it is Xq”.
The sub-transient reactance Xd” and Xq” are associated with fast transients or large
frequency. Consequently, at standstill when supplying the stator line from a single phase ac (at
rated frequency) source, the rotor circuits (field winding is short circuited) experiences that
frequency. Adjust the rotor position such that the direct axis coincides with the resultant axis of
the phases to which ac is given. When this occurs, the induced ac voltage in the field winding
for a given ac to the phase becomes maximum. Keep the rotor stationary in this position.
Measure ac input voltage and current to the stator phases. Neglecting the phase winding
resistance, ratio of voltage applied to the phases and current through it gives the inductive
reactance of two phases. For axis q, it is zero.
The voltage, current and power in the stator are measured, and thus, Zd”
Ea
Zdg” = ;
2Ia

Pg
Rdg” = Ia2
2
 Xdg” = √(Zdg2- Rdg2)

Procedure:

1) Connections are given as per the circuit diagram shown in the figure.
2) Apply a single phase voltage to two phases (of stator) in series of a stationary star connected
alternator using an auto-transformer.
3) Adjust the rotor position so that the current due to the induced voltage in the short circuited
field winding is maximum.
4) while adjusting the rotor position for maximum field current, see that stator current will not
exceed the rated value. If it exceeds reduce the applied voltage to the stator.
5) If field current reaches maximum value note down the readings of input power, stator current
and applied voltage and calculate Xd” using the equation given in theory.
6) Now adjust the rotor position so that the current due to the induced voltage in the short
circuited field winding is minimum.
7) If field current reaches minimum value note down the readings of input power, stator current
and applied voltage and calculate Xq” using the equations given in theory.
8) Bring the auto-transformer to zero voltage position and switch off the supply.

Observation Table:

At Maximum field current Ifmax

Sr. No. Applied Voltage Stator Current Input Power D axis Sub-transient
Ea Ia (Amp) Pa reactance
(volts) (watt) Xd” (Ω)

At Minimum field current Ifmin

Sr. No. Applied Voltage Stator Current Input Power Q axis sub-transient
Ea Ia (Amp) Pa reactane Xq” (Ω)
(volts) (watt)
Calculations:

Formula used

i) Stator impedance
Ea
Zdg” = ;
2Ia
ii) Stator resistance
Pg
Rdg” = Ia2
2

iii) Stator reactance

Xdg” = √(Zdg2- Rdg2)

Result:

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Conclusions:

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Grade Sign of Subject Teacher

Questions and Answers:

Q-1 What is direct axis sub transient reactance?

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Q-2 How do you calculate synchronous reactance?

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 SSBT’s College of Engineering & Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon
Department of Electrical Engineering
Class: T.E. Subject: Power System-II Semester: VI Year:
Name of student: Roll No. :
Expt. No.: Date of Performance: Date of Completion:

Name: Measurement of negative sequence reactance of a Synchronous machine.

Objectives: To determine negative sequence reactance of synchronous machine
Apparatus:

1. Synchronous Alternator- D.C. Motor Set

Synchronous Alternator, 3 phase, 3.0 KVA, 400 V, 4.3 Amp., 50 Hz., 1500 RPM, star
D.C. Shunt Motor- 5 HP, 220 Volt, 19 Amp, 1500 RPM.
2. A.C. Voltmeter (0-300 V)
3. A.C. Ammeter (0-10 Amp.)
4. Wattmeter (300V, 10 Amp.)
5. D.C. Ammeter (0-1 Amp.)
6. Rheostat 300 Ω, 1.2 Amp.- 2 No.

Circuit diagram:
Three Phase Alternator
Three Point Starter (3kva, 400v, 4.3A, 50Hz, 1500rpm, star)
L F A

V
F1 A1

M
230V
F2 A2 (300v, 10A)
DC
Supply
(300 ohm, 1.2A) 0

B Y

DC Shunt Motor
A
5HP,220V,19A,1500RPM
(0-1A)

F1 F2
-
A (0-1A)

+
(300 ohm, 1.2A)

DC SUPPLY
230V
Theory:

The positive sequence impedance of equipment is the impedance offered by the equipments to
the flow of positive sequence currents. Similarly, the negative or zero sequence impedance of the
equipment is the impedance offered by the equipment to the flow of corresponding sequence
current. In a symmetrical rotating machine the impedances met by armature currents of a given
sequence are equal in the three phases. Since by the definition of inductance , which forms a part
of impedance, it is the flux linkages per ampere, it will depend on the phase order of the
sequence current relative to the direction of rotation of the rotor, positive, negative and zero
sequence impedances are unequal in general case.

Positive Sequence Impedance:

Since a synchronous machine is designed with symmetrical windings, it induces emf’s of

positive sequence only, when the machine carries positive sequence currents only, this mode of
operation is the balanced mode. The armature reaction field caused by positive sequence
currents rotates at synchronous speed in the ame direction as the rotor, i.e. it is stationary with
respect to field excitation. The impedance offered under steady state condition is known as the
synchronous impedance or positive sequence impedance and it can be measured by slip test for a
salient pole synchronous machine.

Negative Sequence Impedance

Synchronous machine has zero negative sequence voltage. With the flow of negative sequence
currents in the stator a rotating fieldis created which rotates in the opposite direction to that of
the positive sequence field and, therefore, at double synchronous speed with respect to rotor.
Currents at double the stator frequency are therefore induced in rotor field and damper winding.
In sweeping over the rotor surface, the negative sequence mmf is alternately presented with
reluctance. The machine is driven by the prime mover at its rated synchronous speed and a
reduce voltage is applied with the field winding short circuited. The ratio of V/ph and In/ph
gives negative sequence impedance Z2/ph.

Zero Sequence Impedance

We state once again that no zero sequence voltages are induced in a synchronous machine. The
flow of zero sequence currents creates three mmfs which are in the time phase but are distributed
in space phase by 120º. The resultant air gap field caused by zero sequence currents is therefore
zero. Hence, the rotor winding presents leakage reactance only to the flow of zero sequence
currents. The zero sequence impedance may be determined by connecting the armature windings
of the three phases in parallel and connecting them to the single phase source of power. If the
machine is driven at synchronous speed with field winding shorted, then zero sequence
impedance Z0= 3V/I, If windings are connected in series then Z0= V/3I.

Procedure:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram shown in the figure.
2. Keep field rheostat and armature rheostat of D.C. motor to minimum. Also adjust the
potential divider in such a way that when connected to supply its output is zero.
3. Switch on the D.C. and start the D.C. Motor.
4. With the help of field rheostat, adjust its speed to synchronous speed of alternator.
5. Increase the field excitation of the alternator to some suitable value. Check the speed. It
should be synchronous. If not, adjust it to synchronous speed. Note the readings of
voltmeter, wattmeter and ammeter.
6. Repeat step (5) to get more readings by further increasing the field excitation to suitable
value.

Observation:

S.N. Voltage Current Power Z2 X2

(volts) (Amp) (watt)

Calculations:
Result:

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Conclusion:

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Grade Sign of Subject Teacher

Questions and Answers
Q-1 Define negative sequence impedance.

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Q-2 What are sequence impedances and sequence networks?

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 SSBT’s College of Engineering & Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon
Department of Electrical Engineering
Class: T.E. Subject: Power System-II Semester: VI Year:
Name of student: Roll No. :
Expt. No.: Date of Performance: Date of Completion:

Name: Measurement of zero sequence reactance of a Synchronous machine.

Objectives: To determine zero sequence reactance of a synchronous machine.

Apparatus:

1. Synchronous Alternator- D.C. Motor Set

Synchronous Alternator, 3 phase, 3.0 KVA, 400 V, 4.3 Amp., 50 Hz., 1500 RPM, star
D.C. Shunt Motor- 5 HP, 220 Volt, 19 Amp., 1500 RPM.
2. A.C. Voltmeter (0-30 V)
3. A.C. Ammeter (0-10 Amp.)
4. Rheostat 800 Ω, 1.2 Amp.
5. Single phase Autotransformer

Circuit Diagram:

Three Point
Starter

L F A
Three Phase Alternator
(3kva, 400v, 4.3A, 50Hz, (0-10A)
F1 1500rpm, star)
A

F2 1-Phase
DC Supply
230V
M
# (0-30V) V
230 V
50 Hz
(800 ohm, AC Supply
1.2A) B Y R

1 Phase ICDP
Auto-
F1 F2 Transformer
Theory:

The positive sequence impedance of equipment is the impedance offered by the equipments to
the flow of positive sequence currents. Similarly, the negative or zero sequence impedance of the
equipment is the impedance offered by the equipment to the flow of corresponding sequence
current. In a symmetrical rotating machine the impedances met by armature currents of a given
sequence are equal in the three phases. Since by the definition of inductance , which forms a part
of impedance, it is the flux linkages per ampere, it will depend on the phase order of the
sequence current relative to the direction of rotation of the rotor, positive, negative and zero
sequence impedances are unequal in general case.

Positive Sequence Impedance:

Since a synchronous machine is designed with symmetrical windings, it induces emf’s of

positive sequence only, when the machine carries positive sequence currents only, this mode of
operation is the balanced mode. The armature reaction field caused by positive sequence
currents rotates at synchronous speed in the ame direction as the rotor, i.e. it is stationary with
respect to field excitation. The impedance offered under steady state condition is known as the
synchronous impedance or positive sequence impedance and it can be measured by slip test for a
salient pole synchronous machine.

Negative Sequence Impedance

Synchronous machine has zero negative sequence voltage. With the flow of negative sequence
currents in the stator a rotating fieldis created which rotates in the opposite direction to that of
the positive sequence field and, therefore, at double synchronous speed with respect to rotor.
Currents at double the stator frequency are therefore induced in rotor field and damper winding.
In sweeping over the rotor surface, the negative sequence mmf is alternately presented with
reluctance. The machine is driven by the prime mover at its rated synchronous speed and a
reduce voltage is applied with the field winding short circuited. The ratio of V/ph and In/ph
gives negative sequence impedance Z2/ph.

Zero Sequence Impedance

We state once again that no zero sequence voltages are induced in a synchronous machine. The
flow of zero sequence currents creates three mmfs which are in the time phase but are distributed
in space phase by 120º. The resultant air gap field caused by zero sequence currents is therefore
zero. Hence, the rotor winding presents leakage reactance only to the flow of zero sequence
currents. The zero sequence impedance may be determined by connecting the armature windings
of the three phases in parallel and connecting them to the single phase source of power. If the
machine is driven at synchronous speed with field winding shorted, then zero sequence
impedance Z0= 3V/I, If windings are connected in series then Z0= V/3I.

Procedure:

1) Connections are done as per circuit diagram.

2) Keeping the rheostat in the field circuit of motor in cut out position, the rheostat in the
armature circuit of the motor and in cut in position.
3) The motor is brought to rated speed by cutting out the rheostat in the armature circuit and
then by cutting in the field rheostat, if necessary.
4) Apply low voltage using single phase auto transformer and measure both voltage and
current taken by armature windings.
5) All the rheostats are brought back to their respective initial positions and switched off the
supply.

Observations:

S.N. Applied Voltage V0 Current ,

I0 in Amp.
(in volts)

Calculations:
X0 = 3𝑉0/𝐼0
Result :

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Conclusions:
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Grade Sign of Subject Teacher

Questions and Answers
Q-1 Define zero sequence components.
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Q-2 Write the symmetrical components of three phase system.
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 SSBT’s College of Engineering & Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon
Department of Electrical Engineering
Class: T.E. Subject: Power System-II Semester: VI Year:
Name of student: Roll No. :
Expt. No.: Date of Performance: Date of Completion:

Name: To perform short circuit analysis for LLL fault.

Objectives: To perform symmetrical fault analysis.

Apparatus:

1. Synchronous Alternator- D.C. Motor Set

Synchronous Alternator, 3 phase, 3.0 KVA, 400 V, 4.3 Amp., 50 Hz., 1500 RPM, star
D.C. Shunt Motor- 5 HP, 220 Volt, 19 Amp, 1500 RPM.
2. A.C. Voltmeter (0-600 V)
3. A.C. Ammeter (0-5 Amp.)
4. D.C Ammeter (0-1 Amp.)
5. Rheostat 800 Ω, 1.2 Amp.- 2 No.

Circuit Diagram:
Three Phase Alternator
Three Point Starter (3kva, 400v, 4.3A, 50Hz, 1500rpm, star)
L F A

R (0-5A)
A

V (0-600V)
F1 A1

M
230V
DC F2 L-L-L fault
A2
Supply
(800 ohm, 1.2A) 0

B Y

DC Shunt Motor
5HP,220V,19A,1500RPM

F1 F2
-
A (0-1A)

+
(800 ohm, 1.2A)

DC SUPPLY
230V
Theory:
The symmetrical (L-L-L fault) for the basis for the selection of suitably rated circuit breakers or
fuses and for the stresses developed in bus bars and connection structures under short circuit
conditions. Such calculations are also adequate for determining the over-current factors for
current transformers and protective gear stability on through faults.

Electric power systems may be of great complexity and spread over large geographical area. An
electric power system consists of generators, transformers, transmission lines and consumer
equipment (loads). The system must be protected against flow of heavy short-circuit currents
(which can cause permanent damage to major equipment) by disconnecting the faulty section of
system by means of circuit breakers and protective relaying.
It is necessary to know the maximum short-circuit currents that can occur at the different
points of a system in order that circuit breakers may be selected that are adequate to withstand
the currents and operate successfully to cut out the faulty section, and also in order that the
protective relays may be selected for correct operation. The design of machines, bus bars,
isolators, circuit breakers etc, is based on the considerations of normal and short circuit currents.
It is also necessary to be able to calculate, approximately at least, the size of the
protective reactors which must be inserted in the system to limit the short circuit currents to a
value which is not beyond that capable of being withstood by the circuit breakers.
The short circuit currents in an ac system are determined mainly by the reactance of the
alternators, transformers and lines upto the point of the fault in the case of phase-to-phase faults.
When the fault is between phase and earth, the resistance of the earth path play an important role
in limiting the currents.
In case of circuit breakers their rupturing capacities are based on the symmetrical short circuit
current which is the most simple calculation among all types of short-circuits. However, for
determination of settings of relays it is absolutely necessary to know fault current due to
unsymmetrical fault condition too for which knowledge of symmetrical components etc., is
required. Only symmetrical short-circuit currents will be dealt here.

Procedure:
1) Connections are done as per circuit diagram.
2) For creating L-L-L fault on alternator connect all the three phase of the alternator. Also
connect ammeter and voltmeter to measure the current and voltage respectively.
3) Keep field rheostat and armature rheostat of D.C. motor to minimum. Also adjust the
potential divider in such a way that when connected to supply its output is zero.
4) Switch on the D.C. and start the D.C. Motor. With the help of field rheostat, adjust its
speed to synchronous speed of alternator.
5) At synchronous speed adjust the field circuit of alternator by varying field rheostat such
that current flow is the stator winding.
6) Take the reading of ammeter and voltmeter for different excitation circuit.
7) Take care that current does not exceed its rated value.
Observation Table
Voltage Voltage Voltage
Field Current Current Current Voltage Voltage Voltage
current in R in Y in B R to R to R to between between between
S.N in phase phase phase neutral neutral neutral R & Y Y & B B & N
Amp. in Amp in Amp in Amp VRN VYN VBN phase phase phase
in volts in volts in volts VRY VYB VBR
in volts in volts in volts

Calculations:
Result:
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Conclusions:
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Grade Sign of Subject Teacher

Questions and Answer:

Q-1 List the various types of shunt and series faults.

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Q-2 What is meant by fault calculations?

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Q-3 What is the need for short circuit studies or fault analysis?
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Q-4 Name any two methods of reducing short circuit current.
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Q-5 Give the boundary condition for 3 phase fault.
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 SSBT’s College of Engineering & Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon
Department of Electrical Engineering
Class: T.E. Subject: Power System-II Semester: VI Year:
Name of student: Roll No. :
Expt. No.: Date of Performance: Date of Completion:

Name: Unsymmetrical fault analysis for LG, fault on A.C / D.C network analyzer

Objectives: To perform unsymmetrical fault analysis.

Apparatus:

1. Synchronous Alternator- D.C. Motor Set

Synchronous Alternator, 3 phase, 3.0 KVA, 400 V, 4.3 Amp., 50 Hz., 1500 RPM, star
D.C. Shunt Motor- 5 HP, 220 Volt, 19 Amp, 1500 RPM.
2. A.C. Voltmeter (0-600 V)
3. A.C. Ammeter (0-5 Amp.)
4. D.C Ammeter (0-1 Amp.)
5. Rheostat 800 Ω, 1.2 Amp.- 2 No.

Circuit Diagram:

Three Phase Alternator

Three Point Starter (3kva, 400v, 4.3A, 50Hz, 1500rpm, star)
L F A

R (0-5A)
A

V (0-600V)
F1 A1

L-G Fault
M
230V
DC F2 A2
Supply
(800 ohm, 1.2A) 0

B Y

DC Shunt Motor
5HP,220V,19A,1500RPM

F1 F2
-
A (0-1A)

+
(800 ohm, 1.2A)

DC SUPPLY
230V
Theory:
The symmetrical (L-L-L fault) for the basis for the selection of suitably rated circuit breakers or
fuses and for the stresses developed in bus bars and connection structures under short circuit
conditions. Such calculations are also adequate for determining the over-current factors for
current transformers and protective gear stability on through faults.
However fault conditions are not confined to the three phase condition and indeed the majority
of faults, that occur in power systems are unsymmetrical faults., e.g., single line to ground faults,
line to line faults, double line to ground faults, breaking of one or two conductors etc. It becomes
necessary for engineers to calculate the fault currents in such conditions. The information
obtained is necessary for the determination of protective gear relay settings and in studies of
transient stability in an interconnected power system. Not only is it essential to know the current
at the point of fault but also how it is distributed (and in what magnitude) throughout the network
behind the fault. A full study of this subject also involves the unsymmetrical voltages which arise
a knowledge of which is essential particularly in protective systems of the directional type where
the voltage element is important.
For unsymmetrical faults, simple single phase representation is not valid and analysis has to be
carried out on a three phase basis. The analysis of unsymmetrical fault conditions may
alternatively be carried out using the method of symmetrical components, which is a means by
which an unbalanced 3-phase system of impedance may be resolved into three equivalent single
phase system having independent impedance parameters. The three independent impedance
systems may be suitably connected and constrained to represent all types of fault conditions.
It is possible to solve unsymmetrical fault problems by direct evaluation using phase coordinates.
Such methods have advantage in certain untransposed overhead line calculations because mutual
impedance effect may be more accurately represented, and they have been used in digital
computer studies. For manual solution of unsymmetrical faults the symmetrical component
method is simpler and enables more generality to be given to fault performance studies, the
results of which are sufficiently accurate for most purposes. Symmetrical component method
provides a useful analytical tool for the protection engineer, particularly in connection with the
tracing out of fault current paths. Majority of the faults in power systems involve earth, and it
will be shown that, by tracing out the zero-sequence paths in associated apparatus (such as
transformers) a rapid assessment of the behavior of the system under such fault conditions may
be made.

The unsymmetrical fault is an unbalanced condition or situation which causes an unbalanced

among the three phases.
Various types of symmetrical faults that occur in power system are :
1) Shunt type faults: An unsymmetrical shunt fault is an unbalance between phases or
between phase and ground.
Types: i) Single line to ground (LG) fault.
ii) Line to Line (LL) fault.
iii) Double line to ground (LLG) fault.
For unsymmetrical faults, the voltage and current becomes unbalanced after the faults.
 These faults may occur at the terminals of the generators or any part of the power system and
may take place either through zero impedance or through impedance. This fault impedance
may arise on account of the resistance of the arc between the conductors or due to the tower
footing resistance. The resistance of the arc is usually negligible on high voltage circuit. The
resistance of the tower footing range from 5 to 20Ω., but is usually neglected giving result for
most severe conditions.
2) Series type faults :
A series type fault is an unbalance in the line impedance. It does not involve any
connection between lines and between line and ground at fault point. Series faults are
characterized by increase in voltage and frequency and fall in current in faulted phase.
Types: i) One conductor open fault: A 3 phase line with conductor ‘a’ broken leading to
one conductor open condition.
ii) Two conductor open fault: A 3 phase line with conductor ‘b’ and ‘c’ broken leading
to two conductor open condition.

Procedure:
1) Connections are done as per circuit diagram.
2) For creating L-G fault on alternator connect any one phase of three phase alternator to the
ground. Also connect ammeter and voltmeter in that phase to measure the current and
voltage respectively during LG fault.

3) Keep field rheostat and armature rheostat of D.C. motor to minimum. Also adjust the
potential divider in such a way that when connected to supply its output is zero.
4) Switch on the D.C. and start the D.C. Motor. With the help of field rheostat, adjust its
speed to synchronous speed of alternator.
5) At synchronous speed adjust the field circuit of alternator by varying field rheostat such
that current flow is the stator winding.
6) Take the reading of ammeter and voltmeter for different excitation circuit.
7) Take care that current does not exceed its rated value.

Observations:
Voltage Voltage Voltage
Field Current Current Current Voltage Voltage Voltage
current in R in Y in B R to R to R to between between between
S.N in phase phase phase neutral neutral neutral R & Y Y & B B & N
Amp. in Amp in Amp in Amp VRN VYN VBN phase phase phase
in volts in volts in volts VRY VYB VBR
in volts in volts in volts
Calculations:

Result:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Conclusions:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Grade Sign of Subject Teacher

Question and Answer:

Q-1 How is the faults classified?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-2 Name the faults in which positive, negative and zero sequence component currents are
equal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q-3 Why fault occur in a power system?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 SSBT’s College of Engineering & Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon
Department of Electrical Engineering
Class: T.E. Subject: Power System-II Semester: VI Year:
Name of student: Roll No. :
Expt. No.: Date of Performance: Date of Completion:

Name: Unsymmetrical fault analysis for LL fault on A.C / D.C network analyzer

Objectives: To perform unsymmetrical fault analysis.

Apparatus:

1. Synchronous Alternator- D.C. Motor Set

Synchronous Alternator, 3 phase, 3.0 KVA, 400 V, 4.3 Amp., 50 Hz., 1500 RPM, star
D.C. Shunt Motor- 5 HP, 220 Volt, 19 Amp, 1500 RPM.
2. A.C. Voltmeter (0-600 V)
3. A.C. Ammeter (0-5 Amp.)
4. D.C Ammeter (0-1 Amp.)
5. Rheostat 800 Ω, 1.2 Amp.- 2 No.

Circuit Diagram:

Three Phase Alternator

Three Point Starter (3kva, 400v, 4.3A, 50Hz, 1500rpm, star)
L F A

R (0-5A)
A

V (0-600V)
F1 A1

M
230V
DC F2 L-L fault
A2
Supply
(800 ohm, 1.2A) 0

B Y

DC Shunt Motor
5HP,220V,19A,1500RPM

F1 F2
-
A (0-1A)

+
(800 ohm, 1.2A)

DC SUPPLY
230V
Theory:
The symmetrical (L-L-L fault) for the basis for the selection of suitably rated circuit breakers or
fuses and for the stresses developed in bus bars and connection structures under short circuit
conditions. Such calculations are also adequate for determining the over-current factors for
current transformers and protective gear stability on through faults.
However fault conditions are not confined to the three phase condition and indeed the majority
of faults, that occur in power systems are unsymmetrical faults., e.g., single line to ground faults,
line to line faults, double line to ground faults, breaking of one or two conductors etc. It becomes
necessary for engineers to calculate the fault currents in such conditions. The information
obtained is necessary for the determination of protective gear relay settings and in studies of
transient stability in an interconnected power system. Not only is it essential to know the current
at the point of fault but also how it is distributed (and in what magnitude) throughout the network
behind the fault. A full study of this subject also involves the unsymmetrical voltages which arise
a knowledge of which is essential particularly in protective systems of the directional type where
the voltage element is important.
For unsymmetrical faults, simple single phase representation is not valid and analysis has to be
carried out on a three phase basis. The analysis of unsymmetrical fault conditions may
alternatively be carried out using the method of symmetrical components, which is a means by
which an unbalanced 3-phase system of impedance may be resolved into three equivalent single
phase system having independent impedance parameters. The three independent impedance
systems may be suitably connected and constrained to represent all types of fault conditions.
It is possible to solve unsymmetrical fault problems by direct evaluation using phase coordinates.
Such methods have advantage in certain untransposed overhead line calculations because mutual
impedance effect may be more accurately represented, and they have been used in digital
computer studies. For manual solution of unsymmetrical faults the symmetrical component
method is simpler and enables more generality to be given to fault performance studies, the
results of which are sufficiently accurate for most purposes. Symmetrical component method
provides a useful analytical tool for the protection engineer, particularly in connection with the
tracing out of fault current paths. Majority of the faults in power systems involve earth, and it
will be shown that, by tracing out the zero-sequence paths in associated apparatus (such as
transformers) a rapid assessment of the behavior of the system under such fault conditions may
be made.

The unsymmetrical fault is an unbalanced condition or situation which causes an unbalanced

among the three phases.
Various types of symmetrical faults that occur in power system are :
2) Shunt type faults: An unsymmetrical shunt fault is an unbalance between phases or
between phase and ground.
Types: i) Single line to ground (LG) fault.
iv) Line to Line (LL) fault.
v) Double line to ground (LLG) fault.
 For unsymmetrical faults, the voltage and current becomes unbalanced after the faults.
These faults may occur at the terminals of the generators or any part of the power system and
may take place either through zero impedance or through impedance. This fault impedance
may arise on account of the resistance of the arc between the conductors or due to the tower
footing resistance. The resistance of the arc is usually negligible on high voltage circuit. The
resistance of the tower footing range from 5 to 20Ω., but is usually neglected giving result for
most severe conditions.
3) Series type faults :
A series type fault is an unbalance in the line impedance. It does not involve any
connection between lines and between line and ground at fault point. Series faults are
characterized by increase in voltage and frequency and fall in current in faulted phase.
Types: i) One conductor open fault: A 3 phase line with conductor ‘a’ broken leading to
one conductor open condition.
ii) Two conductor open fault: A 3 phase line with conductor ‘b’ and ‘c’ broken leading
to two conductor open condition.

Procedure:
1. Connections are done as per circuit diagram.
2. For creating L-L fault on alternator connect any two phases of three phase alternator.
Also connect ammeter and voltmeter in that phase to measure the current and voltage
respectively during LL fault.
3. Keep field rheostat and armature rheostat of D.C. motor to minimum. Also adjust the
potential divider in such a way that when connected to supply its output is zero.
4. Switch on the D.C. and start the D.C. Motor. With the help of field rheostat, adjust its
speed to synchronous speed of alternator.
5. At synchronous speed adjust the field circuit of alternator by varying field rheostat such
that current flow is the stator winding.
6. Take the reading of ammeter and voltmeter for different excitation circuit.
7. Take care that current does not exceed its rated value.

Observation Table:
Voltage Voltage Voltage
Field Current Current Current Voltage Voltage Voltage
current in R in Y in B R to R to R to between between between
S.N in phase phase phase neutral neutral neutral R & Y Y & B B & N
Amp. in Amp in Amp in Amp VRN VYN VBN phase phase phase
in volts in volts in volts VRY VYB VBR
in volts in volts in volts
Calculations:

Result:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Conclusions:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Grade Sign of Subject Teacher

Questions and Answers:

Q-1 For a fault at a given location, rank the various faults in the order of severity

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-2 What are the boundary conditions in line to line fault?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 SSBT’s College of Engineering & Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon
Department of Electrical Engineering
Class: T.E. Subject: Power System-II Semester: VI Year:
Name of student: Roll No. :
Expt. No.: Date of Performance: Date of Completion:

Name: Unsymmetrical fault analysis for LLG fault on A.C / D.C network analyzer

Objectives: To perform unsymmetrical fault analysis.

Apparatus:

1. Synchronous Alternator- D.C. Motor Set

Synchronous Alternator, 3 phase, 3.0 KVA, 400 V, 4.3 Amp., 50 Hz., 1500 RPM, star
D.C. Shunt Motor- 5 HP, 220 Volt, 19 Amp, 1500 RPM.
2. A.C. Voltmeter (0-600 V)
3. A.C. Ammeter (0-5 Amp.)
4. D.C Ammeter (0-1 Amp.)
5. Rheostat 800 Ω, 1.2 Amp.- 2 No.

Circuit Diagram:

Three Phase Alternator

Three Point Starter (3kva, 400v, 4.3A, 50Hz, 1500rpm, star)
L F A

R (0-5A)
A

V (0-600V)
F1 A1

M
230V
DC F2 L-L-G fault
A2
Supply
(800 ohm, 1.2A) 0

B Y

DC Shunt Motor
5HP,220V,19A,1500RPM

F1 F2
-
A (0-1A)

+
(800 ohm, 1.2A)

DC SUPPLY
230V
Theory:
The symmetrical (L-L-L fault) for the basis for the selection of suitably rated circuit breakers or
fuses and for the stresses developed in bus bars and connection structures under short circuit
conditions. Such calculations are also adequate for determining the over-current factors for
current transformers and protective gear stability on through faults.
However fault conditions are not confined to the three phase condition and indeed the majority
of faults, that occur in power systems are unsymmetrical faults., e.g., single line to ground faults,
line to line faults, double line to ground faults, breaking of one or two conductors etc. It becomes
necessary for engineers to calculate the fault currents in such conditions. The information
obtained is necessary for the determination of protective gear relay settings and in studies of
transient stability in an interconnected power system. Not only is it essential to know the current
at the point of fault but also how it is distributed (and in what magnitude) throughout the network
behind the fault. A full study of this subject also involves the unsymmetrical voltages which arise
a knowledge of which is essential particularly in protective systems of the directional type where
the voltage element is important.
For unsymmetrical faults, simple single phase representation is not valid and analysis has to be
carried out on a three phase basis. The analysis of unsymmetrical fault conditions may
alternatively be carried out using the method of symmetrical components, which is a means by
which an unbalanced 3-phase system of impedance may be resolved into three equivalent single
phase system having independent impedance parameters. The three independent impedance
systems may be suitably connected and constrained to represent all types of fault conditions.
It is possible to solve unsymmetrical fault problems by direct evaluation using phase coordinates.
Such methods have advantage in certain untransposed overhead line calculations because mutual
impedance effect may be more accurately represented, and they have been used in digital
computer studies. For manual solution of unsymmetrical faults the symmetrical component
method is simpler and enables more generality to be given to fault performance studies, the
results of which are sufficiently accurate for most purposes. Symmetrical component method
provides a useful analytical tool for the protection engineer, particularly in connection with the
tracing out of fault current paths. Majority of the faults in power systems involve earth, and it
will be shown that, by tracing out the zero-sequence paths in associated apparatus (such as
transformers) a rapid assessment of the behavior of the system under such fault conditions may
be made.
The unsymmetrical fault is an unbalanced condition or situation which causes an unbalanced
among the three phases.
Various types of symmetrical faults that occur in power system are :
3) Shunt type faults: An unsymmetrical shunt fault is an unbalance between phases or
between phase and ground.
Types: i) Single line to ground (LG) fault.
vi) Line to Line (LL) fault.
vii)Double line to ground (LLG) fault.
For unsymmetrical faults, the voltage and current becomes unbalanced after the faults.
These faults may occur at the terminals of the generators or any part of the power system and
 may take place either through zero impedance or through impedance. This fault impedance
may arise on account of the resistance of the arc between the conductors or due to the tower
footing resistance. The resistance of the arc is usually negligible on high voltage circuit. The
resistance of the tower footing range from 5 to 20Ω., but is usually neglected giving result for
most severe conditions.
4) Series type faults :
A series type fault is an unbalance in the line impedance. It does not involve any
connection between lines and between line and ground at fault point. Series faults are
characterized by increase in voltage and frequency and fall in current in faulted phase.
Types: i) One conductor open fault: A 3 phase line with conductor ‘a’ broken leading to
one conductor open condition.
ii) Two conductor open fault: A 3 phase line with conductor ‘b’ and ‘c’ broken leading
to two conductor open condition.

Procedure:
1. Connections are done as per circuit diagram.
2. For creating L-L-G fault on alternator connect any two phases of three phase alternator to
the ground. Also connect ammeter and voltmeter in that phase to measure the current and
voltage respectively during LLG fault.

3. Keep field rheostat and armature rheostat of D.C. motor to minimum. Also adjust the
potential divider in such a way that when connected to supply its output is zero.
4. Switch on the D.C. and start the D.C. Motor. With the help of field rheostat, adjust its
speed to synchronous speed of alternator.
5. At synchronous speed adjust the field circuit of alternator by varying field rheostat such
that current flow is the stator winding.
6. Take the reading of ammeter and voltmeter for different excitation circuit.
7. Take care that current does not exceed its rated value.

Observations:
Voltage Voltage Voltage
Field Current Current Current Voltage Voltage Voltage
current in R in Y in B R to R to R to between between between
S.N in phase phase phase neutral neutral neutral R & Y Y & B B & N
Amp. in Amp in Amp in Amp VRN VYN VBN phase phase phase
in volts in volts in volts VRY VYB VBR
in volts in volts in volts
Calculations:

Result:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Conclusions:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Grade Sign of Subject Teacher

Questions and Answer:

Q-1 Name the fault in which positive and negative sequence component currents together is
equal to zero sequence current in magnitude.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-2 Write down the boundary condition in double line to ground fault.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 SSBT’s College of Engineering & Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon
Department of Electrical Engineering
Class: T.E. Subject: Power System-II Semester: VI Year:
Name of student: Roll No. :
Expt. No.: Date of Performance: Date of Completion:

Name: Formulation and calculation of Y- bus matrix of a system using software.

Objectives: To calculate Y bus matrix of a system using MATLAB software.
Apparatus:

1) MATLAB software.

Theory:

Bus admittance is often used in power system studies. In most of the power system
studiesit is required to form y- bus matrix of the system by considering certain power system
parametersdepending upon the type of analysis.Y-bus may be formed by inspection method only
if there is no mutual coupling between thelines.
Every transmission line should be represented byp- equivalent. Shunt impedances
areadded to diagonal element corresponding to the buses at which these are connected. The
offdiagonal elements are unaffected. The equivalent circuit of Tap changing transformers is
includedwhile forming Y-bus matrix.
Formation of Y Bus Matrix:
Generalised Y-Bus = yii………………yid
ydi……………..ydd
where, Yii = Self admittance
Ydi = Transfer admittance

Porcedure:
1] Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2] Create a new M-file by selecting the File - New - M – File.
3] Type and save the program in the editor window.
4] Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.
5] View the results.
PROGRAM:

function [yb,ych]=ybus

% The line impedances are

zz=[0 0.02+0.1i 0 0 0.05+0.25i

0.02+0.1i 0 0.04+0.2i 0 0.05+0.25i
0 0.04+0.2i 0 0.05+0.25i 0.08+0.4i
0 0 0.05+0.25i 0 0.1+0.5i
0.05+0.25i 0.05+0.25i 0.08+0.4i 0.1+0.5i 0];

% The line chargings are

ych=j*[0 0.03 0 0 0.02

0.03 0 0.025 0 0.020
0 0.025 0 0.02 0.01
0 0 0.02 0 0.075
0.02 0.02 0.01 0.075 0];

% The Ybus matrix is formed here

for i=1:5
for j=1:5
if zz(i,j) == 0
yb(i,j)=0;
else
yb(i,j)=-1/zz(i,j);
end
end
end

for i=1:5
ysum=0;
csum=0;
for j=1:5
ysum=ysum+yb(i,j);
csum=csum+ych(i,j);
end
yb(i,i)=csum-ysum;
end
Result:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Conclusions:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Grade Sign of Subject Teacher

Questions and Answers:

Q-1 What is power flow study or load flow study?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-2 What are the information that are obtained from a load flow study?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-3 What is bus admittance matrix?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-4 Write the equation for the bus admittance matrix.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q-5 Give the matrix notation of YbusV = I

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