RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

OF LAW, PUNJAB

JURISPRUDENCE PROJECT (SEM 4)

TOPIC: FEMININST JURISPRUDENCE IN INDIAN

CONTEXT

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO

Name- Anthony Damlianhau Prof. Renuka Soni

Roll Number- 22196 Assistant Professor of Law

RGNUL, Patiala

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The final outcome of this project has been accompanied by a lot of support and guidance
from many people who stood next to me throughout the completion of this project. Their help
provided me with enough faith and confidence in myself that I was able to finish the project
on time and to the best of my knowledge. I would be failing in my duty if I do not extend my
heartfelt gratitude to all of them.

I shall always be obliged to the Vice Chancellor of RGNULfor providing me an opportunity

to showcase my skills and knowledge in a project given to me by an esteemed university like
RGNUL.

I would also like to thank my jurisprudence teacher Ms. Renuka Soni ma’am who has been of
immense help to me while I was doing this project. He not only guided me through this
project but also enlightened me about the relevance of the topic. He also gave me an insight
into this topic and provided me with the necessary information whenever required.

I am thankful to all those Teaching and non-teaching staffs at RGNUL for showering me with
their constant support, guidance, and blessings which led to the successful completion of the
project. I also would like to thank the staff at the IT lab who helped me with my research
work.

Anthony Damlianhau

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 CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................. 2

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 5

1.1 Statement of Problem .............................................................................................. 5

1.2 Objective ................................................................................................................. 5

1.3 Research Methodology ............................................................................................ 5

1.4 Research Questions ................................................................................................. 5

1.5 Review of the Literature .......................................................................................... 6

2. INTRODUCTION TO FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE ............................................ 7

3. THEORIES OF FEMINIST LEGAL THEORY ........................................................ 8

3.1 Radical Feminism ................................................................................................... 8

3.2 Liberal Feminism .................................................................................................... 8

3.3 Cultural Feminism .................................................................................................. 9

3.4 Postmodern Feminism ............................................................................................. 9

4. EVOLUTION OF FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE IN INDIA ................................ 10

5. LEGISLATIONS EVOLVING FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE ............................ 11

5.1 Domestic Violence Act, 2005 ................................................................................. 11

5.2 Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961................................................................................. 11

5.3 The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 ................................................. 12

5.4 The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 ....................................................................... 12

5.5 Prevention of Sexual Harassment Policy at Workplace, 2013 ................................ 12

5.6 Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 ........................................................... 13

6. ANALYSING THE EVOLVEMENT OF FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE

THROUGH SABARIMALA TEMPLE VERDICT ........................................................ 13

6.1 Issue at hand ......................................................................................................... 13

6.2 Verdict .................................................................................................................. 13

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 6.3 Effect of judgment ................................................................................................. 14

7. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 15

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 16

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Statement of Problem

Feminist Jurisprudence holds importance as it seeks to reduce the inequalities existing
between males and females and promotes them to be on equal footing. It also questioned the
foundation of legal reasoning, which did not value women's interests or viewpoints. Law
reflects societal development, and since men predominate over women in patriarchal
societies, the law became more men-centric and less gender-neutral as a result. Feminist
jurisprudence advocates and supports a neutral law because over time, the entire globe has
come to recognise the value of women, who make up over half of the world's population.
Laws that encourage treating men and women differently were repealed with the help of
feminist jurisprudence, which helped to pinpoint instances where the law legitimise
oppression.

1.2 Objective
The objective of the project primarily includes analysing the growth of feminist
jurisprudence, especially in special reference to the Indian context through the recent
Sabarimala temple controversy and the verdict. It aims to scrutinize how the enactment of an
act or a judicial interference over time has progressed the rights of women in real grounds.

1.3 Research Methodology

The author has used both primary and secondary resources. The primary resources involve
newspaper reports. The secondary resources involve the usage of research papers and
editorials to assist in analyzing using the topic. The socio-legal research methodology used in
this study examines the law's social effects and reflections within its setting.

1.4 Research Questions

Through this research, the researcher is raising the following questions:
1. What is meant by feminist jurisprudence?
2. What are different theories related to feminist jurisprudence?
3. How has feminist jurisprudence evolved in India?
4. How has the judicial interpretation assisted in growth of feminist jurisprudence?
5. Has the judgment of the Sabarimala temple impacted feminist jurisprudence?

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 1.5 Review of the Literature
It primarily included analyzing the scope and growth of feminist jurisprudence. There has
been a focus on analyzing the growth of feminist jurisprudence with special reference to the
Sabarimala temple and the changes that occurred after the verdict.

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 2. INTRODUCTION TO FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE

Feminism is derived from the Latin word ‘Femina,’ which means ‘woman’.Feminism is a set
of movements seeking gender equality, a movement for the betterment of all spheres like
social, political, and economic rights such as equal wage and the right to access health and
education, and equal political rights.1

Feminist Jurisprudence includes the study of different strands of feminist theory and the
themes that have emerged and developed within feminist thoughts, as well as the application
of theory to issues that interest members of the class. 2 It is also known as feminist legal
theory. The objectives of feminist jurisprudence are two-fold. Firstly, feminist jurisprudence
aims to question how the legal system contributed to women's historical subordination in
society.Secondly, it is utilized as a tool for reworking the law and its treatment of gender in
order to improve the situation of women. The pervasive influence of patriarchy on legal
structures demonstrates its effects on the material condition of women and girls and develops
3
reforms to correct gender injustice, exploitation, or restriction.

Feminist Jurisprudence helps to determine whether what is neutral or natural for one person is
a distortion for another person. Pregnancy, child-rearing, and other caregiving activities are
still treated in the workplace as peculiar occurrences, rather than what they are: commonplace
functions that serve the larger good.4 The foundation of feminist jurisprudence in today’s
time is so strong that it focuses not only on discrimination or inequality but also provides new
ways of life.

1
Brunell, Laura and Burkett, Elinor.feminism. Encyclopedia Britannica, (5thApril 2023, 4pm)
https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism.
2
Feminist Jurisprudence (Law 815-001 A and B) Fall 2010.
3
Francis, Leslie and Smith, Patricia, Feminist Philosophy of Law, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(summer 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),(31st March 30, 2022, 10pm)
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-philosophy.
4
Juergens, Ann, Feminist Jurisprudence: Why Law Must Consider Women's Perspectives(5th April 2023, 10pm)
https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&context=facsch.

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 3. THEORIES OF FEMINIST LEGAL THEORY

3.1 Radical Feminism

Radical Feminism views gender equality as a matter of male dominance over women rather
than a matter of equality. A feminist perspective known as radical feminism calls for a
fundamental restructuring of society in which male supremacy is eliminated in all spheres of
life, including business and society. Radical feminists contend that patriarchy has led to
women's systematic marginalization and oppression since they are seen as the "other" to the
male norm. If nothing is done to combat it, it will continue to have an impact on all women
because it began in the past and has persisted up until this point.5

According to radical feminists, men (as a group) use social structures and other forms of
power to oppress women (and non-dominant men). To put society in an equal position,
something must be changed. Radical feminists believe that by challenging existing social
structures and conventions, patriarchy may be eliminated, freeing everyone from an unjust
society.

3.2 Liberal Feminism

A school of feminism known as liberal feminism places a strong emphasis on women's ability
to uphold their equality through their choices and actions. Its main goal is to guarantee that
women have the same legal and political rights as males because, for a very long time, this
hasn't been the case, and not for any good reason either.6

Liberal feminists assert that society thinks women are physically and mentally less capable
than males by nature. As a result, practically all women experience prejudice in the job, in
public settings, and in the marketplace. Liberal feminists believe that social and legal
restrictions that prevent women from accessing and succeeding in the so-called public sphere
are the root cause of female subordination. They pursue gender equality through
governmental and judicial changes.

Liberal feminists hold that the sufferings of women, in general, can be attributed to societal
and legal barriers that prohibit women from participating in public politics and the economy.

5
Camille Cottais,Radical feminism, (4th April 2023, 4 pm)https://igg-geo.org/wp-
content/uploads/2021/04/Technical-Sheet-Radical-feminism.pdf.
6
Jone Johnson Lewis, What Is Liberal Feminism?,THOUGHTCO,(4th April 2023, 4
pm)www.thoughtco.com/liberal-feminism-3529177.

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The state can rebuild a balance by recognizing the civic areas where women are not included
and shifting the focus by making the system inclusive and changing them to add women’s
necessities in the law is the only way to enable women’s autonomy. 7Liberal feminists assert
that because men and women are fundamentally the same, liberals should uphold their beliefs
in equality, universal human rights, and treating men and women equally. According to these
theories, regulations should not impose restrictions or provide special treatment based on
gender.

3.3 Cultural Feminism

Cultural feminism focuses on the intellectual ability of a person and bases its reasoning on
the same. It primarily focuses on the disparities prevailing between men and women.
According to this school of thought, men place more value on logical abstractions and
abstract legal principles, whereas women place more value on interpersonal connections. This
school seeks to elevate the moral voice of women and promote social principles on an equal
footing. 8

It is based on an essentialist interpretation of the distinctions between men and women and
encourages independence and the development of institutions. They acknowledge the
distinctions between men and women and the need for equality. However, they contend that
in order to achieve this equality, the inherent virtues that women possess from birth must
remain unaltered.The disparities between men and women are a concern for these feminists.
According to this school instead of including women in the patriarchy and proving that they
are similar to men, can function like men, and meet male norms, feminism's most important
task is to change institutions in order to reflect and accommodate values that they see as
women's nurturing virtues, such as love, empathy, patience, and concern.

3.4 Postmodern Feminism

Postmodern feminism is a new branch of feminism that strives for equality for women within
the category of women. The school emphasizes the underlying importance of social and
political factors in understanding gender. 9Postmodern feminists hold that culture and society,
rather than biology, define gender. They contend that women have experienced oppression
not because they are inferior to males biologically, but rather because of their social and

7
Friedan. B. (1963) The Feminine Mystique, Vol. I, W.W. Norton and Company, USA, page 169.
8
John Johnson Lewis,Cultural Feminism: What Is the Essence of Being a Woman?THOUGHTCO,(4th April
2023) www.thoughtco.com/cultural-feminism-definition-3528996.
9
Charlotte Nickerson, Postmodern Feminism (Postmodern Feminism), SIMPLY SOCIOLOGY, (4th April 2023)
<https://simplysociology.com/postmodern-feminism.html>

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political marginalization.They perceive facts as numerous, based on experience and
perspective, and do not hold a belief in a single, absolute reality. Deconstruction is a
technique used by feminists in the postmodern movement to uncover hidden biases in-laws.
Deconstruction is a tool used by postmodern feminists to argue that laws shouldn't be
immutable because they are made by biased individuals and may thus contribute to the
oppression of women.

4. EVOLUTION OF FEMINISTJURISPRUDENCE IN INDIA

The evolution of Indian law has been significantly influenced by feminist jurisprudence.
Feminist legal scholars and activists have been trying to confront and transform India's long-
standing patriarchal norms and gender inequalities through legal reform.Feminist legal theory
has been applied in India to examine and criticise legislation concerning, among other things,
property rights, violence against women, divorce, and marriage. Female infanticide, dowry,
and female genital mutilation are just a few examples of discriminatory behaviours that have
been the target of this strategy.

The first phase was in the early stage of independence where social reformers like Raja Ram
Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and many others fought for the nation's female
population's fundamental human rights. 10 Women carried out movements fighting against
patriarchal domination in certain parts. The efforts of women in the reforms proved to be
successful in the abolition of certain social evil practices like the banning of Sati, the widow
remarriage act, etc. through the enactmentof the act.

The second period involves the stage of nationalism wherein under the leadership ofMahatma
Gandhi women ‘s efforts were recognized in movements and organizations like the All-India
Women Conference(AIWC) came into being. 11

The third phase includes post-independence. The constitution of India aims towards equality
of all sexes under the enshrined preamble and Article14.12 The constitutional protections

10
Pranav Raina and Shreya Solenkey, Feminist Jurisprudence: An Evolution from Fixed Mindset to A Growing
Mindset, ( 4th April 2023, 5pm),https://amity.edu/UserFiles/aibs/f5df2019%20AIJJS_29-36.pdf.
11
Ghosal, Sarbani Guha, Major Trends Of Feminism In India,THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL
SCIENCE, vol. 66, no. 4, 2005, pp. 793–812. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41856169. Accessed 7 Apr.
2023.
12
IND CONSTI, Art. 14

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provided by Articles 14, 15, 15(3), 16, 39(a), 39(b), and 42 of the Indian Constitution are the
foundation of feminist law in India. 13 Various other legislations were made for the same.

5. LEGISLATIONS EVOLVING FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE IN INDIA

Various laws were made that guarantee the protection of Indian women's rights regarding
their means of subsistence, employment, marriage, family, financial dependence, maternity,
accessibility to sexual activity, healthcare, and any other relevant matters.Some of them are
as below:

5.1 Domestic Violence Act, 2005

According to the Domestic Violence Act 2005, it provides protection to the wife or the
female live-in partner from the abuser where both parties have lived together in a shared
household and are related by consanguinity, marriage, or a relationship in the nature of
marriage, or adoption from the domestic violence committed in the home. 14 The ambit of the
act is very vast. The act also covers those women who are sisters, widows, mothers, single
women, or living with them and are entitled to get legal protection under the act. Domestic
violence includes various kinds of abuse like physical abuse, sexual abuse, and verbal and
emotional abuse.

5.2 Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961

According to the Dowry Prohibition Act, taking or giving of dowry at the time of themarriage
to the bride or the bridegroom and their family is to be penalized. 15 The dowry system, giving
and taking of dowry, is a norm in India. Dowry is often asked of the bride and her family by
the groom and his family. The amendments in the act also established minimum and
maximum punishments for giving and receiving dowry and created a penalty for demanding
dowry or advertising offers of money or property in connection with a marriage. 16

13
supra 9.
14
National Commission for Women, The Protection of Women From Domestic Violence Act 2005,(4th April
2023, 5:30 pm)http://ncw.nic.in/sites/default/files/Chapter04.pdf
15
Ministry of Women and Child Development, Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, (4th April 2023, 5:30
pm),https://wcd.nic.in/act/dowry-prohibition-act
1961#:~:text=Penalty%20for%20giving%20or%20taking%20dowry.%2D&text=Provided%20that%20the%20C
ourt%20may,of%20less%20than%20five%20years.
16
Sharmila Lodhia, Dowry Prohibition Act : Description and History, ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, (4th
April 2023, 5:30 pm)www.britannica.com/event/Dowry-Prohibition-DAct. Accessed 9 Oct. 2022.

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 5.3 The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971
The act provides for the termination of certain pregnancies by registered medical practitioners
on humanitarian and medical grounds. 17The amendment of Medical Termination of
Pregnancy (Amendment) Act 2021 expands access to safe and legal abortion services on
therapeutic, eugenic, humanitarian, and social grounds to ensure universal access to
comprehensive care.18It was amended in 2021 to include unmarried women in the ambit of
the act. Furthermore, in the landmark case of X v. The Principal Secretary, Health and
Family Welfare Department, Govt. of NCT of Delhi &Anr.19 ,Supreme Court held that all
women whether they are married or unmarried are entitled to seek abortion of their pregnancy
in the term of 20-14 weeks, even if the pregnancy arises out of a consensual relationship.

5.4 The Equal Remuneration Act,1976

The act prevents discrimination in terms of pay based on gender. 20Earlier, women used
to work at home but as time progressed women started working at the office butthey were
paid less compared to their male counterparts, therefore, this act wasintroduced to reduce
discrimination between workers.
5.5 Prevention of Sexual Harassment Policy at Workplace, 2013
It protects women from sexual harassment at all workplaces in public and private sectors,
whether organized or unorganized.The Vishaka Guidelines were a set of procedural
guidelines for use in India in cases of sexual harassment. They were promulgated by the
Indian Supreme Court in 1997 and were superseded in 2013 by the Sexual Harassment of
Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.21

17
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GOIMTP ACT, 4 Nov. 2016,http://main.mohfw.gov.in/acts-rules-
and-standards-health-sector/acts/mtp-
act1971#:~:text=The%20Medical%20Termination%20of%20Pregnancy%20Act%2C%201971&text=An%20A
ct%20to%20provide%20for,connected%20therewith%20or%20incidental%20thereto.
18
Diksha Munjal Explained | What Do Indian Laws Say About Abortion?, THE HINDU,26 June 2022,
www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-what-are-indias-laws-abortions-amid-roe-v-
wade/article65567494.ece.
19
X v. The Principal Secretary, Health and Family Welfare Department, Govt. of NCT of Delhi &Anr. , Civil
Appeal No. 502 of 2022 (Arising out of SLP (C) No. 12612 of 2022).
20
Centre for Civil Society, Equal Remuneration Act , 20 July 2013, https://ccs.in/equal-
remunerationact#:~:text=The%20Equal%20Remuneration%20Act%20in,workers%20on%20grounds%20of%20
gender.
21
Kaunain Sheriff M, Explained: What Is POSH, the Law Against Sexual Harassment in India? , THE INDIAN
EXPRESS, 18 Mar. 2022, http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/explained-posh-law-
against-sexual-harassment-in-india-7825733.

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 5.6 Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act,1987
The actprovides for more effective prevention of the commission of sati and its glorification
of women. Sati was abolished by the enactment of the BengalSati Regulation Actby
Governor-general William Bentinck in 1829.

6. ANALYSING THE EVOLVEMENT OF FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE

THROUGH SABARIMALA TEMPLE VERDICT

6.1 Issue at hand

Sabarimala temple is a renowned temple dedicated to Lord Ayyapaa. A peculiar
customprohibits menstruating women aged between 10 and 50 years from entering the
shrine. 22 The reasoning behind the prohibition of entry is that Lord Ayyappa, is a “Naisthik
Brahmachari” and that allowing young women to enter the temple would affect the idol’s
“celibacy” and “austerity”. Therefore, it was a conflict between the customs and the
constitutional rights of women to enter the temple.

In 1991, Kerala High Court ruled in favor of the restriction by mentioning that the restriction
was in place throughout history and was not discriminatory to the constitution. The ban was
challenged in 2006 by the Indian Young Lawyers Association. The Kerala government
contended that beliefs and customs cannot be altered using a judicial process and the priest’s
opinion is final. Therefore, the Supreme Court referred the matter to the larger constitutional
bench.

6.2 Verdict
The Supreme Court in the case of Young Indian Lawyers Association v. Union of India23in
2018 lifted the ban on entering women into the temple by a 4-1 majority. The Supreme Court
condemned the prohibition as a "hegemonic patriarchy.” It ruled that it was unconstitutional
to exclude women based only on their biological and physiological characteristics, such as
menstruation. It amounted to prejudice based solely on a biological characteristic unique to

22
Sabarimala Temple: India’s Top Court Revokes Ban on Women - BBC News.” BBC News,
www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45652182. Accessed 25 March 2023.
23
Young Indian Lawyers Association v. Union of India.,(2019) 11 SCC 1.

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gender. It violated women's rights to equality and dignity. It was argued that prohibition was
a type of untouchability since it was based on the idea that menstruation women were
"polluted and impure," and that the ideas of purity and pollution humiliated women. The
Constitution and its goal of upholding the sanctity of human dignity, freedom, and equality
cannot be overruled by traditions or usages, and both personal law and custom have a huge
impact on how people are treated in society.Justice Indu Malhotra in her dissenting opinion
stated that courts cannot use concepts of rationality in cases involving religion.

6.3 Effect of judgment

The struggle to worship at the temple for women did not end after judgment also. Several
dozen women had attempted to enter the temple after the ban was lifted, but all were
confronted by large groups of right-wing protesters preventing the women from gaining
entrance. 24On New Year’s Day, millions of individuals joined together to create a “human
wall” that stretched for three hundred miles along highways in southern India. 25 The protest
was not only in response to the tension that surrounded the entrance of two women into the
temple but also to stand for the equality of women throughout India.26Protestors in the human
chain chanted that they stood to uphold the values of education and equality for women.27
The human chain holds importance where cultural institutions and laws still favor patriarchal
systems, including dowry systems, patrilineality, and patrilocality. 28

The social and legal changes won by social reform movements in Kerala did not go the whole
way in respect of gender rights.29The protest for the right to worship in the temples instilled
confidence in women to fight against the patriarchal norms of society and establish equal
rights.30 The patriarchal norms have deeply penetrated the minds of women therefore the
women of Kerala did not oppose it openly due to fear of alienation in the society. The protest
resulted in women’s self-awareness about their rights. The campaign for the women’s wall
extended from the top to grassroots organizations like panchayats.

24
Kai Schultz, An Indian Court Ordered a Temple to Admit Women. So Far, it Hasn’t.THE N.Y. TIMES(Oct.
18, 2018) https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/23/world/asia/india-sabarimala-temple-
women.html?module=inline.
25
Kai Schultz and Ayesha Venkataraman,Indian Women Enter Sabarimala Temple, Setting Off Protests Near
Hindu Shrine, THE N.Y. TIMES, (Jan. 2, 2019)https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/world/asia/india-women-
wall-sabarimala.html.
26
Ibid.
27
Suhasini Raj and Kai Schultz, Religion and Women’s Rights Clash, Violently, at a Shrine in India,THE N.Y.
TIMES(Oct 18, 2018).
28
Ibid.
29
Menon, Parvathi, Sabarimala and Women’s Identity in Kerala, SOCIAL SCIENTIST,vol. 48, no. 3/6 (562-
565), 2020, pp. 3–24. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26979095. Accessed 28 March 2023.
30
Ibid.

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 7. CONCLUSION

The Sabarimala judgment challenged many established notions concerning the progress of
the women’s movement and the establishment of a democratic, secular, and scientific
consciousness among women. In earlier times, menstruation was considered taboo thus
women were discriminated against. The court held that discrimination on the physiological
condition of the human body does not stand aground. However, the judgment delves to
distinguish between tradition and constitutional rights. It widened the scope of the
constitutional rights of women thus ensuring the vision of the preamble is to achieve equality.
No clear regulations or decisions guarantee women can visit the temple premises safely.
Women's admittance into temples is still a pipe dream because they are only allowed in on a
paper that negates the entire purpose of the decision. However, the self-realization of the
rights of women and the process of evolvement havestrengthened feminist jurisprudence.

Women have been constantly prejudiced to discrimination. The feminist jurisprudence in

India has evolved with the enactment of the acts and judicial intervention. The legal system in
India has been significantly shaped by feminist jurisprudence, which also continues to be a
powerful advocate for social justice and gender equality. The court has played an integral role
in advocating for women’s rights. The analysis of the Sabarimala temple verdict shows the
judiciary attempt at attaining the equal rights for the women. Though there have been some
discrepancies on the ground level however the judgment proves to be a landmark judgement
in evolvement of the feminist jurisprudence in India.

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 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY

News Report
1. Kai Schultz,’ An Indian Court Ordered a Temple to Admit Women. So Far, it Hasn’t.’
The N.Y. Times (Oct. 18, 2018)
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/23/world/asia/india-sabarimala-temple-
women.html?module=inline
2. Kai Schultz and Ayesha Venkataraman,‘Indian Women Enter Sabarimala Temple,
Setting Off Protests Near Hindu Shrine’ The N.Y. Times, (Jan. 2, 2019)
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/world/asia/india-women-wall-sabarimala.html
3. Suhasini Raj and Kai Schultz, ‘Religion and Women’s Rights Clash, Violently, at a
Shrine in India’ The N.Y. Times (Oct 18, 2018)
4. “Sabarimala Temple: India’s Top Court Revokes Ban on Women - BBC News.” BBC
News, www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45652182. Accessed 9 Oct. 2022.
5. “Equal Remuneration Act | Centre for Civil Society.” Centre for Civil Society, 20 July
2013,https://ccs.in/equal-
remunerationact#:~:text=The%20Equal%20Remuneration%20Act%20in,workers%20
on%20grounds%20of%20gender.
6. “Explained: What Is POSH, the Law Against Sexual Harassment in India? |
Explained News,the Indian Express.” The Indian Express, 18 Mar. 2022,
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/explained-posh-law-
against-sexual-harassment-in-india-7825733.
7. “The Abolished ‘Sati Pratha’: Lesser-known Facts on the Banned Practice - India
Today.” India Today, 4 Dec. 2015, www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-&-current-
affairs/story/sati-pratha-facts-275586-2015-12-04

Websites

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 1. Feminist Jurisprudence (Law 815-001 A and B) Fall 2010Francis, Leslie and Smith,
Patricia, "Feminist Philosophy of Law", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(summer 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = Francis and others, “Feminist
Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)” (Feminist Philosophy (Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy)) <https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-
philosophy/> accessed September 30, 2022
2. Juergens, Ann, "Feminist Jurisprudence: Why Law Must Consider Women's
Perspectives" (1991) http://open.wmitchell.edu/facsch/111
3. Feminist Jurisprudence: An Evolution from Fixed Mindset to A Growing Mindset
‘PranavRaina and Shreya
Solenkeyhttps://amity.edu/UserFiles/aibs/f5df2019%20AIJJS_29-36.pdf

Research Paper

1. Menon, Parvathi. “Sabarimala and Women’s Identity in Kerala.” Social Scientist, vol.
48, no. 3/6 (562-565), 2020, pp. 3–24. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26979095.
Accessed 28 Sep. 2022.

Cases

1. Young Indian Lawyers Association v. Union of India., (2019) 11 SCC 1.

2. X v. The Principal Secretary, Health and Family Welfare Department, Govt. of NCT
of Delhi &Anr., Civil Appeal No. 502 of 2022 (Arising out of SLP (C) No. 12612 of
2022).

Statutes
1. Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
2. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971
3. Prevention of Sexual Harassment Policy at Workplace, 2013
4. Domestic Violence Act, 2005
5. The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
6. Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987

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