Summary Group 4

1. CLAUSE AS EXCHANGE

A. Clause, A clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other components
too). A clause may form part of a sentence or itmay be a complete sentence in itself.[1]
Clause simultaneously encodes 3 (main) strands of Meaning: Experiential (ideational),
interpersonal, and textual.

B. Proposition and Proposal, Statements and questions involve exchanges of information

and they are called propositions while offers and commands are exchanges of goods and
services called proposals.

C. Mood Structure, Mood is a system through which interpersonal meanings are realized
within the conversation. It consists of two parts: (1) the subject, which is a nominal group,
and (2) the finite operator, which is part of a verbal group, and the remainder of those parts
are called residue.[4]. The residue element it consists of predicator, one or more
complement(s), and any number of different types of adjuncts.

A, Predicator is the verb part of a clause, the bit which tell what’s doing, happening or
being. There are also non-finite (to+verb and verb+ing) clauses containing a predicator but no
finite element

B, Complement, answers the question “is/ had what”, “to whom”, “did to what”. The
complements have the potential to be Subject.

C, Circumstantial, adjunct answer the question “how”, “when”, “where”, “by whom”

2. STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIP

The structure relationship in syntax refers to the arrangement of words and phrases
within a sentence, involving the relationships between elements like subjects, verbs, objects,
and modifiers. It represents the static coherence within an architecture, with an element at the
uniting end for assignment and realization relationships. There are 5 points in structutural
relationship: 1. The Parts of Tree, 2. Domination, 3. Precedence, 4. C- command,
5. Grammatical Relations
A. The Parts of Tree

1. Branches : A line connecting two parts of a tree

2. Node : the end of any branch is called a node

3. Labels : the name given to a node

4. Root node : the node with no line on top of it

5. Terminal mode : any node with no branch underneath it

6. Non terminal mode : any node with a branch underneath it

B. Domination, Some nodes are higer in the tree than others. This reflect the fact that trees
show a hierarchy of constituents.Domination consist of two types:

1. Exhaustive domination, Node that exhaustively dominates a set of terminal nodes.

2. Immediate domination, Node A immediately dominates node B if there is no interving

node G which is dominated by A, but dominates B. (In other words, A is the first node that
dominates B). Example
C. Predence, Syntactic trees not only organize sentences hierarchically but also encode the
linear order of their constituents. Linear order refers to the order in which words are spoken
or written, such as left to right in English writing. Precedence and sister precedence are key
concepts in syntax, with node A preceding node B if neither node dominates A or B, and A
sister-precedes B if both are immediately dominated by the same node.

(No crossing branches constraint) : If one node X precedes another node Y, then X
and all nodes dominated by X must precede Y and all nodes dominated by Y.

Immediate precedence: A immediately precedes B if there is no node G that follows A but

precedes B. Consider this string :

A B G, In this linear string, A immediately precedes B, because A precedes B and there is

nothing in between them.

A G B, In this string, A does not immediately precede B. It does precede B, but G intervenes
between them, so the relation is not immediate.

D. C-Command, Perhaps the most important of the structural relations is the one we call c-
command. Although c-command takes a little getting used to, it is actually the most useful of
all the relations.

C-command (informal): A node c-commands its sisters and all the daughters (and
granddaughters and great-granddaughters, etc.) of its sisters.

C-command (formal): Node A c-commands node B if every³ node dominating A also

dominates B, and neither A nor B dominates the other.
Symmetric c-command: A symmetrically c-commands B if A c-commands B and B c-
commands A.

Asymmetric c-command: A asymmetrically c-commands B if A c-commands B but B does

not c-command A.

E. Structural Relations, In addition to the structural relations that hold among items in a tree,
there are some traditional grammatical terms that can be defined structurally. These are useful
terms, and we will frequently make reference to them. We call these grammatical relations.

In English the subject is always the NP or CP that appears before the verb or auxiliary:

a) The puppy licked the kitten's face.

b) It is raining.

c) Fred feels fine.

Direct Object (second pass):

a) The NP or CP daughter of VP (VINP_NPY VINP_CPM and VINP_NP PPY).

b) The NP or CP daughter of VP that is preceded by an NP daughter of VP. (VINP NP

(NP/CP)

Indirect Object (preliminary):

a) The PP daughter of VP immediately preceded by an NP daughter of VP. (VINP_NP PP)

b) The NP daughter of VP immediately preceded by V (i.e., the first NP daughter of VP).
(VINP_NP(NP/CP))