Lesson 7.

Industrial Revolution

A-Learning Outcomes
At the end of the chapter, students are expected to:

1. Distinguish the Four Stages of the Industrial Revolution.

2. Express opinion/s on the development of the Industrial Revolution.

B-Time Allotment
A. Week 4, Day 8: (1 hour and 30 minutes)

C-Discussion

Industrial Revolution
It is the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one
dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. One of the main features involved in the
Industrial Revolution was technological. The technological changes included the following:

(1) Usage of new basic materials (chiefly iron and steel);

(2) Usage of new energy sources (coal, the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the
internal-combustion engine),
(3) The invention of new machines,
(4) Division of labor and specialization of function
(5) Developments in transportation and communication (steam locomotive, steamship,
automobile, airplane, telegraph, and radio), and
(6) Increasing the application of science to industry.

These technological changes made possible a tremendously increased use of natural

resources and the mass production of manufactured goods (The Editors of Encyclopaedia
Britannica, 2020).

The Four Stages of Industrial Revolutions

Technical advances change how humans accomplish production.

Industry 1.0 (The First Industrial Revolution) 1765

It began around the 1780s with the introduction of water and steam power, which
helped in mechanical production and improved the agriculture sector significantly.

It started at the end of the 18th century and continued to the beginning of the 19th. The
most significant changes came in the industries in the form of mechanization. Mechanization
was why agriculture started to be replaced by industry as the backbone of the societal economy
(Pouspourika, 2019).

In the 1800s, water- and steam-powered machines were developed to aid workers. As
production capabilities increased, the business grew from individual cottage owners taking
care of their own — and maybe their neighbors’ — needs to organizations with owners,
managers, and employees serving customers (Crandall, 2017).

Industry 2.0 (The Second Industrial Revolution) 1870

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 It started at the end of the 19th century, with massive technological advancements in
industries that helped the emergence of a new energy source-- Electricity, gas, and oil. It is the
period when mass production was introduced as the primary means of production. The mass
production of steel helped introduce railways into the industrial system, consequently
contributing to mass production.

The development of steel demand, chemical synthesis, and methods of communication,

such as the telegraph and the telephone, was an important point in the second industrial
revolution.

Also, this period had management development that made it possible to increase
efficiency and effectiveness, especially in manufacturing facilities. The division of labor was also
improved. Mass production of goods using assembly lines became commonplace.

American mechanical engineer Frederick Taylor, the Father of Scientific Management,

introduced approaches to studying jobs to optimize worker and workplace methods. Lastly,
just-in-time and lean manufacturing principles further refined how manufacturing companies
could improve their quality and output (Crandall, 2017).

Industry 3.0 (The Third Industrial Revolution) 1969

During the 20th century, Industry 3.0 arose with the advent of the Digital Revolution
as industries leaned on digital technologies in production (Liao, Deschamp, Freitas & Loures,
2017). The invention and manufacture of electronic devices, such as the transistor and, later,
integrated circuit chips, made it possible to more fully automate individual machines to
supplement or replace operators (Crandall, 2017).

Also, this period produced the development of software systems to capitalize on

electronic hardware. Integrated systems were superseded by enterprise resource planning
tools that enabled humans to plan, schedule, and track product flows through the factory. The
goal of reducing costs caused many manufacturers to move components and assembly
operations to low-cost countries (Crandall, 2017).

Industry 4.0 (The Fourth Industrial Revolution)

This revolution brought changes to many professions. People are not only required to
learn something new every day but to use hi-tech gadgets to accomplish their daily tasks”
(Gorecky, Schmitt, Loskyll & Zühlke, 2014).

It is being presented as an overall change by the company's digitalization and

automation of processes, including the manufacturing process. (Marcos, Suárez, Marcos,
Fernández-Miranda, Marcos, Peralta, & Aguayo 2017).

Characteristics of Industry 4.0 (based on the paper of Tay, Aziati, Lee, & Ahmad, 2018)

1. Cyber-Physical System (CPS)

2. Internet of Things (IoT)
3. Internet of Services (IoS)
4. Big Data and Analytics
5. Augmented Reality
6. Autonomous Robots
7. Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing)
8. Cloud Computing (CM)
9. Simulation

Cyber-Physical System (CPS) embeds computation and communication elements

into the physical device. It provides immediate sensors, dynamic control, and smart, instant

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message service. CPS can be found in our daily lives, such as unmanned aerial photography,
driverless cars, auto-sweepers, etc.

The Internet of Things (IoT) digitalizes real life. IoT brings everything online through
wireless data communication technology like 4G, WiFi, and ZigBee to achieve imaginative
identification and management.

Internet of Services (IoS) describes an infrastructure that uses the Internet as a

medium for offering and selling services.

Big Data and Analytics are the utilization of digital technology to conduct analysis. It
is a complex process of examining big data to uncover information -- such as hidden patterns,
correlations, market trends, and customer preferences -- that can help the organization make
decisions.

Augmented Reality is an enhanced version of reality to overlay digital information on

an image of something being viewed through a device such as a smartphone camera
(Augmented reality, 2020).

Autonomous Robots are intelligent machines capable of performing tasks by

themselves with less human control (Bekey, 2020).

Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing) or additive layer manufacturing is the

industrial production name for 3D printing, a computer-controlled process that creates three-
dimensional objects by depositing materials, usually in layers (TWI, 2020).

Cloud Computing (CM) uses hardware and software to deliver a service over a
network (typically the Internet). Users could access files and utilize applications from any
device that could access the Internet (Lenovo, 2020).

Simulation is a way of running an actual or virtual process or a system to find out or

guess the output of the modeled system or method.

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