0

A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development

Module
In
ES 107A

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE
BODIES

College of Engineering and Technology

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

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Module No. 6

Stresses in Beams

Second Semester AY 2021 - 2022

Ryan A. Limco
Instructor II

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

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Table of Contents

Content Page

Title Page 1
Table of Contents 2
Instruction to User 3
Introduction 4
Chapter 6
Stresses in Beams 5
Overview 5
Learning Outcomes 5
Pretest 6
Lesson 1: Flexural Stress 8
Specific Learning Outcome 8
Time Allotment 8
Discussion 8
1.1 Introduction 8
1.2 Assumptions 8
1.3 Flexure Formula 9
1.4 Section Modulus 11
Activities/Exercises
Evaluation/Post-test
References

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INSTRUCTION TO THE USER

This module would provide you an educational experience while

independently accomplishing the task at your own pace or time. It aims as
well to ensure that learning is unhampered by health and other challenges. It
covers the topic about the Stresses in Beams.

Reminders in using this module:

1. Keep this material neat and intact.

2. Answer the pretest first to measure what you know and what to be
learned about the topic discussed in this module.
3. Accomplish the activities and exercises as aids and reinforcement for
better understanding of the lessons.
4. Answer the post-test to evaluate your learning.
5. Do not take pictures in any parts of this module nor post it to social
media platforms.
6. Value this module for your own learning by heartily and honestly
answering and doing the exercises and activities. Time and effort were
spent in the preparation in order that learning will still continue
amidst this Covid-19 pandemic.
7. Observe health protocols: wear mask, sanitize and maintain physical
distancing.

Hi! I’m Blue Bee, your WPU

Mascot.

Welcome to Western Philippines

University!
Shape your dreams with quality learning
experience.

STAY SAFE AND HEALTHY!

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

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INTRODUCTION

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies is a basic engineering science course dealing

with axial stress and strain, stresses for torsion and bending, combined stresses,
beam deflections, indeterminate beams and elastic instability.
The module includes discussions as input about the topic. Problems with
detailed solutions are also included. Enhancement activities and exercise problems
are also provided to reinforce the understanding of the topics.
As user, you are expected to read the discussions carefully, solve the sample
problems and follow instructions provided while performing the activities and
exercises. You may use books, internet and other references to further your
knowledge on the topics.

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Chapter 6

Stresses in Beams

A. Overview

Module 6 covers Stresses in Beams. The module includes one lessons: Lesson
1 – Flexural Stress and Lesson 2 – Shear Stress.

B. Learning Outcomes

At the end of the module, you can:

1. Understand the assumptions in stresses in beams.

2. Derive and apply the flexure formula.
3. Apply section modulus in flexure formula.
4. Solve for economic sections.
5. Solve for flexural stress in unsymmetrical beams.
6. Solve for flexural stress in superimposed or built-up beams.
7. Solve for horizontal shearing stress.
8. Understand shear flow.
9. Apply flexural and shearing stresses to rectangular section.
10. Solve for spacing of rivets or bolts in built-up beams.

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C. Pre Test

Hello learner! Before we begin with our discussion, please try to answer the
following test. Don’t worry about your performance. This test aims to assess your
prior knowledge on the topic and your score will not be recorded.

Directions. List down the centroid ( ̅ ), moment of inertia about the x-axis
(Ix) and y-axis (Iy), centroidal moment of inertia ( . . ), and section moduli
( ) for the following figures:

Rectangle
Triangle

Circle
Semicircular Arc

Quarter Ellipse
Quarter Circle

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Sector of a Circle Circular Arc

Ellipse Half Ellipse

Parabolic Segment
Spandrel

Semicircle

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Lesson 1

Flexural Stress

A. Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you can:

1. Understand the assumptions in stresses in beams.

2. Derive and apply the flexure formula.
3. Apply section modulus in flexure formula.
4. Solve for economic sections.
5. Solve for flexural stress in unsymmetrical beams.
6. Solve for flexural stress in superimposed or built-up beams.

B. Time allotment: 5 hours

C. Discussion

1.1 Introduction

Forces and couples acting on the beam cause bending (flexural stresses) and
shearing stresses on any cross section of the beam and deflection perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis of the beam. If couples are applied to the ends of the beam and
no forces act on it, the bending is said to be pure bending. If forces produce the
bending the bending is called ordinary bending.

1.2 Assumptions

In using the following formulas for flexural and shearing stresses, it is

assumed that a plane section of the beam normal to its longitudinal axis prior to
loading remains plan after the forces and couples have been applied, and that the
beam is initially straight and of uniform cross section and that the moduli of
elasticity in tension and compression are equal.

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1.3 Flexure Formula

Stresses caused by bending moment are known as flexural or bending stresses.

Consider a beam to be loaded as shown in the figure.

Consider a fiber at a distance y from the neutral axis, because of the beam’s
curvature, as the effect of bending moment, the fiber is stretched by an amount of cd.
Since the curvature of the beam is very small, bcd and Oba are considered as similar
triangles. The strain on the fiber is

= =
By Hooke’s Law, = / , then
= ; =
Which means that the stress is proportional to the distance y from the neutral axis.

Note: For this chapter, the notation will be used instead of , to denote flexural
stresses.

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Considering a differential area dA at a distance y from the neutral axis N.A., the force
acting over the area is

= = =

The resultant of all the elemental moment about N.A. must be equal to the
bending moment on the section.

= =

but ∫ = , then

= =

Substituting =

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then, =

and ( ) =

the bending stress due to beams curvature is

= =

The beam curvature is:

1
=

Where is the radius of curvature of the beam in mm (in), is the bending moment
in ∙ ( ∙ ), is the flexural stress in MPa (psi), is the centroidal moment of
inertia in ( ), and is the distance from the neutral axis to the outermost fiber
in ( ).

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1.4 Section Modulus

In the formula,

( ) = =
/

the ratio / is called the section modulus and is usually denoted as with the
unit of ( ). The maximum bending stress can be written as

( ) =

This form is convenient because the values of S are available in handbooks for
wide range of standard structural shapes.

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Problem 1. A simply supported beam, 2 in wide by 4 in high and 12 ft long is subjected to a

concentrated load of 2000 lb at a point 3 ft from one of the supports. Determine the
maximum fiber stress in a fiber located 0.5 in from the top of the beam at the midspan.

Solution:

∑ =0
12 = 9(2000)
= 1500

∑ =0
+ − 2000 = 0
1500 + − 2000 = 0
= 500

Maximum fiber
stress:

4500(12)(2)
( ) = =
2(2)
12
( ) = ,

Stress in a fiber located 0.5 in

from the top of the beam at midspan.

From the M0ment Diagram, solve for

moment at midspan, by ratio and
proportion:
4500
=
6 9
= 3000 ∙

3000(12)(1.5)
= =
2(4 )
12
= , .

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Problem 2. Determine the minimum height of the beam shown in the figure if the
flexural stress is not to exceed 20 MPa.

Solution:
ΣMR2=0
3 = 2(5) + 2(2.5)(4)
= 10

∑ =0
+ − 5 − 2.5(4) = 0
10 + − 5 − 2.5(4) = 0
=5

=
Where: = 20
=5 ∙ = 5 10 ∙

ℎ
=
2
ℎ 80ℎ 20ℎ
= = =
12 12 3
Thus,
ℎ
5(1000)
20 = 2
20ℎ
3
ℎ = 18750
ℎ = 137

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Problem 3. A rectangular steel beam, 2 in wide by 3 in deep, is loaded as shown in the

figure. Determine the magnitude and the location of the maximum flexural stress.

Solution:

ΣMR2=0
9 = 6(450) + 3600
= 700 , ↑

∑ =0
+ − 450 = 0
700 + − 450 = 0
= −250
= 250 , ↓

( ) =

Where: = 2850 ∙
ℎ 3
= = = 1.5
2 2
ℎ 2(3 )
= = = 4.5
12 12
2850(12)(1.5)
( ) =
4.5
( ) = , @

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Problem 4. A beam with an S380 x 74 section carries a uniformly distributed load of 3W

and a concentrated load W, as shown in the figure. Determine the load W if the flexural
stress is limited to 120 MPa. From Appendix B, Table B-3 Properties of I-Beam Sections (S-
Shapes): SI Units, of textbook. The Designation S380 x 74 has section modulus, S =
1,060 x 10 .

Solution:

ΣMR2=0
5 = 3 (3.5) + (1)
= 2.3

∑ =0
+ −3 − =0
2.3 + −3 − =0
= 1.7W

From the shear diagram, zero

shear is located at distance x.

Solving for x: = (2.3 )

2.3 − =0 = (2.3)(2.3 )
= 2.3 = 2.645

( ) =

2.645 (1000)
120 =
1060 10
= , .

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1.5 Economic Sections

From the flexure formula = , it can be seen that the bending stress at the
neutral axis, where = 0, is zero and increases linearly outwards. This means that
for a rectangular or circular section a large portion of the cross section near the
middle section is understressed.

For steel beams or composite beams, instead of adopting the rectangular

shape, the area may be arranged so as to give more area on the outer fiber and
maintaining the same overall depth, and saving a lot of weight.

When using a wide flange or I-beam section for long beams, the compression
flanges tend to buckle horizontally sidewise. This buckling is a column effect, which
may be used, otherwise the stress should be reduced. The reduction of stresses for
theses beams will be discussed in steel design.

In selecting a structural section to be used as a beam, the resisting moment

must be equal or greater than the applied bending moment. Note: ( ) = / .

≥ or ≥ ( )

The equation above indicates that the required section modulus of the beam
must be equal or greater than the ratio of bending moment to the maximum
allowable stress.

A check that includes the weight of the selected beam is necessary to complete
the calculation. In checking, the beams resisting moment must be equal or greater
than the sum of the live-load moment caused by the applied loads and the dead-load
moment caused by the dead weight of the beam.

 Dead Loads (D): are permanent loads acting on the structure. These
include the self-weight of structural and non-structural components.
They are usually gravity loads.
 Live Loads (L): are non-permanent loads acting on the structure due to
its use and occupancy. The magnitude and location of live loads

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changes frequently over the design life. Hence, they cannot be

estimated with the same accuracy as dead loads.
≥ +

Dividing both sides of the above equation by ( ) , we obtain the checking

equation
≥ +

Assume that the beams in the following problems are properly braced against
lateral deflection. Be sure to include the weight of the beam itself.

Problem 5. A 15-ft beam simply supported at the ends carries a concentrated load of
9000 lb at midspan. Select the lightest S section that can be employed using an
allowable, stress of 18 ksi. What is the actual maximum stress in the beam selected?

Solution:

≥ ( )

1
(9,000)(15)(12)
≥4
18,000
≥ 22.5

From Appendix B-8 Properties of I-Beam

Sections (S Shapes): US Customary Units, of
textbook: Use 10 25.4 ℎ = 24.7 .

Checking:

≥ +

= 22.5
1
(25.4)(15 )(12)
=8 = 0.48
18,000
+ = 22.5 + 0.48 = 22.98

= 24.7 > 22.98 (ok!)

Actual bending moment: Actual stress:

, . ( )
= + ( ) = = .

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= + ( ) = 16,743.83
( ) ( . )
= + ( ) = .
= 34,464.38 ∙

Problem 6. A 10-m beam simply supported at the ends carries a uniformly

distributed load of 16 kN/m over its entire length. What is the lightest W shape beam
that will not exceed a flexural stress of 120 MPa? What is the actual maximum stress
in the beam selected?

Solution:

≥
( )

200(1000 )
≥
120
≥ 1,666,666.67

Starting from the bottom of Appendix B,

Table B-2 Properties of Wide-Flange
Sections (W Shapes):SI Units, of textbook,
the following are the first to exceed the S
above:

Use the lightest section W610 x 82

Checking

≥ +

= 1,666.67 10

1025(9.81)(1000)
= = 83.79 10
120
+ = 1,666.67 10 + 83.79 10 = 1,750.46 10

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= 1,870 10 > 1,750.46 10 (ok!)

Actual bending moment: Actual stress:

. ( )
= + ( ) = =
( . )
= 200 + ( ) = .
= 112.33 ∙

Problem 7. A simply supported beam 24 ft long carries a uniformly distributed load

of 2000 lb/ft over its entire length and a concentrated load of 12 kips at 8 ft from left
end. If the allowable stress is 18 ksi, select the lightest suitable W shape. Maximum
stress in the selected beam?

Solution:

ΣMR2=0
24 = 16(12,000) + 2000(24)(12)
= 32,000

∑ =0
+ − 12,000 − 2000(24) = 0
32,000 + − 12,000 − 2000(24) = 0
=28,000 lb

16 −
=
28,000 4,000
= 14
1 1
= (28,000) = (14)(28,000)
2 2
= 196,000 ∙

196,000(12)
≥
( ) 18,000

≥ 130.67

From Appendix B, Table B-7 Properties of Wide-Flange Sections (W Shapes):US

Customary Units, of textbook:

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Try W24 x 62 with S = 131

Checking
≥ +
= 130.67
744
= ; = 124
2 12
At critical section:
1
= (744 + 124)(10)
2
= 4340 ∙

4340(12)
= = 2.89
18,000
+ = 130.67 + 2.89
+ = 133.56
= 131 < 133.56 (not ok!)

Try W21 x 68 with S = 140

Checking

≥ +

= 130.67
816
= ; = 136
2 12
At critical section:
1
= (816 + 136)(10)
2
= 4760 ∙

4760(12)
= = 3.17
18,000
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+ = 130.67 + 3.17 = 133.84

= 140 > 133.84 (ok!)

Actual bending moment: Actual stress:

, ( )
= + ( ) = =
= 196,000 + 4,760 ( ) = 17,208
= 200,760 ∙ ( ) = ,

1.6 Unsymmetrical Beams

Flexural Stress varies directly linearly with distance from the neutral axis.
Thus, for a symmetrical section such as wide flange, the compressive and tensile
stresses will be the same. This will be desirable if the material is both equally strong
in tension and compression. However, there are materials, such as cast iron, which
are strong in compression than in tension. It is therefore desirable to use a beam
with unsymmetrical cross section giving more area in the compression part making
the stronger fiber located at a greater distance from the neutral axis than the weaker
fiber. Some of these sections are shown below.

The proportioning of these sections is such that the ratio of the distance of the
neutral axis from the outermost fibers in tension and in compression is the same as
the ratio of the allowable stresses in tension and in compression. Thus, the allowable
stresses are reached simultaneously.

In this section, the following notation will be used:

=
=
. .=
= . .
= . .
=
=
=

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Problem 8. The inverted T section of a 4 m

simply supported beam has the properties shown
in the figure. The beam carries a uniformly
distributed load of intensity over its entire
length. Determine if ≤ 40 and ≤
80

Solution:

=
(4)
=
8
=2

(40)(30 10 )
=
80
= 15,000,000 ∙
= 15 ∙

(80)(30 10 )
=
200
= 12,000,000 ∙
= 12 ∙

The section is stronger in tension and weaker in compression, so compression

governs in selecting the maximum moment.

=
2 = 12
= /

Problem 9. A beam with a cross-section shown in

the figure is loaded in such a way that the
maximum moments are +1.0 ∙ and
−1.5 ∙ , where P is the applied load in
pounds. Determine the maximum safe value of P
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is the working stress are 4 ksi in tension and 10 ksi in compression.

Solution:

At = +1.0 ∙ the upper fiber is in compression while the lower fiber is in

tension.
=

For fibers in compression (upper fiber)

10(192)(1000)
=
2.5
1.0 = 768,000 ∙
1.0 = 64,000 ∙
= 64,000

For fibers in tension (lower fiber)

4(192)(1000)
=
4
1.0 = 192,000 ∙
1.0 = 16,000 ∙
= 16,000

At = −1.5 ∙ , the upper fiber is in tension while the lower fiber is in

compression.

For fibers in compression (lower fiber)

10(192)(1000)
=
4
1.5 = 480,000 ∙

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1.5 = 40,000 ∙
= 40,000

For fibers in tension (upper fiber)

4(192)(1000)
=
2.5
1.5 = 307,200 ∙
1.5 = 25,600 ∙
= 17,066.67

The safe load = ,

Problem 10. Find the maximum tensile and compressive flexure stresses for the
cantilever beam shown in the figure.

Solution:

= 4(6)(3) − 10(6)
= 12 ∙

= 4(6) − 10
= 14

6−
=
10 14
= 2.5

At = +12.5 ∙

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12.5(130)(1000 )
=
100 10
= 16.25 →
12.5(200)(1000 )
=
100 10
= 25 →

At = −12 ∙

12(200)(1000 )
=
100 10
= 24 →

12.5(130)(1000 )
=
100 10
= 15.6 →

Maximum flexure stresses:

= ℎ

= 2.5 ℎ

Problem 10. A cantilever beam carries the force and couple shown. Determine the
maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses developed in the beam.

Solution:

=5

= 5(8) − 30
= 10 ∙

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At = +10 ∙ of moment
diagram:

10(6)(12)
=
90
= 16.25 →

10(2)(12)
=
90
= 2.67 →

At = −20 ∙

20(2)(12)
=
90
= 5.33 →

20(6)(12)
=
90
= 16 →

Maximum flexure stresses:

Problem 11. Determine the maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses
developed in the beam as shown in the figure.

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Solution:

ΣMR2=0
15 + 4500 = 1500(9)
= 600

∑ =0
+ − 1500 = 0
600 + − 1500 = 0
=900 lb

At = +3600 ∙

3600(2.5)(12)
=
96
= 1125 →

3600(8)(12)
=
96
= 3600 →

At = −1200 ∙

1800(8)(12)
=
96
= 1800 →

1800(8)(12)
=
96
= 562.5 →

Maximum flexure stresses:

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1.7 Superimposed or Built-Up Beams

If a beam is composed of two or more thin layers placed on each other without
any attachment, the separate layers would slide past each other and the total strength
of the beam would be the sum of the strengths of the various layers. The strength of
this beam is lesser than a solid beam having the same cross-sectional area.

Neglecting friction between any two adjacent layers, the following

relationships may be used:

= + +
= + +

Curvature, =

= = =

Problem 12. A beam is composed of 6 planks, each 100 mm wide and 20 mm thick,
piled loosely on each other to an overall dimension of 100 mm wide by 120 mm high.
(a) Compare the strength of such a beam with that of a solid beam of equal overall
dimensions. (b) What would be the ratio if the built-up beam consisted of 12 planks
each 100 mm wide by 10 mm thick?

Solution:

(a) For 1 plank:

100(20 )
=
12
,
=

For the whole beam:

=6 = 6(200,000/3)
= 400,000

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= where =

=
(400,000) 200,000
3

= /

(b) For 1 plank:

100(10 )
=
12
,
=

For the whole beam:

= 12 = 12(25,000/3)
= 100,000

= where =

=
(100,000) 25,000
3

= /

Problem 13. The wide-flange beam shown in the figure is

strengthened by bolting two cover plates 160 mm by 20
mm to the top and bottom flanges. If the maximum
flexure stress is 140 MPa, compute the total force (a) in
each cover plate and (b) in each flange. Neglect the
weakening effect of the bolt holes.

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Solution:

140
= ; = 133
190 200

140
= ; = 119
170 200

(a) Force in each cover plate

= = 133(160)(20)
= 425,600
= .
(b) Force in each flange

= = 119(160)(20)

= 380,800
= .

Problem 14. A T-section has the dimensions given in the

figure. Show that the neutral axis is 3 inches below the top
and that INA = 166.7 in4. If the tensile stress at the bottom of
the flange is 1,000 psi, calculate (a) the total tensile force in
the flange and (b) the total compressive force in the cross
section. Also compute (c) the moment of the compressive
force about the NA, and (d) the moment of the total tensile
force about the NA. (e) How does the sum of (c) and (d)
compare with the total applied bending moment as
computed from the flexure formula?

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Solution:

= 6(2) = 12
= 1(8) = 8
= + = 20
= +
20 = 12(1) + 8(6)
=3
= −1=2
=6− =3

= + + +

6(2 ) 1(8 )
= + 12(2 ) + + 8(3 )
12 12

= 166.667

At the bottom of the flange (in tension)

(1)
1000 =
166.667
= 166,667 ∙
At the top of the flange (in tension)
166,667(3)
=
166.667
= 3,000
At the botto, of the section (in compression)
166,667(7)
=
166.667
= 7,000
(a) Total tensile force in the flange
=
+
=
2
1000 + 3000
=
2
= 2,000

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= 2,000(12) = 24,000
=

(b) Total compressive force (force below NA)

=
+
=
2
0 + 7000
=
2
= 3,500

= 7(1) = 7
= 3,500(7) = 24,500
= .
(c) Moment of the total compressive force about NA

= = 24.5(14/3)
= . ∙

(d) Moment of the total tensile force

= ℎ
=

+
=
2
0 + 100
=
2
= 50

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= 1(1) = 1
= 50(1) = 50 = 0.05

= (1) =

= ( )

= 24 kips
= 2(100) = 200
1
= (200)(2) = 200
2
= + = 400
= (2) + (7/3)

400 = 200(2) + 200(7/3)

13
=
6
= +

= 24(13/6) + 0.05(2/3)
= . ∙
Problem 15. In any beam section having a maximum
stress , show that the force on any partial area A' in
the figure is given by = ( / ) ′ ′, where is the
centroidal coordinate of A'. Also show that the moment
of this force about the NA is = / , where ′ is the
moment of inertia of the shaded area about the NA.

Solution:
=
where =
=

At : = = = At : = = =

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At : = =

= ′

= = ′ ′

=( / ) ′ ′ ok

= ′
= [( / ) ′ ′] ′
=( / ) ′ ′

but = ′

thus, =( / ) ′
= / ok

Problem 16. A box beam is made from 2-in. by 6 in.

pieces screwed together as shown in the figure. If the
maximum flexure stress is 1,200 psi, compute the
force acting on the shaded portion and the moment
of this force about the NA. Hint: Use the results of
Problem 15.

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Solution:

=( / ) ′ ′
where = 1200
=4
= 6(2) = 12
=3

= (1200/4)(12)(3)
= .

= /
Where = +
( )
= + (6)(2)(3 )

= 112
1200(112)
=
4
= 33,600 ∙
= , ∙

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Lesson 2

Horizontal Shearing Stress

C. Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you can:

1. Solve for horizontal shearing stress.

2. Understand shear flow.
3. Apply flexural and shearing stresses to rectangular section.
4. Solve for spacing of rivets or bolts in built-up beams.

D. Time allotment: 3 hours

C. Discussion

2.1 Horizontal Shearing Stress

Let us consider a differential length of the beam shown

In this lesson, will be used for shearing stress instead of standard symbol .

For the upper

shaded portion of the
beam, the forces acting
are the total normal
forces and due to
the bending stresses to
the left and to the right
of the beam. These
forces will be resisted by
the shearing force
acting at the boundary
surface between the
shaded and the
unshaded portions.
For equilibrium of the upper shaded portion

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

 39

+ − =0
= −
Where =

=∫ ; =
( )
=∫ ; =
( )
=∫ −

=∫ +∫ −∫

= ∫

= ∫

But = where represents the shear at the section in , and ∫ =

represents the first moment of an area of the shaded section about N.A. in
which we will denote as Q, then

2.2 Shear Flow

If the shearing stress is multiplied by the width , we obtain a quantity ,
known as the shear flow, which represents the longitudinal force per unit length
transmitted across a section at a level from the neutral axis.

= =

2.3 Application of Flexural and Shearing Stress to Rectangular Section

For rectangular section, = and = .

The bending stress at a level y from the neutral axis is

And the maximum bending stress in the section is

( ) =

The maximum shearing stress in the section is

( ) = =

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Problem 1. A timber beam 80 mm wide by 160 mm high is subjected to a vertical

shear = 40 . Determine the shearing stress developed at layers 20 mm apart
from the top to bottom of the section.

Solution:

80(160 )
= =
12 12
= 27.31 10

40(1000)
= =
(27.31 10 )(80)
= 18.31 10

Layer 1 (20 mm from top and

bottom layers)
= 80(20)(70)
= 112,000
= (18.31 10 )(112,000)
= .

Layer 1 (20 mm from top and bottom layers)

= 80(20)(70)
= 112,000
= (18.31 10 )(112,000)
= .

Layer 2 (40 mm from top and bottom layers)

= + 80(20)(50)
= 112,000 + 80,000
= 192,000

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 41

= (18.31 10 )(192,000)
= .

Layer 3 (60 mm from top and bottom layers)

= + 80(20)(30)
= 192,000 + 48,000
= 240,000

= (18.31 10 )(240,000)
= .

Layer 4 (The Neutral Axis, NA)

= + 80(20)(10)
= 240,000 + 16,000
= 256,000

=( ) = (18.31 10 )(256,000)
= .

Checking:
For rectangular section
3 3(40)(1000)
( ) = = = 4.6875 ( !)
2 2(80)(160)

Problem 2. A uniformly distributed load of 200 lb/ft is

carried on a simply supported beam span. If the cross-
section is as shown in the figure, determine the
maximum length of the beam if the shearing stress is
limited to 80 psi. Assume the load acts over the entire
length of the beam.

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Solution:

Where:

= 80
= 100
= 8(5)(2.5) − 6(4)(2) = 52
8(10 ) 6(8 ) 1,232
= − =
12 12 3
=8−6=2

100 (52)
80 =
1,232
3 (2)
= .

Problem 3. For the beam with the same cross section as that in Problem 2, plot the
shearing stress distribution across the section at a section where the searing force is
= 1,800 .

Solution:

= = ′

From problem 2:
1,232
= , =2 , = 52
3

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 43

1,800
= [1(8)(4.5)]
1232
3 (2)
= 78.90

1,800
= [1(8)(4.5) + 1(2)(3.5)]
1232
3 (2)
= 94.24

1,800
= [1(8)(4.5) + 1(2)(3.5) + 1(2)(2.5)]
1232
3 (2)
= 105.19

1,800
= [1(8)(4.5) + 1(2)(3.5) + 1(2)(1.5)]
1232
3 (2)
= 111.77

1,800
= [1(8)(4.5) + 1(2)(3.5) + 1(2)(1.5) + 1(2)(0.5)]
1232
(2)
3
= . =( )

Checking: at the neutral axis

1,800(52)
( ) = = 133.96 ( !)
1,232
(2)
3
Problem 4. The T section shown in
the figure is the cross-section of a
beam formed by joining two
rectangular pieces of wood together.
The beam is subjected to a maximum
shearing force of 60 kN. Show that the
NA is 34 mm from the top and the INA
= 10.57 x 106 mm4. Using these values,
determine the shearing stress (a) at
the neutral axis and (b) at the junction
between the two pieces of wood.

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 44

Solution:

= 200(40) = 8,000 ; = 20
= 20(100) = 2,000 ; = 90

= + = 8,000 + 2,000
= 10,000
=∑
10,000 = 8,000(20) + 2,000(90)
= (ok!)

By transfer formula for moment of inertia:

= ̅+
ℎ
= +
12
200(40 )
= + 8,000(14 ) = 2,634,666.67
12
20(100 )
= + 2,000(56 ) = 7,938,666.67
12

Thus,
= +
= 2,634,666.67 + 7,938,666.67
= 10,573,333.34
= . (ok!)

(a) At the Neutral Axis

= 200(34)(17) = 115,600
= 60(1000) = 60,000

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 45

( ) =

60,000(115,600)
( ) =
(10.57 10 )(200)
( ) = .

(b) At the junction between the two pieces of wood

=
= 100(20)(56) = 112,000
= 60(1,000) = 60,000

Flange:
= 200
, ( , )
( ) =( )( )
.
( ) = .

Web:
= 20
, ( , )
( ) =( )( )
.
( ) = .

Problem 5. Determine the maximum and

minimum shearing stress in the web of the wide
flange section in the figure if V = 100 kN. Also,
compute the percentage of vertical shear carried
only by the web of the beam

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

 46

Solution:

Where:
= 100(1000)
= 100,000
120(200 ) 100(160 )
= −
12 12
= 45,866,666.67
= 20

Maximum horizontal shear stress occurs at the neutral axis

= 120(20)(90) + 20(80)(40)
= 280,000

100,000(280,000)
( ) =
45,866,666.67(20)
( ) = .

Minimum horizontal shear stress in te web occurs at the juntion of flange and web
= 120(20)(90)
= 216,000
100,000(216,000)
( ) =
45,866,666.67(20)
( ) = .

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 47

2.4 Design for Flexure and Shear

Problem 6. A laminated beam is composed of five planks, each 6 in. by 2 in., glued
together to form a section 6 in. wide by 10 in. high. The allowable shear stress in the
glue is 90 psi, the allowable shear stress in the wood is 120 psi, and the allowable
flexural stress in the wood is 1200 psi. Determine the maximum uniformly
distributed load that can be carried by the beam on a 6-ft simple span.

Solution:

Maximum moment Maximum shear

= =

= (6) = (6)

= 4.5 ∙ =3

For bending stress of wood:

6
=

6(4.5 )(12)
120 =
6(10 )
= 2,222.22 /

For shear stress in the glued joint

( ) =

Where: = 6(4)(2.5) = 60
6(10 )
= = = 500
12 12
=6
Thus,
3 (60)
90 =
500(6)
= 1250 /

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 48

For shear of wood

3
( ) =
2
3(3 )
120 =
2(6)(10)
= 1,600 /

Use = / for safe value of uniformly distributed load.

Problem 7. Find the cross-sectional

dimensions of the smallest square beam
that can be loaded as shown in the
figure if ≤ 1.0 and ≤ 8 .

Solution:

ΣMR2=0
3 = 5(2) + 2
=4 ,↑

∑ =0
+ −5=0
4+ −5=0
=1 ,↑

Based on bending stress (square b=d):

6
=

6(4)(1000 )
8=

= 144.22

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 49

Based on shear stress (square b=d):

3
=
2
3(4)(1000)
1=
2
= 77.46

Use 145 mm x 145 mm square beam.

Problem 8. A rectangular beam 6 in.

wide by 10 in. high supports a total
distributed load of W and a concentrated
load of 2W applied as shown in the
figure. If ≤ 1500 and ≤ 120 ,
determine the maximum value of W.

Solution:

ΣMR2=0
12 = (6) + 2 (3)
= ,↑

∑ =0
+ − −2 =0
+ −3 =0
= 2 ,↑

Based on allowable bending stress:

6
=

( / )( )
1500 = ( )

= 2,222.22
Based on allowable shearing stress:
3
=
2

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 50

3(2 )
120 =
2
= 2400
Use safe value of W, use = , .

Problem 9. A wide flange section having the

dimensions shown in the figure supports a
distributed load ( / ) on a simple span of
length L (in ft). Determine the ratio of the
maximum flexural stress to the maximum shear
stress.

Solution:

Bending stress:

12
= =6
2
8(12 ) 7(10 ) 1,706
= − =
12 12 3
1
(120)(6) 27
=8 =
1,706 1,706
3

Shear stress:

Where:
1
=
2
= 8(1)(5.5) + 5(1)(2.5) = 56.5
1,706
= ( )
3
=1

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1
56.6 339
= 2 =
1,706 6,824
3 (1)
Ratio (flexural stress: shear stress)
27
1,706 36
= =
339 113
6,824
= .

Problem 10. A simply supported beam of length

carries a uniformly distributed load of 6,000
N/m and has the cross section shown in the figure.
Find to cause a maximum flexural stress of 16
MPa. What maximum shearing stress is the
developed?

Solution:

Bending stress:

1 1
= = (6,000) = 750 ∙
8 8
250
= = 125
2
300(250 ) 200(150 )
= − = 334,375,000
12 12
Thus,
750 (1,000)(125)
16 =
334,375,000
= .
Shearing stress:

Where:
1 1
= = (6,000)(7.55)
2 2

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 52

= 22,650
= 10,000(100) + 2(6,250)(62.5) = 1,781,250
= 334,375,000 ( )
= 2(50) = 100
11,650(1,781,250)
=
334,375,000(100)
= .

2.5 Spacing or Rivets or Bolts in Built-Up Beams

When two or more thin layers of beams are fastened together with bolts or
rivets so that they act as a unit to gain more strength, it is necessary to design the size
or spacing of these bolts or rivets so that it can carry the shearing force acting
between each adjacent layer.

Consider the beam shown in the figure

The shearing stress at the contact surface between the two planks is

The effective area covered by each bolt group has a length equal to the spacing
of the bolts. The total shearing force F acting between the two surfaces must be equal
to the total Shearing force R produced by the bolts.

= ( )= =

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 53

Then
=

where R is the total shearing force to be resisted by the bolts and is equal to
the allowable shearing stress x area x number of bolts in the group. R should be taken
at the contact surface nearest the neutral axis where the shearing stress is greatest.

Problem 11. A wide flange section is formed by bolting

together three planks, each 80 mm by 200 mm, arranged
as shown in the figure. If each bolt can withstand a
shearing force of 8 kN, determine the pitch if the beam is
loaded so as to cause a maximum shearing stress of 1.4
MPa.

Solution:

( ) =
Where: ( ) = 1.4
= 200(80)(140) + 100(80)(50)
= 2,640,000

200(360 ) 120(200 )
= −
12 12
= 697,600,000
= 80
( , , )
Thus, 1.4 = , , ( )
= 29,595.15

Spacing of bolts

=
29,595.15[200(80)(140)]
8(1,000) =
697,600,000
= .

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 54

Problem 12. A box beam, built up as 'shown in the

figured, is secured by screws spaced 5 in. apart. The
beam 7 supports a concentrated load P at the third
point of a simply supported span 12 ft long. Determine
the maximum value of P that will not exceed fv = 120
psi in the beam or a shearing force of 300 1b in the
screws. What is the maximum flexural stress in the
beam?

Solution:

∑ =0
12 =8
2
=
3

∑ =0
+ − =0
2
+ − =0
3
1
=
3

=4
8
= ∙
3

=
Where:
= 6(1)(4.5) + 2[5(1)(2.5)]
= 52

8(10 ) 6(8 )
= −
12 12
= 410.67
=2
= 120

( )
Thus, 120 = . ( )
= 3,843.1

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 55

Based on allowable shearing force of the screws

=
Where:
= 2(300) = 600
=
= 6(1)(4.5) = 27
= 410.67
=5

Thus,
( )
600 = (5)
.
= 2,737.8
For safe value of P, use P=2,737.8 lb

Bending stress:

3
(2737.8)(12)(5)
= =8
410.67
=

Problem 13. A distributed load of (lb/ft) is applied over a middle 6 ft of a simply

supported span 12 ft long. The beam section is that in problem 12, but used here so
that the 8-in dimension is vertical. Determine the maximum value of if ≤
120 , and the screws have a shear strength of 200 lb and a pitch of 2 in.

Solution:

= 3(3 ) + (30(3 )

= 13.5 ∙

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 56

10(8 ) 8(6 ) 848

= − =
12 12 3
Based on allowable flexural stress:

13.5 (12)(4)
120 =
848/3

= 523.46

Based on shear stress of wood:

3 [10(1)(3.5) + 3(1)(1.5)(2)]
120 =
848
(2)
3
= 513.94 /
Based on shear strength of screws

3 [1091)(3.5)]
2(200) = (2)
848
3
= 538.41 /
For safe value of , use = . /

Problem 14. A concentrated load P is carried at midspan of a simply supported 12-

ft span. The beam is made of 2-in. by 6-in. pieces screwed together, as shown in the
figure. If the maximum flexural stress developed is 1400 psi, find the maximum
shearing stress and pitch of the screws is each screw can resist 200 lb.

Solution:

For concentrated load P at midspan of a simply supported beam of span = 12 .

=
2

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 57

= = (12) = 3

From the cross section shown

8(8 ) 4(4 )
= − = 320
12 12
= 4(2)(2) + 6(2)(3) + 2(2)(1)
= 56
= 6(2)(3) = 36

From bending stress:

3 (12)(4)
1400 =
320
= 3,111.11
Maximum shear stress
3111.11
(56)
= = 2
320(4)
= .
From strength of screws

3111.11
(36)
2(200) = 2
320
= .

Problem 15. Three planks 4 in by 6 in., arranged as shown

in the figure and secured by bolts spaced 1 ft apart, are used
to support a concentrated load P at the center of a simply
supported span 12 ft long. If P causes a maximum flexural
stress of 1200 psi, determine the bolt diameters, assuming
that the shear between the planks is transmitted by friction
only, the bolts are tightened to a tension of 20 ksi and the
coefficient of friction between the planks is 0.40.

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 58

Solution:

=
4
(12)
=
4

=
4

=
2
1
= (6)(12 ) = 864
12

From allowable flexural stress

3 (12)(6)
1200 =
864
= 4,800

Strength of bolt
1
(4800)[4(6)(4)]
= =2 (12)
864
= 3,200

Normal force
=
3200 = 0.40
= 8,000

From tensile stress of bolt:

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 59

8,000
20,000 =
1
4
= .

Problem 16. A plate and angle girder similar to that shown in the figure is
fabricated by riveting the short legs of four 125 x 75 x 13 mm angles to a web plate
1000 mm by 10 mm to form a section 1020 mm deep. Cover plates, each 300. mm -x
10 mm, are then riveted to the flange angles making the overall height 1040 mm. The
moment of inertia of the entire section about the NA is I = 4770 x 106 mm.
Determine the rivet pitch for 22-mm rivets, attaching the angles to the web plate at a
section where V = 450 kN. Using the following allowable stresses: shear stress, =
100 ; bearing stress for single shear rivet, = 220 ; and bearing stress for
double shear rivet, = 280 .

Solution:

Rivet capacity in terms of shear (double shear)

= = [22(10)](280)
= 61,600 = 61.6
Use = 61.6 for safe value of R
From the strength of rivet

450[2(2430)(491.1)]
61.6 =
4770 10
= .

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 60

D. Activities/Exercises

Activity 6A:
Directions: Using the beam in your activity 4A, determine the maximum flexural
strength of the beam and maximum shear strength. Assume any section. Use A4
bond paper.

Activity 6B:
Directions: Using the beam in your activity 4A, design a built-up beam (timber or
steel) sufficient to carry the load applied. Assume any section. Use A4 bond paper.

E. Evaluation/Post-test

Solve for the following problems:

1. The cross section of a beam is in the form of an isosceles triangle
of altitude h and base b. If V is the vertical shear, compute for
the maximum shear stress located at the midpoint of the altitude.
2. A beam is formed by bolting together two
W200x100 sections as shown the figure. It is
used to support a uniformly distributed load of
30 kN/m (including the weight of the beam) on a
simply supported span of 10 m. Compute the
maximum flexural stress and the pitch between
bolts that have shearing strength of 30 kN.

3. What is the maximum shearing stress of the beam having a thin-walled

tubular (circular) section?
4. Select a wide-flange beam to support the 15-kip load as shown in the figure.
The allowable normal stress for the steel used is 24 ksi.

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

 61

5. A 12-ft-long overhanging timber beam AC with an 8-ft span AB is to be

designed to support the distributed and concentrated loads shown. Knowing
that timber of 4-in. nominal width (3.5-in. actual width) with a 1.75-ksi
allowable stress is to be used, determine the minimum required depth h of the
beam.

6. A 5-m-long, simply supported steel beam AD is to carry the distributed and

concentrated loads shown. Knowing that the allowable normal stress for the
grade of steel is 160 MPa, select the wide-flange shape to be used.

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F. References

Gillesania, D.I.T. (2006). Engineering Formula Series Civil Engineering. Diego

Inocencio Tapang Gillesania Publishing
Singer, F. L. & Pytel, A. (1980). Strength of Materials (3rd Ed.). Harper & Row,
Publishers, Inc., 10 East 53rd Street, New York, N.Y. 10022
Vertera, R. T. F. & Gillesania, D. I. T. (2013). Solutions to Problems in Strength of
Materials. Diego Inocencio Tapang Gillesania Publishing

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

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WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A
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